Cluj-Napoca

Cluj-Napoca
City
From top and left: Cluj-Napoca panorama • St. Michael's Church • Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral • Medieval house of Matthias Corvinus • Romanian National Opera • Babeș-Bolyai University
trams, utility vehicles, ATVs , etc.)

Cluj-Napoca (Romanian:

As of 2021^[update], 286,598 inhabitants lived within the city limits (making it the country's second

Cluj experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor at the time, Gheorghe Funar.^[11] Today, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its botanical garden; nationally renowned cultural institutions; as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank.^[12][13] Cluj-Napoca held the titles of European Youth Capital in 2015,^[14] and European City of Sport in 2018.^[15] In 2021, the city joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and was named a UNESCO City of Film.^[16]

Etymology

Napoca

On the site of the city was a

The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the

Napoca, the pre-Roman and Roman name of ancient settlements in the area of the modern city, was added to the historical and modern name of Cluj during Nicolae Ceaușescu's national-communist dictatorship as part of his myth-making efforts.^[25] This happened in 1974, when the communist authorities made this nationalist gesture with the goal of emphasising the city's pre-Roman roots.^[26][27] The full name of "Cluj-Napoca" is rarely used outside of official contexts.^[28]

Nickname

The nickname "treasure city" was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade.^[29] The phrase is kincses város in Hungarian,^[2][30] given in Romanian as orașul comoară.^[1]

History

Roman Empire

The

At the beginning of the

The couple buried together and known as the Lovers of Cluj-Napoca are believed to have lived between 1450 and 1550.^[38][39]

Many craft guilds were established in the second half of the 13th century, and a patrician stratum based in commerce and craft production displaced the older landed elite in the town's leadership.

In terms of religion,

In the 17th century, Cluj suffered from great calamities, suffering from epidemics of the plague and devastating fires.^[43] The end of this century brought the end of Turkish sovereignty, but found the city bereft of much of its wealth, municipal freedom, cultural centrality, political significance and even population.^[47] It gradually regained its important position within Transylvania as the headquarters of the Gubernium and the Diets between 1719 and 1732, and again from 1790 until the revolution of 1848, when the Gubernium moved to Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), present-day Sibiu).^[48] In 1791, a group of Romanian intellectuals drew up a petition, known as Supplex Libellus Valachorum, which was sent to the Emperor in Vienna. The petition demanded the equality of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in respect to the other nations (Saxon, Szekler and Hungarian) governed by the Unio Trium Nationum, but it was rejected by the Diet of Cluj.^[43]

19th century

Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality.^[49] This erupted with the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The Austrian commander Karl von Urban took control of the city on 18 November 1848, following a battle.^[50] At one point, the Austrians were gaining control of Transylvania as a whole, trapping the Hungarians between two flanks. But the Hungarian army, headed by the Polish general Józef Bem, launched an offensive in Transylvania, recapturing Klausenburg by Christmas 1848.^[51]

After the 1848 revolution, an absolutist regime was established, followed by a liberal regime that came to power in 1860. In this latter period, the government granted equal rights to the ethnic Romanians, but only briefly. In 1865, the Diet in Cluj abolished the laws voted in Sibiu (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt), and proclaimed the 1848 Law concerning the Union of Transylvania with Hungary.^[49] A modern university was founded in 1872, with the intention of promoting the integration of Transylvania into Hungary.^[52] Before 1918, the city's only Romanian-language schools were two church-run elementary schools, and the first printed Romanian periodical did not appear until 1903.^[47]

After the

20th century

In the autumn of 1918, as World War I drew to a close, Cluj became a centre of revolutionary activity, headed by Amos Frâncu. On 28 October 1918, Frâncu made an appeal for the organisation of the "union of all Romanians".^[57] Thirty-nine delegates were elected from Cluj to attend the proclamation of the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania in the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918;^[57] the transfer of sovereignty was formalized by the Treaty of Trianon in June 1920.^[58] The interwar years saw the new authorities embark on a "Romanianisation" campaign: a Capitoline Wolf statue donated by Rome was set up in 1921; in 1932 a plaque written by historian Nicolae Iorga was placed on Matthias Corvinus's statue, emphasising his Romanian paternal ancestry; and construction of an imposing Orthodox cathedral began, in a city where only about a tenth of the inhabitants belonged to the Orthodox state church.^[59] This endeavour had only mixed results: by 1939, Hungarians still dominated local economic (and to a certain extent) cultural life: for instance, Cluj had five Hungarian daily newspapers and just one in Romanian.^[59]

In 1940, Cluj, along with the rest of

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 produced a powerful echo within the city; there was a real possibility that demonstrations by students sympathizing with their peers across the border could escalate into an uprising.^[67][68] The protests provided the Romanian authorities with a pretext to speed up the process of "unification" of the local Babeș (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities,^[69] allegedly contemplated before the 1956 events.^[70][71] Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s. Then Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians,^[72] due to the population increase as a result of the government's forced industrialisation of the city and new jobs.^[73] During the Communist period, the city recorded a high industrial development, as well as enforced construction expansion.^[73] On 16 October 1974, when the city celebrated 1850 years since its first mention as Napoca, the Communist government changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it.^[27]

