Cluedo
The Classic Mystery Game | ||
---|---|---|
Designers Anthony E. Pratt[1] | | |
Publishers | Hasbro Waddingtons Parker Brothers Winning Moves Games USA | |
Publication | 1949 | |
Players | 3–6 Players
2–6 Players (editions vary) | |
Setup time | 5 minutes | |
Playing time | 10 to 60 minutes | |
Chance | Low (dice rolling) | |
Age range | 8+ | |
Skills | Deduction | |
Related games | ||
Mysterium, Deception, Scotland Yard | ||
[2] |
Cluedo (/ˈkluːdoʊ/), known as Clue in North America, is a murder mystery game for three to six players (depending on editions) that was devised in 1943 by British board game designer Anthony E. Pratt. The game was first manufactured by Waddingtons in the United Kingdom in 1949. Since then, it has been relaunched and updated several times, and it is currently owned and published by the American game and toy company Hasbro.
The object of the game is to determine who murdered the game's victim, where the crime took place, and which weapon was used. Each player assumes the role of one of the six suspects and attempts to deduce the correct answer by strategically moving around a game board representing the rooms of a mansion and collecting clues about the circumstances of the murder from the other players.
Numerous games, books, a film, television series, and theatre adaptations have been released as part of the Cluedo franchise. Several spinoffs have been released featuring various extra characters, weapons and rooms, or different game play. The original game is marketed as the "Classic Detective Game", and the various spinoffs are all distinguished by different slogans.
In 2008, Cluedo: Discover the Secrets was created (with changes to board, gameplay and characters) as a modern spin-off, but was criticised in the media and by fans of the original game. Cluedo: The Classic Mystery Game was then introduced in 2012, returning to Pratt's classic formula but also adding several variations.
History
Holed up in his home in
Although the patent was granted in 1947, postwar shortages postponed the game's official United Kingdom launch until 1949.[3] It was simultaneously licensed to Parker Brothers in the United States for publication, where it was renamed Clue, as the name "Ludo" was not widely known there, Pachisi-style games having been published under other names and brands, so the play on words would not have been generally understood.[6]
There were several differences between the original game concept and the one initially published in 1949. In particular, Pratt's original design calls for
Some gameplay aspects were different as well. Notably, the remaining playing cards were distributed into the rooms to be retrieved, rather than dealt directly to the players. Players also had to land on another player in order to make suggestions about that player's character through the use of special tokens, and once exhausted, a player could no longer make suggestions. There were other minor differences, all of which were later updated by the game's initial release and remain essentially unchanged in the standard Classic Detective Game editions of the game.[8][9][10][11]
The methodology used in the early versions of Cluedo is remarkably similar to a traditional, if little known, American
Marketing
Cluedo was originally marketed as "The Great New Detective Game" upon its launch in 1949 in North America. A deal was quickly struck to license "The Great New
With the launch of the US 1972 edition, a television commercial showed Holmes and Watson engaged in a particularly competitive game. Adjusting with the times, in 1979 US television commercials a detective, resembling a bumbling
In the UK, Cluedo was marketed as "The Great Detective Game" from the mid-1950s until 2000, when it was rebranded as the "Classic Detective Game".[7][16] However, in the mid-1950s Waddingtons also adopted a Sherlock Holmes-type detective to adorn their box covers for a brief time, though unlike in the US editions, there was no acknowledgement that the character was actually the famous detective. In the 1980s, as in the US, Sherlock Holmes also appeared in TV advertising of the time, along with other classic detectives such as Sam Spade.[17]
Game
Equipment
The game consists of a board which shows the rooms, corridors and secret-passages of an
Characters
The murder victim in the game was known as "
Players' tokens are typically plastic pawns or figurines; the standard edition of Cluedo has six of these suspects:
- Miss Scarlett (the second "t" was dropped in North American versions after 1963 and added back in 2016), the stock femme fatalecharacter. She is represented by a red token/figurine.
- Colonel Mustard, a retired military officer with a distinguished career. He is represented by a yellow token/figurine.
- ). She is represented by a white token/figurine.
- Reverend Green (known as Mayor Green as of the 2023 edition[18][19][20]), the local clergyman. He is represented by a green token/figurine.
- Known as Mr. Green in North America editions, initially a middle-aged businessman with possible criminal connections turned into a young and handsome playboy.
