Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus chamaemorus | |
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Ripe cloudberry | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Genus: | Rubus |
Subgenus: | Rubus subg. Chamaemorus |
Species: | R. chamaemorus
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Binomial name | |
Rubus chamaemorus L. 1753 not Fisch. ex Ser. 1825
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Distribution of Rubus chamaemorus | |
Synonyms | |
Synonymy
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Rubus chamaemorus is a
Description
Unlike most Rubus species, the cloudberry is
The cloudberry grows to 10–25 cm (4–10 in) high.
Distribution and ecology
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2016) |
Cloudberries are a circumpolar boreal plant, occurring naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere from 78°N, south to about 55°N, and are scattered south to 44°N mainly in mountainous areas and moorlands.[2] In Europe, they grow in the Nordic countries but are rare in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and Poland.[2] They occur across northern Russia east towards the Pacific Ocean as far south as Japan in the island of Hokkaido.[2] Due to peatland drainage and peat exploitation, they are considered endangered[2] and are under legal protection in Germany's Weser and Elbe valleys, and at isolated sites in the English Pennines and Scottish Highlands. A single, fragile site exists in the Sperrin Mountains of Northern Ireland.[7]
In North America, cloudberries grow wild across Greenland, most of northern Canada, Alaska, northern Minnesota, New Hampshire, Maine, and New York.[2][8]
Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the indigestible seeds by birds and mammals. Further distribution arises through its rhizomes, which are up to 10 m (33 ft) long and grow about 10–15 cm (4–6 in) below the soil surface, developing extensive and dense berry patches.[2] Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic clone of the parent plant.[9] The cloudberry grows in bogs, marshes, wet meadows, tundra and elevations of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level in Norway, requiring acidic ground (between 3.5 and 5 pH).[2]
Cloudberry leaves are food for caterpillars of several Lepidoptera species. The moth Coleophora thulea has no other known food plants. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus.
Cultivation
Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Sweden, Norway and Finland) the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely based on the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as little as €10/kg (in 2004).[10]
Since the middle of the 1990s, however, the species has formed part of a multinational research project. Beginning in 2002, selected cultivars have been available to farmers, notably 'Apolto' (male), 'Fjellgull' (female) and 'Fjordgull' (female).[citation needed] Finnish self-pollinated 'Nyby' variety is monoecious, i.e. the female and male flowers are located in the same plant unit.[11] The cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible, for example along the northern coast of Norway.[citation needed]
Uses
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2019) |
When ripe, cloudberry fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in
In Norway, they are often mixed with whipped cream and sugar to be served as a dessert called multekrem (cloudberry cream), as a jam or as an ingredient in homemade ice cream. Cloudberry yoghurt—molte- or multeyoughurt—is a supermarket item in Norway.[14]
In
) along with shortening and sugar are used. The berries are an important traditional food resource for the Yup'ik.Due to its high vitamin C content,
Extract of cloudberries is also used in cosmetics such as shower gels, hand creams and body lotions.
Alcoholic drinks
In
Nutrients and phytochemicals
Cloudberries are rich in
Polyphenol extracts from cloudberries have improved storage properties when
Cultural references
The cloudberry appears on the Finnish version of the 2 euro coin.[23] The name of the hill Beinn nan Oighreag in Breadalbane in the Scottish Highlands means "Hill of the Cloudberries" in Scottish Gaelic.[24] Transactions of Camden's Britain (1637 edition) indicates the etymological origins of 'cloud-berry', the plant's name in old Lancashire dialect: 'Pendelhill [in Lancashire] advenceth itselfe up the skie [...] and in the very top thereof bringeth forth a peculiar plant which, as though it came out of the clowdes, they tearme clowdes-berry'.[25] In Norrland cloudberries are known as Norrland's gold.[26]
One of the gnomes in The Little Grey Men, a 1942 children's book by "BB" (Denys Watkins-Pitchford), and its sequel is named Cloudberry.
Harvesting on public property
In some
It was illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway between 1970 and 2004.[30][31] Many people still believe that it's illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway, but the law has been made defunct.[31]
Gallery
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Ripe cloudberry, February 2006
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Ripe cloudberry, July 2006
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Cloudberry distribution in US,[32] Map
References
- . Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Thiem B (2003). "Rubus chamaemorus L. – a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites: a review" (PDF). Biological Letters. 40 (1): 3–13.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ University of Alaska @ Fairbanks, Cooperative Extension Service, Cloudberrries
- ^ "Cloudberry". FooDB. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ Rapp, Kåre. "About the Cloudberry". Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Rubus chamaemorus - cloudberry". National Museums, Northern Ireland. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ "Rubus chamaemorus". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
- ^ K. Rapp (1986). "Vegetativ oppformering av molte (Rubus chamaemorus L.)". Jord og Myr. 10: 1–11.
- ^ Ville Heiskanen & Juho Erkheikki (28 July 2005). "Record Cloudberry Crop Lures Thousands of Finns to Lapland Bogs (see § "Prices Drop"; ¶ 1)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ "Lakka". Viherpeukalot.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-05-25.
- ^ Ogletree, Kelsey (March 18, 2020). "What Are Cloudberries?". Farm Flavor. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Cloudberries – a Swedish delicacy | Visit Umeå". visitumea.se. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
- ^ "TINE Yoghurt Molte". TINE.no.
- ^ "Wild berries: cloudberries". Arctic Flavours Association. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ "Cloudberry - Rubus chamaemorus L." Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Museum of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Chicoutai" (in French). terroirsquebec.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- PMID 22083544.
- PMID 22229937.
- PMID 21916411.
- PMID 18989975.
- S2CID 29831932.
- ^ "Finnish face of Euro coins: cloudberry, swan and heraldic lion". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ^ "Beinn nan Oighreag, Hill of the Cloudberries". Scotsman.com. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ John Howard Nodal, George Milner, A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect, Part 1, 1875, 84
- ^ "Hjortron - Institutet för språk och folkminnen". www.isof.se. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30.
- ^ a b Saastamoinen, Olli. "Forest policies, access rights and non-wood forest products in northern Europe" (PDF). FAO. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Guide to Cloudberries". My Little Norway. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- ^ "Dette har du lov til å gjøre på tur" (in Norwegian). UT.no, Norwegian Trekking and NRK. 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- ^ "Lov om forbud mot plukking av moltekart - Lovdata". lovdata.no. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
- ^ a b "Is It Illegal To Pick Unripe Cloudberries In Norway In 2022? All You Need To Know! - The Norway Guide". 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
- ^ "Cloudberry". Sierra Club BC. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
Cloudberry is a relative of the raspberry. It has toothed leaves, white flowers in June-July and yellow-orange berries that ripen in August-September...You can find cloudberries in Canada, Scandinavia, Greenland, Russia and the US.
Further reading
- Resvoll, T. R. (1929). "Rubus chamaemorus L. A morphological - biological study". Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene. 67: 55–129.
- Resvoll, T. R. (1925). "Rubus chamaemorus L. Die geographische Verbreitung der Pflanze und ihre Verbreitungsmittel". Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich (in German). 3: 224–241.