1989 revolution and after

During the

Cluj-Napoca, located in the central part of

Built on the banks of the river Someșul Mic, the city is also crossed over by brooks or streams such as Pârâul Țiganilor, Pârâul Popești, Pârâul Nădășel, Pârâul Chintenilor, Pârâul Becaș, Pârâul Murătorii; Canalul Morilor runs through the centre of town.^[78]

A wide variety of flora grow in the Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden; some animals have also found refuge there. The city has a number of other parks, of which the largest is the Central Park. This park was founded during the 19th century and includes an artificial lake with an island, as well as the largest casino in the city, Chios. Other notable parks in the city are the Iuliu Hațieganu Park of the Babeș-Bolyai University, which features some sport facilities, the Hașdeu Park, within the eponymous student housing district, the high-elevation Cetățuia, and the Opera Park, behind the building of the Cluj-Napoca Romanian Opera.

Surroundings

The city is surrounded by forests and grasslands. Rare species of plants, such as

A modern, 750-metre (820 yd)-long

The city has the best air quality in the European Union,[95] according to research published in 2014 by a French magazine and air-quality organization that studied the EU's hundred largest cities.^[96]

Law and government

Administration

The city government is headed by a

Because of the last years' massive urban development, in 2005 some areas of Cluj were named as districts (Sopor, Borhanci, Becaș, Făget, Zorilor South), but most of them are still construction sites.[104] Beside these, there are some other building areas like Tineretului, Lombului or Oser, which are likely to become districts in the following years.^[105]

Additionally, as Cluj-Napoca is the capital of Cluj County, the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council (consiliu județean) and the prefect, who is appointed by Romania's central government.^[102] The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level.^[102] Like all other local councils in Romania, the Cluj-Napoca local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population.^[102]

Cluj-Napoca is also the capital of the historical region of

Cluj-Napoca has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of county capital. The Cluj-Napoca Court of Justice is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Cluj County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of Dej, Gherla, Turda, and Huedin.^[113] Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to the Cluj Court of Appeals. The city also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals.^[113]

Cluj-Napoca has its own municipal police force, Poliția Municipiului Cluj-Napoca, which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Cluj-Napoca Police are headquartered on Decebal Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout the city) and it is subordinated to the County's Police Inspectorate on Traian Street.^[114] City Hall has its own community police force, Poliția Primăriei, dealing with local community issues. Cluj-Napoca also houses the County's Gendarmerie Inspectorate.

Crime

Cluj-Napoca and the surrounding area (

A 2006 poll shows a high degree of satisfaction with the work of the local police department. More than half the people surveyed during a 2005–2006 poll declared themselves satisfied (62.3%) or very satisfied (3.3%) with the activity of the county police department.[120] The study found the highest satisfaction with car traffic supervision, the presence of officers in the street, and road education; on the negative side, corruption and public transport safety remain concerns.

Efforts made by local authorities in the Cluj-Napoca district at the end of the 1990s to reform the protection of children's rights and assistance for street children proved insufficient due to lack of funding, incoherent policies and the absence of any real collaboration between the actors involved (Child Rights Protection Directorate, Social Assistance Service within the District Directorate for Labour and Social Protection, Minors Receiving Centre, Guardian Authority within the City Hall, Police). There are numerous street children, whose poverty and lack of documented identity brings them into constant conflict with local law enforcement.^[121]

Following cooperation between the local governmental council and the

In the modern era, Cluj's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first in the late 19th century, when the city grew in importance and size, and the second during the

From the Middle Ages onwards, the city of Cluj has been a multicultural city with a diverse cultural and religious life. In 1930, the city was 26.7% Reformed, 22.6% Greek Catholic, 20.1% Roman Catholic, 13.4% Jewish, 11.8% Orthodox, 2.4% Lutheran and 2.1% Unitarian.^[138] Contributing factors for demographic shifts were the extermination^[139] and emigration^[140] of the city's Jews, the outlawing of the Greek-Catholic Church (1948–89)^[141] and the gradual decline in the Hungarian population.

On a more historical note, the Jewish community has figured centrally in the history of Transylvania, and in that of the wider region.