- Mrs. Peacock, a stylish widowed socialite (known as "Solicitor Peacock" in the 2023 editions[18][19][20]). She is represented by a blue token/figurine.
- Professor Plum, an intelligent yet absent-minded academic. He is represented by a purple token/figurine.
Weapons
The weapon icons are typically made of unfinished pewter (except the rope, which may be plastic or string); special editions have included gold plated, brass finished and sterling silver versions. Early versions of the game included lead piping that was made from actual lead, and which was replaced with steel version in later editions.[22]
- Candlestick
- Dagger (Knife in North American editions)
- Lead piping(Lead pipe in North American editions)
- Revolver (first depicted in the UK as a Dreyse M1907 semi-automatic pistol,[23] and in North America as a Colt M1911 pistol)
- Rope
- Spanner(Wrench in North American editions)
Rooms
There are nine rooms in the mansion where the murder can take place,
Rules
At the beginning of play, three cards—one suspect, one room, and one weapon—are chosen at random and put into a special envelope, so that no one can see them. These cards represent the solution. The remainder of the cards are distributed among the players.
Players are instructed to assume the token/suspect nearest them. In older versions, play begins with Miss Scarlett and proceeds clockwise. In modern versions, all players roll the die/dice and the highest total starts the game, with play again proceeding clockwise. Players roll the die/dice and move along the board's corridor spaces, or into the rooms accordingly.
The objective of the game is to
Once a player makes a suggestion, the others are called upon to disprove it. If the player to their left holds any of the three named cards, that player must privately show one (and only one) of the cards to the current player. Otherwise, the process continues clockwise around the table until either one player disproves the accusation, or no one can do so. A player's turn normally ends once their suggestion is completed.
A player who believes they have determined the correct elements may make an accusation on their turn. The accusation can include any room, not necessarily the one occupied by the player (if any), and may be made immediately following a suggestion.[25] The accusing player privately checks the three cards in the envelope. If they match the accusation, the player shows them to everyone and wins; if not, the player returns them to the envelope and may not move nor make suggestions/accusations for the remainder of the game. However, the other players can move their token into rooms when making suggestions and they must continue to privately show cards in order to disprove suggestions. A player who makes a false accusation while blocking the door to a room must move into that room so others can enter and leave. If all players except one make false accusations, the remaining player wins by default.
If a player's suggestion has brought another player's token into a room, the second player may make their own suggestion in the room when their turn comes up, if desired. If not, they may move out of the room, and if able to reach another room, make a suggestion therein, as usual. In the American version, players are not allowed to make suggestions repeatedly by remaining in one room; if they wish to make a second suggestion, they must first spend a turn out of the room.
Strategy
Choice of playing piece
The first opportunity is in choosing the initial playing piece.
Mrs. Peacock has an immediate advantage of starting one space closer to the first room than any of the other players. Professor Plum can move to the study, and then take the secret-passage to the Kitchen, the hardest room to reach.[26]
Traditionally, Miss Scarlett had the advantage of moving first. This has been eliminated with the implementation of the high roll rule in modern versions.