In the 14th century, most of the town's inhabitants and the local elite were Saxons,^[42] largely descended from settlers brought in by the Kings of Hungary in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries^[144] to develop and defend the southern borders of the province.^[144] By the middle of the next century roughly half the population had Hungarian names. In Transylvania as a whole, the Reformation sharpened ethnic divisions: Saxons became Lutheran while Hungarians either remained Catholic or became Calvinist or Unitarian. In Kolozsvár, however, the religious lines were blurred. Isolated both geographically from the main areas of German settlement in southern Transylvania^[142] and institutionally because of their distinctive religious trajectory, many Saxons eventually assimilated to the Hungarian majority over several generations. New settlers to the town largely spoke Hungarian, a language that many Saxons gradually adopted.^[42] (In the seventeenth century, out of more than thirty royal free towns, only seven had a Hungarian majority, with Kolozsvár/Klausenburg being one of them;^[145] the rest were largely German-dominated.^[145]) In this manner Kolozsvár became largely Hungarian speaking and would remain so through the mid-20th century, though 4.8% of its residents identified as German as late as 1880.^[146]

The Roma form a sizable minority in contemporary Romania, and a small but visible presence in Cluj-Napoca: self-identifying Roma in the city comprise only 1 percent of the population; yet they are a familiar presence in and around the central market, selling flowers, used clothes, and tinware.^[142] They are an important object of public discourse and media representation at the national level; however, Cluj-Napoca, with its small Roma population, has not been a major focus of Roma ethno-political activity.^[142]

Hungarian community

Almost 50,000 Hungarians live in Cluj-Napoca. The city is home to the second-largest urban Hungarian community in Romania, after Târgu Mureș,^[134] with an active cultural and academic life: the city features a Hungarian state theatre and opera, as well as Hungarian research institutions, such as Erdélyi Múzeumi Egyesület (EME), Erdélyi Magyar Műszaki Tudományos Társaság and Bolyai Társaság.^[147] With respect to religious affairs, the city houses central offices for the Reformed Diocese of Transylvania, the Unitarian Diocese and an Evangelical Lutheran Church Diocese (all of which train their clergy at the Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj). Several newspapers and magazines are published in the Hungarian language, yet the community also receives public and private television and radio broadcasts (see Culture and media). As of 2007^[update], 7,000 students attended courses in the 55 Hungarian-language specialisations at the Babeș-Bolyai University.^[148] Gheorghe Funar, mayor of Cluj-Napoca from 1992 to 2004, was notorious for acts of ethnic provocation, bedecking the city's streets in the colours of the Romanian flag and arranging pickets outside the city's Hungarian consulate; however, tensions have subsided since.^[11] Since 2010, the Hungarian Cultural Days of Cluj festival takes place each summer.^[149]

Economy

Cluj-Napoca is an important economic centre in Romania. Local brands that have become well known at a national, and to some extent even international level, include:

Cluj-Napoca is also an important regional commercial centre, with many street

VIVO! (including a Carrefour hypermarket) and Iulius Mall (including an Auchan hypermarket). Other large stores include branches of various international hypermarket chains, like Cora, Metro, Selgros and do-it-yourself stores such as Baumax and Praktiker

.

Among the retailers found in the city's shopping centers are H&M, Zara, Guess, Camaïeu, Bigotti, Orsay, Jolidon, Kenvelo, Triumph, Tommy Hilfiger, Sephora, Yves Rocher, Swarovski, Ecco, Bata, Adidas, Converse, and Nike.[171]

In 2021, the city's general budget was 2.117 billion lei, the equivalent of over 433 million Euros.^[172] This marks a 114% increase over the 2008 level of 990 million lei^[173] or 266 million Euros.

Tourism

In 2007, the hotel industry in the county of Cluj offered total accommodations of 6,472 beds, of which 3,677 were in hotels, 1,294 in guesthouses and the rest in chalets, campgrounds, or hostels.^[174] A total of 700,000 visitors, 140,000 of whom were foreigners, stayed overnight.^[174] However, a considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Cluj-Napoca for a single day, and their exact number is not known. The largest numbers of foreign visitors come from Hungary, Italy, Germany, the United States, France, and Austria.^[174] Moreover, the city's 140 or so travel agencies help organise domestic and foreign trips; car rentals are also available.^[175]

Arts and culture

View of Gheorgheni Lake and Iulius Park

Cluj-Napoca has a diverse and growing cultural scene, with cultural life exhibited in a number of fields, including the

nightlife. The city's cultural scene spans its history, dating back to Roman times: the city started to be built in that period, which has left its mark on the urban layout (centered on today's Piața Muzeului) as well as surviving ruins. However, the medieval town saw a shift in its centre towards new civil and religious structures, notably St. Michael's Church.^[176]

During the 16th century the city became the chief cultural and religious centre of Transylvania;

Tunisian,^[184] and Japanese.^[185]

Nevertheless, contemporary cultural manifestations cross ethnic boundaries, being aimed at students, cinephiles, and arts and science lovers, among others.

Landmarks

Cluj-Napoca has a number of landmark buildings and monuments. One of those is the

Neo-Gothic tower of the church was erected; it remains the tallest church tower in Romania to this day.^[186]

In front of the church is the

Romanian Greek-Catholic Church also has a cathedral in Cluj-Napoca, Transfiguration Cathedral.^{[citation needed}

]

Another landmark of Cluj-Napoca is the Palace of Justice, built between 1898 and 1902, and designed by architect Gyula Wagner in an eclectic style.^[187] This building is part of an ensemble erected in Avram Iancu Square that also includes the National Theatre, the Palace of Căile Ferate Române, the Palace of the Prefecture, the Palace of Finance and the Palace of the Orthodox Metropolis. An important eclectic ensemble is Iuliu Maniu Street, featuring symmetrical buildings on either side, after the urbanistic trend of Georges-Eugène Haussmann.^[188] A highlight of the city is the botanical garden, situated in the vicinity of the centre. Beside this garden, Cluj-Napoca is also home to some large parks, the most notable being the Central Park with the Chios Casino and a large statuary ensemble. Many of the city's notable figures are buried in Hajongard Cemetery, which covers 14 hectares (35 acres).^{[citation needed]}

As an important cultural centre, Cluj-Napoca has many theatres and museums. The latter include the National Museum of Transylvanian History, the Ethnographic Museum, the Cluj-Napoca Art Museum, the Pharmacy Museum, the Water Museum and the museums of Babeș-Bolyai University—the University Museum, the Museum of Mineralogy, the Museum of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, the Museum of Speleology, the Botanical Museum and the Zoological Museum.

Visual arts

In terms of visual arts, the city contains a number of galleries featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as selected international works.

The

Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin, Herri met de Bles and Claude Michel,^[192] and was nominated to be European Museum of the Year in 1996.^[193]

The most notable of the city's other galleries is the Gallery of the Union of Plastic Artists. Situated in the city centre, this gallery presents collections drawn from the contemporary arts scene. The Gallery of Folk Art includes traditional Romanian interior decoration artworks.

Historically, the city was one of the most important cultural and artistic centres in 16th-century Transylvania. The Renaissance workshop, formed in 1530 and strongly supported by the Transylvanian princes, served local and wider requirements: from the middle of the century onwards, when the Ottomans had conquered central Hungary, it extended its activity throughout the new principality. Its style, the "Flower Renaissance", used a variety of plant ornament enriched with coats of arms, figures and inscriptions. It continued to be of great importance into the 18th century, and traces of it are still apparent in 20th-century vernacular art; Klausenburg was central to the long, anachronistic survival of the style, particularly among Hungarians.^[194]

Performing arts

Lucian Blaga National Theatre

The city has a number of renowned facilities and institutions involving

Hungarian Theatre and Opera

, home for four professional groups of performers. There is also a number of smaller independent theatres, including the Puck Theatre, where puppet shows are performed.

Music and nightlife

Cluj-Napoca is the residence of some well-known Romanian musicians. Examples of homegrown bands include the Romanian alternative rock band

Fashion TV. Some other clubs in the centre are Aftereight, Avenue, Bamboo, Decadence, Kharma and Molotov Pub. Numerous restaurants, pizzerias and coffee shops provide regional as well as international cuisine; many of these offer cultural activities like music and fashion shows or art exhibitions.^[175]

The city also includes

discos where local "Lăutari" play manele

, a Turkish-influenced type of music.

Traditional culture

In spite of the influences of modern culture, traditional Romanian culture continues to influence various domains of art.

Cluj-Napoca hosts an ethnographic museum, the Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania, which features a large indoor collection of traditional cultural objects, as well as an open-air park, the oldest of this kind in Romania, dating back to 1929.^[206][207]

The National Museum of Transylvanian History is another important museum in Cluj-Napoca, containing a collection of artefacts detailing Romanian history and culture from prehistoric times, the Dacian era, medieval times and the modern era.^[208] Moreover, the city also preserves a Historic Collection of the Pharmacy, in the building of its first pharmacy (16th century), the Hintz House.^[208]

Cultural events and festivals

Cluj-Napoca hosts a number of cultural festivals of various types. These occur throughout the year, though are more frequent in the summer months. "Sărbătoarea Muzicii" (Fête de la Musique) is a music festival taking place yearly on 21 June in a number of Romanian cities, Cluj-Napoca included, organised under the aegis of the French Cultural Centre.^[209] Additionally, Splaiul Independenței, on the banks of Someșul Mic, hosts a number of beer festivals throughout the summer, among them the "Septemberfest", modelled after the German Oktoberfest.^[210] In 2015, the city will be the European Youth Capital, an event with a budget of 5.7 million euros that is projected to boost tourism by about a fifth.^[211]

The city has seen a number of important music events, including the

Andy Fletcher

.

The

Home Box Office, TIFF also organises a national script contest. Comedy Cluj, which debuted in 2009, is the newest annual film festival organised in Cluj-Napoca.^[219]

Timișoara.^[223] The Interferences International Theatre Festival, started in 2007, takes place at the Hungarian Theatre.^[224]

Also held in the city is Delahoya, Romania's oldest

Polyvalent Hall, it drew over 300,000 in its second edition.^[228][229]

Architecture

Cluj-Napoca's salient architecture is primarily Renaissance, Baroque and Gothic. The modern era has also produced a remarkable set of buildings from the mid-century style. The mostly utilitarian Communist-era architecture is also present, although only to a certain extent, as Cluj-Napoca never faced a large systematisation programme. Of late, the city has seen significant growth in contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings, mainly constructed after 2000.^[230]

Historical architecture

Bánffy Palace

The nucleus of the old city, an important cultural and commercial centre, used to be a military camp, attested in documents with the name "castrum Clus".