The next opportunity is choice of initial rooms to enter. Again Mrs. Peacock has an advantage in that she is closest to the Conservatory, a corner room with a secret passage, enabling a player on their turn to move immediately to another room and make a suggestion after rolling the dice. Miss Scarlett has a similar advantage with the Lounge. Making as many suggestions as possible maximises how much information a player can gain, which is advantageous. Therefore, moving into a new room as frequently as possible is one way to meet this goal. Players should make good use of the secret passages. Following the shortest path between rooms then is a good choice, even if a player already holds the card representing that room in their hand. As mentioned earlier, blocking passage of another player prevents them from attaining rooms from which to make suggestions. Various single space tracks on the board can therefore become traps, which are best avoided by a player when planning a path from room to room.[citation needed]
Making suggestions
Each player begins the game with three to six cards in their hand, depending on the number of players. Keeping track of which cards are shown to each player is important in deducing the solution. Detective Notes are supplied with the game to help make this task easier. The pads can keep not only a history of which cards are in a player's hand, but also which cards have been shown by another player. It can also be useful in deducing which cards the other players have shown one another. For example, if Miss Scarlett disproves Rev. Green's accusation that Mrs. Peacock did the crime in the Ballroom with the Candlestick, a player with both the Ballroom and Mrs. Peacock cards in their hand can then deduce that Miss Scarlett has the Candlestick.[26]
A player makes a suggestion to learn which cards may be eliminated from suspicion, but in some cases it may be advantageous for a player to include one of their own cards in a suggestion. This technique can be used for both forcing a player to reveal a different card as well as misleading other players into believing a specific card is suspect. Therefore, moving into a room already held in the player's hand may work to their advantage. Suggestions may also be used to thwart a player's opponent. Since every suggestion results in a suspect token being re-located to the suggested room, a suggestion may be used to prevent another player from achieving their intended destination, preventing them from suggesting a particular room, especially if that player appears to be getting close to a solution.[26]
Notetaking
One reason the game is enjoyed by many ages and skill levels is that the complexity of note-taking can increase as a player becomes more skillful. Beginners may simply mark off the cards they have been shown; more advanced players will keep track of who has and who does not have a particular card, possibly with the aid of an additional grid. Expert players may keep track of each suggestion made, knowing that the player who answers it must have at least one of the cards named, which one can be deduced by later events. One can also keep track of which cards a given player has seen, in order to minimise information revealed to that player and/or to read into that player's suggestions.
Editions
Parker Brothers and Waddingtons each produced their own unique editions between 1949 and 1992. Hasbro purchased both companies in the early 1990s and continued to produce unique editions for each market until 2002/2003 when the current edition of Cluedo/Clue was first released. At this time, Hasbro produced a unified product across markets. The game was then localised with regional differences in spelling and naming conventions.
During Cluedo's long history, eight unique Clue editions were published in North America (1949, 1956/1960, 1960/1963, 1972, 1986, 1992, 1996, and 2002), including miniaturised "travel" editions. However, only three distinct editions of Cluedo were released in the UK – the longest of which lasted 47 years from its introduction in 1949 until its first successor in 1996. The eighth North America and fourth UK editions constitute the current shared game design. International versions occasionally developed their own unique designs for specific editions, although most drew on the designs and art from either the US or UK editions, and in some cases mixing elements from both, while localising others – specifically suspect portraits.[7][16]
In July 2008, Hasbro released a revamped look for Clue in a Reinvention called "Clue: Discover the Secrets". This new version of the game offered major changes to the game play and to the characters and their backstories.
In July 2016, Hasbro replaced Mrs. White with a new character,
While the suspects' appearance and interior design of Dr. Black's/Mr. Boddy's mansion changed with each edition, the weapons underwent relatively minor changes, with the only major redesign occurring in the fourth 1972 US edition, which was adopted by the second 1996 UK edition and remains the standard configuration across all Classic Detective Game versions since. The artwork for the previous US editions tended to reflect the current popular style at the time they were released. The earlier UK editions were more artistically stylised themes. From 1972 on, the US editions presented lush box cover art depicting the six suspects in various candid poses within a room of the mansion. The UK would finally adopt this style only in its third release in 2000, prior to which Cluedo boxes depicted basic representations of the contents. Such lavish box art illustrations have become a hallmark of the game, since copied for the numerous licensed variants which pay homage to Clue.[7][16]
Cluedo: Discover the Secrets
In August 2008, Hasbro redesigned and updated the board, characters, weapons, and rooms. Changes to the rules of game play were made, some to accommodate the new features.
The suspects have new given names and backgrounds, as well as differing abilities that may be used during the game. The revolver is now a pistol, the lead pipe and spanner/wrench have been removed, and a baseball bat, axe, dumbbell, trophy, and poison have been added. The nine rooms have changed to (in clockwise order): Hall, Guest House, Dining Room, Kitchen, Patio, Spa, Theatre, Living Room, and Observatory.[27]
There is also a second deck of cards—the Intrigue cards. In this deck, there are two types of cards, Keepers and Clocks. Keepers are special abilities; for example, "You can see the card". There are eight clocks—the first seven drawn do nothing—whoever draws the eighth is killed by the murderer and out of the game.[28]
The player must move to the indoor swimming pool in the centre of the board to make an accusation. This adds some challenge versus the ability to make accusations from anywhere in the original game.