The oldest residence in Cluj-Napoca is the

Matthias Corvinus House, originally a Gothic structure that bears Transylvanian Renaissance characteristics due to a later renovation.^[231] Such changes feature on other Hungarian townspeople's residences, built from the mid-15th century mostly of stone and wood with a cellar, ground floor and upper storey, in the Late Gothic and Renaissance styles; although the late medieval houses have often been considerably altered, the street façades of the old town are mostly preserved.^[194] St. Michael's Church, the oldest and most representative Gothic-style building in the country, dates back to the 14th century. The oldest of its sections is the altar, dedicated in 1390, while the newest part is the clock tower, which was built in Gothic Revival style (1860).^[186]

As Renaissance styles survived late in the city, the appearance of Baroque art was also delayed, but from the mid-18th century Klausenburg was once again at the centre of the development and spread of art in Transylvania, as it had been two centuries earlier. The first enthusiasts for Baroque were the Catholic Church and the landed aristocracy. Artists came initially from south Germany and Austria, but by the end of the century most of the work was by local craftsmen. The earliest signs of the new style appear in the furnishings of St. Michael's church: the altarpieces and pulpit, which date to the 1740s, are carved, painted and richly decorated with figures. An altarpiece depicting the

Bánffy Palace (1774–1785), constructed around a rectangular yard, is the masterpiece of Eberhardt Blaumann. Its peculiarity lies in the appearance of the principal façade.^[230]

Both

Unrii Squares feature ensembles of eclectic and baroque–rococo architecture, including the Palace of Justice,^[187] the Theatre,^[195] the Iuliu Maniu symmetrical street,^[188] and the New York Palace, among others.^[232] In the 19th century many houses were built in the Neo-classical, Romantic and Eclectic styles. Also dating to that period are the two-towered Neo-classical Calvinist church (1829–50), its new college building of 1801, and the City Hall (1843–46) in the marketplace, by Antal Kagerbauer.^[194]

The banks of the Someșul Mic also feature a wide variety of such old buildings. The end of the 19th century brought a building ensemble that fastens the corners of the oldest bridge over the river, at the north end of the Regele Ferdinand Avenue. The Berde, Babos, Elian, Urania, and Széki palaces consist of a mixture of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic styles, following the Art Nouveau/Secession and Revival specifics.^[233]

In the 2000s, the old city centre underwent extensive restoration works, meant to convert much of it into a pedestrian area, including

turn-of-the-century

villas.

Modern and Communist architecture

Hungarian State Theatre and Opera

Part of Cluj-Napoca's architecture is made up of buildings constructed during the

Communist era, when historical architecture was replaced with "more efficient" high-density apartment blocks. Nicolae Ceaușescu's project of systematisation did not really affect the heart of the city, instead reaching the marginal, shoddily built districts surrounding it.^[230]

Still, the centre hosts some examples of modern architecture dating back to the Communist era. The Hungarian Theatre building was erected at the beginning of the 20th century, but underwent an avant-garde renovation in 1961, when it acquired a

modernist style of architecture.^[235] Another example of modernist architectural art is Palatul Telefoanelor, situated in the vicinity of Mihai Viteazul

Square, an area that also features a complex of large apartment buildings.

Some outer districts, especially Mănăștur, and to a certain extent Gheorgheni and Grigorescu, consist mainly of such large apartment ensembles.^[230]

Contemporary architecture

Main article: Contemporary architecture in Cluj-Napoca

Since 1989, modern skyscrapers and glass-fronted buildings have altered the skyline of Cluj-Napoca. Buildings from this time are mostly made out of glass and steel, and are usually high-rise. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the

Banca Română pentru Dezvoltare is the tallest office building in Cluj-Napoca, with 50 metres (160 ft).^[236]

Its twelve storeys were completed in 1997 after 4 years of work and house offices for the bank and for divisions of several other companies, including insurance and oil companies.

Another

Raiffeisen Bank, to be eventually converted in an office building.^[237]

The headquarters of

Romtelecom, the public phone company, but was later sold to the bank.^[238]

Cluj-Napoca is undergoing a period of architectural revitalisation that is set to bring the manner of expansion to the vertical. A financial centre, containing a tower of 15 storeys, is slated for completion in 2010 on Ploiești Street.^[239] Two 35-storey twin towers are projected to be constructed in the Sigma area in Zorilor,^[240][241] while the Florești area will host a complex of three towers with 32 levels each.^[242] As of February 2020, the aforementioned projects were never completed or were postponed indefinitely.

Transport

Cluj-Napoca has a complex system of regional transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe. It also features a public transportation system consisting of bus, trolleybus and tram lines.

Road

Cluj-Napoca is an important node in the

coach

connections from Cluj-Napoca to a large number of locations from all over the country.

A3 motorway

near Cluj-Napoca

The number of automobiles licensed in Cluj-Napoca is estimated at 175,000.^[246] As of 2007^[update], Cluj County ranks sixth nationwide according to the cars sold during that year, with 12,679 units, corresponding to a four percent share. One tenth of these cars were limousines or SUVs.^[247] Some 3,300 taxis are also licensed to operate in Cluj-Napoca.^[248]

Air

The

OTP, handling over 1.4 million passengers in 2015.^[250] Situated on the European route E576 (Cluj-Napoca–Dej), the airport is connected to the city centre by the local public transport company, CTP, bus number 8 and trolley number 5. The airport serves various direct international destinations across Europe. In 2016, a 42 m-high control tower will be inaugurated on the site of the old tower, built in the 1960s.^[251] The new control tower will be one of the most modern in the country.^[252]

Rail

Cluj-Napoca Rail Station, located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the city centre, is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 300 (Bucharest – Oradea – Romanian Western Border) and on Line 401 (Cluj-Napoca – Dej). CFR provides direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to Budapest. The rail station is very well connected to all parts of the city by the trams, trolleybuses and buses of the local public transport company, CTP.

PESA Swing

tram on Splaiul Independenței

The city is also served by two other secondary rail stations, the Little Station (Gara Mică), which is technically part of and situated immediately near the main station, and Cluj-Napoca East (Est). There is also a cargo station, Halta "Clujana".

Public transport

CTP, the local public transport company, runs an extensive 321 kilometres (199 mi) public transport network within the city using 3 tram lines, 6 trolleybus lines and 21 bus routes.^[79] Transport in the Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area is also covered by a number of private bus companies, such as Fany and MV Trans 2007, providing connections to neighboring towns and villages.^[253]

Trams

The local transportation company, CTP, manages a tram line that runs through the city. Planned modernisation will involve the installation of new rail tracks and the separation of the tram route from road traffic. This will bring a number of advantages, including vibration and shock reduction, a substantial noise decrease, long use expectancy and higher

Chamber of Commerce and the central rail station, a rather problematic area. This dilemma should be solved either with the relocation of the track next to the sidewalk, or through the construction of a suspended tunnel.^[255] Another area that will benefit from large-scale changes is "Splaiul Independenței", where the tracks will be pulled back to the Central Park, so that the roadway can host two lanes. In the Mănăștur area, under the bridge, the tracks will be brought closer, while other major works will executed on the traffic circle on Primăverii Street. Given the development of the metropolitan area, further plans feature the creation of a light rail track between Gilău and Jucu that will use these modernised tracks in the city.^[256]

Metro

In late 2018, studies began for a proposed

Alstom Transport – Arcada Company. The total duration of the contract is estimated at 96 months.^[259]

Culture and media

Cluj-Napoca is an important centre for

România Liberă, Gardianul,^[260] Ziarul Financiar, ProSport and Gazeta Sporturilor. Ringier edited a regional version of Evenimentul Zilei in Cluj-Napoca until 2008, when it decided to close this enterprise.^[261]

Apart from the regional editions, which are distributed throughout Transylvania, the national newspaper Ziua also runs a local franchise, Ziua de Cluj, that acts as a local daily, available only within city limits. Cluj-Napoca also boasts other newspapers of local interest, like Făclia and Monitorul de Cluj, as well as two free dailies, Informația Cluj and Cluj Expres. Clujeanul, the first of a series of local weeklies edited by the media trust CME, is one of the largest newspapers in Transylvania, with an audience of 53,000 readers per edition.^[262] This weekly has a daily online version, entitled Clujeanul, ediție online, updated on a real-time basis. Cluj-Napoca is also the centre of the Romanian Hungarian language press. The city hosts the editorial offices of the two largest newspapers of this kind, Krónika and Szabadság,^[263] as well as those of the magazines Erdélyi Napló and Korunk. Săptămâna Clujeană is an economic weekly published in the city, that also issues two magazines on successful local people and companies (Oameni de Succes and Companii de Succes) every year, while Piața A-Z is a newspaper for announcements and advertisements distributed throughout Transylvania. Cluj had an active press in the interwar period as well: publications included the Zionist newspaper Új Kelet, the official party organs Keleti Újság (for the Magyar Party) and Patria (for the National Peasants' Party);^[264] and the nationalist Conștiința Românească and Țara Noastră, the latter a magazine directed by Octavian Goga.^[265] Under Communism, publications included the socio-political and literary magazines Tribuna, Steaua, Utunk, Korunk, Napsugár and Előre as well as the regional Communist party daily organs Făclia and Igazság and the trilingual student magazine Echinox.^[266][267]