The most significant change to game play is that once the suspect cards have been taken, the remaining cards are dealt so that all players have an even number of cards (rather than dealt out so that "one player may have a slight advantage"). This means that depending on the number of players a number of cards are left over. These cards are placed face down in the middle and are not seen unless a player takes a turn in the pool room to look at them.
The changes to the game have been criticised in the media, and by fans of the game, for unnecessarily altering classic cultural icons.[11][29][30]
As of 2014[update], Hasbro no longer sells the game via its website, but they do continue to sell a version of it as part of their Grab & Go travel series. Notably, it plays identically to standard classic rules, but visually continues to use the new Discover the Secrets room layout, and two of the new weapons, as well as other design artwork. However, the Intrigue cards are no longer a part of the game.[31]
Clue/Cluedo: The Classic Mystery Game
Clue/Cluedo is a digital adaptation based on the official Hasbro board game developed by Marmalade Game Studio for iOS and Android mobile devices as well as Steam and Nintendo Switch. The object of the game is to determine who killed the game's victim Dr. Black (or Mr. Boddy). The player, as one of the six suspects, will ask questions and take notes. The overall goal is to solve the crime first.
Notable editions
- Clue "Master Detective" (1988),[32] an expanded version of the game featuring 12 rooms, 10 characters, and eight weapons with support for up to 10 players. In addition to the regular cast, Clue Master Detective adds Miss Peach, Monsieur Brunette, Madame Rose, and Sergeant Gray to the list of suspects. It also added poison and a horseshoe to the assortment of weapons. The fountain, the gazebo, the courtyard, and the carriage house were added to the list of rooms. This game is currently published in the USA by Winning Moves Games USA.
- Cluedo: 50th Anniversary (1999),[citation needed] also released as Clue: 50th Anniversary, this standard edition came in a "deluxe" format with the option to play with an extra murder weapon, a bottle of poison. This edition was also issued in a miniaturised Cluedo European travel version. Drew Struzan provided artwork for the game, which was originally created for the US 1996 edition and additionally used for The Limited Gift Edition and the US Clue Card Game, but he did not create the Rev. Green portrait used in the Cluedo editions.[33]
- Clue "Nostalgia Edition" (2003, 2007)Restoration Hardware as Wooden Box Clue with different cover art.[35]In the UK it was released under the Cluedo brand, and was an official re-issue of the original 1949 Waddingtons' design.
- Clue "Vintage Edition" (2005, 2009),[34] also released as Cluedo "Vintage Edition", is a re-formatted nostalgia edition into a "vintage" bookshelf collection along with a series of other popular boardgames. In the Cluedo version, they continued to use the 1963 design and adapted it for the UK market for the first time with localised characters and naming conventions.
Franchise
The board game spawned a franchise, which since 1985 has expanded to include a feature film, mini-series, a musical, numerous books and several video games.
Worldwide differences
Besides some rule differences listed above, some versions label the characters, weapons, rooms and in some instances the game itself differently.
In Canada and the U.S., the game is known as Clue. It was retitled because the traditional British board game
The North American versions of Clue also replace the character "Reverend Green" from the original Cluedo with "Mr. Green". This is the only region to continue to make such a change. Minor changes include "Miss Scarlett" with her name being spelt with one 't', the spanner being called a wrench, and the dagger renamed a knife. In the 2016 U.S. edition, the knife was changed to a dagger. Until 2003, the lead piping was known as the lead pipe only in the North American edition.
In some international versions of the game (mostly the Spanish-language ones), the colours of some pieces are different, so as to correspond with the changes to each suspect's unique foreign name variations. In some cases, rooms and weapons are changed in addition to other regional variances.[37]
In South America, it is licensed and sold under several names. It is marketed as Detetive in Brazil.
Recognition
See also
- 13 Dead End Drive (related board game)
- Clue (1992 video game)
- Clue (1998 video game)
- Kill Doctor Lucky (related board game and parody)
- Orient Express (related board game)
- Mr. Ree! (related board game)
- Whodunit (related board game)
References
- ^ Lockley, Mike (February 17, 2013). "Plaque to be erected for Kings Heath Cluedo inventor Anthony Pratt". Birmingham Mail.
- ISBN 9798216110958.
- ^ a b L. A. Petrosjan, V. V. Mazalov (2002). "Game Theory and Applications, Volume 8". p. 26. Nova Publishers
- ^ Martin, Kathy (2017). Famous Brand Names and Their Origins. Pen and Sword. p. 134.