Among the local television stations in the city, TVR Cluj (public) and One TV (private) broadcast regionally, while the others are restricted to the metropolitan area. Napoca Cable Network is available through cable, and broadcasts local content throughout the day. Other stations work as affiliates of national TV stations, only providing the audience with local reports in addition to the national programming. This situation is mirrored in the radio broadcasting companies: except for Radio Cluj, Radio Impuls and the Hungarian-language Paprika Rádió, all other stations are local affiliates of the national broadcasters. Casa Radio, situated on Donath Street, is one of the modern landmarks of the media and communications industry; it is, however, not the only one: Palatul Telefoanelor ("the telephone palace") is also a major modernist symbol of communications in the city centre.^{[citation needed]}

Magazines published in Cluj-Napoca include HR Journal, a publication discussing human resources issues, J'Adore, a local shopping magazine that is also franchised in Bucharest, Maximum Rock Magazine, dealing with the rock music industry, RDV, a national hunting publication and Cluj-Napoca WWW, an English-language magazine designed for tourists. Cultural and social events as well as all other entertainment sources are the leading subjects of such magazines as Șapte Seri and CJ24FUN.

In the early 20th century, film production in Kolozsvár, led by Jenő Janovics, was the chief alternative to Budapest.^[179] The first film made in the city, in association with the Parisian producer Pathé, was Sárga csikó ("Yellow Foal", 1912), based on a popular "peasant drama". Yellow Foal became the first worldwide Hungarian success, distributed abroad under the title The Secret of the Blind Man: 137 prints were sold internationally and the movie was even screened in Japan.^[179]

The first artistically prestigious film in the annals of Hungarian cinematography was also produced on this site, based on a national classic, Bánk bán (1914), a tragedy written by József Katona.^[179]

Later, the city was the production site of the 1991 Romanian drama Undeva în Est ("Somewhere in the East"),^[268] and the 1995 Hungarian language film A Részleg ("Outpost").^[269] Moreover, the Romanian-language film Cartier ("Neighbourhood", 2001) and its sequel Înapoi în cartier ("Back to the Neighbourhood", 2006) both feature a story replete with violence and rude language, behind the blocks in the city's Mănăștur district.^[270] This district is also mentioned in the lyrics to the song Înapoi în cartier by La Familia member Puya, featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture.

Documentary and mockumentary productions set in the city include Irshad Ashraf's St. Richard of Austin, a tribute to the American film director Richard Linklater,^[271] and Cluj-Napocolonia, a mockumentary imagining a fabulous city of the future.^[272]

Education

Higher education has a long tradition in Cluj-Napoca. The

Gheorghe Dima Music Academy and other private universities and educational institutes.^{[citation needed}

]

The first mention of public education provided in the city dates back to 1409, namely the caption "Caspar notarius et rector scholarum" ("Caspar secretary and director of schools").

Catholic school founded during the 14th century also functioned in the city.^[275]

Today close to 150 pre-university educational institutions operate in Cluj-Napoca, including 62 kindergartens, 30 primary schools and 45 high schools.

pre-school, respectively.^[277]

Sports

Football in the city features four clubs playing in the leagues organised by the Romanian Football Federation, in Liga 1—formerly Divizia A^[278][279]—the top division in the Romanian football association, liga II and liga III.

2009–2010 season

.

The

1932-1933 season and in Cupa Ligii in 1998

.

The city is also represented in the

Victoria Someșeni Stadium as its home ground, reached the quarter-finals of the Romanian Cup during the 2007–2008 season, its best performance.^[282]

FCU Olimpia Cluj is the local women's soccer team, established in 2010 by Babeș-Bolyai University. The team won the Liga I 10 times, and Romanian Cup 6 times.

Dr. Constantin Rădulescu Stadium, home field of the CFR Cluj football team, located in Gruia. This stadium has undergone major refurbishment, featuring up-to-date lighting for night games and automated lawn irrigation, and is due to undergo still further modernisation with the construction of new seating.^[283]

BT Arena

"Universitatea" club also incorporates teams in sports such as

handball, basketball or volleyball, the Politehnica Swimming Complex, which includes indoor and open-air swimming pools, as well as the Iuliu Hațieganu

Park – with tennis and track facilities and a new swimming pool under construction. Cluj-Napoca regularly organises national championships in different sports because of this large concentration of facilities.

In the automotive field, Cluj-Napoca hosts two stages in the National Rally Championship. Raliul Clujului is held in June;[285] the Avram Iancu Rally, held in September, has been officially organised since 1975, though there were several years when it was not held.^[286] The latter rally begins in Cipariu Square and runs across the surroundings of the city.^[287]

Amateur athletes are also active in Cluj-Napoca, with swimming pools,

bobsledding, skating, caving, hiking, hunting, fishing and extreme sports in the vicinity.^[289] April 2011 saw the first annual edition of the Cluj International Marathon, a competition that takes place in the city center's streets.^[290]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Cluj-Napoca is twinned with:^[291]