- ^ Hendren, Joshua (16 July 2021). "Live in the historic Sussex mansion that inspired the classic board game Cluedo". Tatler. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-906600-36-5. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d Tim, Walsh (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Kansas City MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 84–87.
- ^ Treneman, Ann (12 November 1998). "Mr Pratt, in the old people's home, with an empty pocket". The Independent.
- ^ "Murder!: The unknown story of the invention of Clue". YouTube. June 12, 2020.
- ^ GB patent 586817, Pratt, Anthony Ernest, "Improvements in board games", issued 1 April 1947
- ^ a b "Jack Mustard, in the spa, with a baseball bat". The Guardian. 20 December 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ "The Secret of Winning at Cluedo" in Deduction Games Archived 2019-01-30 at the Wayback Machine at www.thegamesjournal.com. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ How One British Soldier Turned a Parlor Game into Clue by Mary Pilon at mentalfloss.com. Retrieved 12 Feb 2019
- ^ Mozart, Mike (26 January 2010). "Classic Toy Museum". Classictoymuseum.blogspot.com. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Parker Brothers – Clue (Commercial, 1979). YouTube. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^ a b c Orbanes, Phil (2003). Clue: The Great Detective Game – Memories: The Game Through The Years. Danvers, MA: Winning Moves, Inc. pp. 2, 5–6.
- ^ Waddington's Cluedo. YouTube. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Hasbro relaunches Cluedo board game". Toyworld. 5 Jan 2023. Retrieved 7 Jan 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Hall, Charlie (4 Jan 2023). "Clue has a new look for a new generation of board game fans — and it goes on sale today". Polygon. Retrieved 7 Jan 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Abbott, Benjamin (5 Jan 2023). "Clue board game reboot "more accurately reflects the diversity of its players"". GamesRadar+. Retrieved 7 Jan 2023.
- ^ Bruner, Raisa (11 July 2016). "Meet the New Character in the Classic Board Game Clue". Time. Time USA, LLC. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "The Game Clue Was Borne of Boredom During WWII Air-Raid Blackouts". HISTORY. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ Dreyse M1907 WORLD WAR II[self-published source?][dead link]
- ISBN 978-0-240-80974-8.
- ^ "Cluedo/Clue" rules. (PDF) . Archived 31 March 2004 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
- ^ a b c Orbanes, Phil (1997). Limited Gift Edition Clue: The Story of Clue, Secrets of Great Clue Detectives. Hathorne, MA: Winning Moves. pp. 3–4.
- ^ Celebrating the 60th anniversary of Cluedo The Times, 15 October 2009, by Damian Whitworth (retrieved 26 November 2009)
- National Public Radio (8 August 2008). "Hasbro Gives Clue Board Game A Makeover". NPR. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
- ^ Who killed Cluedo's Col Mustard? by Cole Moreton, The Independent, 17 August 2008, retrieved 20 October 2009
- ^ The makers of Cluedo have gone and killed Professor Plum The Telegraph, Robert Colvile, 15 August 2008 (retrieved 1 November 2009)
- ^ "Hasbro Shop". shop.hasbro.com.
- ^ Clue Master Detective at BoardGameGeek
- ^ Portfolio Products Clue/Parker Brothers Drew Struzan Illustrated Works
- ^ a b Nostalgia Wooden Box Edition at BoardGameGeek
- ^ "Restoration Hardware Wood Box Clue". Restorationhardware.com. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ "Master detective. Modus operandi" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2002-12-22. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ "Spanish Cluedo Game". Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- Games. No. 20. November–December 1980. p. 45.
- Games. No. 26. November–December 1981. p. 43.
- Games. No. 33. p. 46.
External links
- Cluedo Game 2013 edition at Hasbro.com (archived)
- Clue The Classic Mystery Game at Hasbro.com (archived)
- Cluedofan.com — including information on film and television productions
- List of international Cluedo/Clue editions at Cluedofan.com
- TheArtofMurder.com – a site maintained by a US collector
- Pete's CLUEDO fan site – a site with component images from every edition of the game
- Cluedo at BoardGameGeek
- 1979 U.S. Clue television commercial
- U.S. Clue rules (2002)
- U.S. Clue rules (2011)