• Dijon, France (1965)
• Nantes, France (1990)
• Zagreb, Croatia (1976)
• Cologne, Germany (1976)
• Pécs, Hungary (1990)
• Beersheba, Israel (1991)
• Columbia, United States (1991)
• Zhengzhou, China (1994)
• Makati, Philippines (1996)
• Suwon, South Korea (1999)
• Chacao (Caracas), Venezuela (1999)
• São Paulo, Brazil (2000)
• Korçë, Albania (2001)
• Province of Parma, Italy (2005)
• Rockford, United States (2005)
• East Lansing, United States (2005)
• Rotherham, England, United Kingdom (2006)
• Viterbo, Italy (2009)
• Namur
  , Belgium (2010)
• Ningbo, China (2014)
• Ungheni, Moldova (2016)
• Karaganda, Kazakhstan (2017)
• Braga, Portugal (2018)
• Eskişehir, Turkey (2020)

Footnotes

a.^{^} The engraving, dating back to 1617, was executed by Georg Houfnagel after the painting of Egidius van der Rye (the original was done in the workshop of Braun and Hagenberg).

b.^{^} After the declaration of the union between the 1918–1920 period an exodus of Hungarian inhabitants occurred. Also, the city grew and many people moved in from the surrounding area and Cluj County as a whole, populated largely by Romanians.

c.^{^} In August 1940, as the second Vienna Award transferred the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary, many Hungarians and Romanians chose to leave or were exiled. After some ethnic Hungarians groups considered unreliable or insecure were sacked/expelled from Southern-Transylvania, the Hungarian officials also regularly expelled some Romanian groups from Northern-Transylvania.^[292]

d.^{^} The 1941 Hungarian census is considered unreliable by most historians. In 1941, Cluj had 16,763 Jews. They were forced into ghettos in 1944 by the Hungarian authorities and deported to Auschwitz in May–June 1944.

e.^{^} In the 1960s a determined policy of industrialisation was initiated. Many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) moved into the city, giving Cluj a Romanian majority.

f.^{^} Data refer to those for whom ethnicity is available, and do not include the 23,165 individuals (7.1% of the city's population) for whom such data are unavailable.

See also

• List of people from Cluj-Napoca

Notes

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• Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1879). A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans
  . London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.
• Lukács József (2005). Povestea orașului-comoară. Scurtă istorie a Clujului și monumentelor sale. Cluj-Napoca: Apostrof.
  ISBN 973-9279-74-0
  .
• Raoul Șorban (2003). Invazie de stafii. Însemnări și mărturisiri despre o altă parte a vieții. Bucharest: Meridiane.
  ISBN 973-33-0477-8
  .
• Dorin Alicu (2003). Județul Cluj – trecut și prezent. Cluj-Napoca: ProfImage.
  ISBN 973-555-090-3
  .
• Dorin Alicu; Ion Ciupea; Mihai Cojocneanu; Eugenia Glodariu; Ioana Hica; Petre Iambor; Gheorghe Lazărov (1995). Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi. Cluj-Napoca: Clusium.
  ISBN 973-7924-05-3
  .
• Cluj-Napoca=Claudiopolis. Bucharest: Noi Media Print. 2004.
• Cluj-Napoca – Ghid. Sedona. 2002.
• Ștefan Pascu; Iosif Pataki; Vasile Popa (1957). Clujul.
• Ștefan Pascu; Viorica Marica (1969). Clujul medieval. Bucharest: Meridiane.
• Ștefan Pascu (1974). Istoria Clujului. Bucharest: Consiliul Popular al Municipiului.
• Aurel Anton; Iuliua Cosma; Vasile Popa; Gheorghe Voișanu (1973). Cluj. Ghid turistic al județului. Bucharest: Editura pentru Turism.
• Simon András; Gáll Enikõ; Tonk Sandor; Laszlo Tamas; Maxim Aurelian; Jancsik Peter; Coroiu Teodora (2003). Atlasul localităților județului Cluj. Cluj-Napoca: Suncart.
• "Cluj-Napoca, orașul comoară al Transilvaniei, România". CLUJonline.com. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
• "O istorie inedită a Clujului". ReMARK ltd. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
• "Anuarul Institutului de Istorie "George Bariț" din Cluj-Napoca". "George Bariț" History Institute, Cluj-Napoca / Romanian Academy. Retrieved 11 March 2007.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cluj-Napoca.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cluj-Napoca.

Look up Cluj-Napoca in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Kolozsvár".

Official websites

• Cluj-Napoca: Official administration site (in Romanian)
• Cluj-Napoca : Official tourism site (in English and Romanian)
• Cluj County Prefecture (in Romanian)
• Cluj-Napoca Local Civic Council (in Romanian)
• CTP (Public Transport Company) official website (in Romanian)
• Cluj-Napoca International Airport (in English and Romanian)

City guides

• Interactive map, directory and various connected to the city (in English, Romanian, Hungarian, Arabic, German, Spanish, Hebrew, French, Italian, Dutch, Russian, and Turkish)
• Road map of the access points to Cluj-Napoca

Photos

• Flickr – Cluj-Napoca

Other

• Cluj-Napoca, Romania at JewishGen