Cluster of differentiation
The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of
Nomenclature
The CD nomenclature was proposed and established in the 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human
For instance, CD2 mAbs are reagents that react with a 50‐kDa transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on T cells. The CD designations were used to describe the recognized molecules, but had to be clarified by attaching the term antigen or molecule to the designation (e.g., CD2 molecule). Currently, "CD2" is generally used to designate the molecule, and "CD2 antibody" is used to designate the antibody.[6]
Cell populations are usually defined using a '+' or a '−' symbol to indicate whether a certain cell fraction expresses or lacks a CD molecule. For example, a "
Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshops
Since 1982 there have been nine Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshops culminating in a conference.
Workshop | City | Year | CDs assigned | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Paris | 1982 | 1-15 | [8] |
II | Boston | 1984 | 16-26 | [9] |
III | Oxford | 1986 | 27-45 | [10] |
IV | Vienna | 1989 | 46-78 | [11] |
V | Boston | 1993 | 79-130 | [12] |
VI | Kobe | 1996 | 131-166 | [13] |
VII | Harrogate | 2000 | 167-247 | [14] |
VIII | Adelaide | 2004 | 248-339 | [15] |
IX | Barcelona | 2010 | 340-364 | [16] |
X | Wollongong | 2014 | 365-371 |
Immunophenotyping
The CD system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping, allowing cells to be defined based on what molecules are present on their surface. These markers are often used to associate cells with certain immune functions. While using one CD molecule to define populations is uncommon (though a few examples exist), combining markers has allowed for cell types with very specific definitions within the immune system.[citation needed]
CD molecules are utilized in cell sorting using various methods, including flow cytometry.
Type of cell | CD markers |
stem cells | CD117
|
all leukocyte groups |
CD45 +
|
Granulocyte | CD45+, CD114+, CD182+[17]
|
Monocyte | CD4, CD45+, |
T lymphocyte |
CD45+, CD3+ |
T helper cell | CD45+, CD3+, CD4+ |
T regulatory cell |
|
Cytotoxic T cell | CD45+, CD3+, CD8+ |
B lymphocyte |
CD45+, CD19+, CD20+, CD24+, CD38, CD22 |
Thrombocyte |
CD45+, CD61 +
|
Natural killer cell | , CD38 |
Two commonly used CD molecules are
Physiological functions
While CD molecules are very useful in defining leukocytes, they are not merely markers on the cell surface. While only a fraction of known CD molecules have been thoroughly characterised, most of them have an important function. In the example of CD4 & CD8, these molecules are critical in antigen recognition. Others (e.g., CD135) act as cell surface receptors for growth factors. Recently, the marker CD47 was found to have anti-phagocytic signals to macrophages and inhibits natural killer (NK) cells. This enabled researchers to apply CD47 as a potential target to attenuate immune rejection.[19]
See also
- Antibodies
- CD71/Transferrin receptor-1
- CD13marker for kidney disorder
- CD33 marker for AML treatment
- CD4+/CD8+ ratio
- Immune system
- Immune tolerance
- Leukocytes
- Major histocompatibility complex
- Signal transduction
References
- S2CID 6823812.
- ^ "HCDM, responsible for HLDA workshop and CD molecules". Human Cell Differentiation Molecules Council (successor to the HLDA Workshops). Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
- PMID 17174972.
- PMID 6239187.
- PMID 6240938.
- PMID 18432634.
- PMID 19151747.
- ^ Bernard, AR; et al. (1984). Leucocyte Typing: Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens Detected by Monoclonal antibodies. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- ^ Reinherz, EL; et al. (1985). Leukocyte Typing II. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- ^ McMichael, AJ; et al. (1987). Leucocyte Typing III. White Cell Differentiation Antigens. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Knapp, W; et al. (1989). Leucocyte Typing IV. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Schlossman, SF; et al. (1995). Leucocyte Typing V: White cell differentiation antigens. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Kishimoto, T; et al. (1997). Leucocyte Typing VI. Garland Publishing.
- ^ Mason, D.; et al. (2002). Leucocyte Typing VII. Oxford University Press.
- PMID 16020511.
- ^ "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens. March 2010. Barcelona, Spain". Immunol. Lett. 134 (2): 103–187. 30 January 2011.
- ^ a b "CD Antigens" (PDF). abcam. 2009. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
- PMID 2478233.
- PMID 30778232.
External links
- Molecule search maintained by the Human Cell Differentiation Molecules Council (successor to the HLDA Workshops)
- Table of CD Antigens
- CD list Protein Reviews On The Web
- Yet another list of CD molecules, at PathologyOutlines.com
- Wall charts of CD molecules and other cytokines, with colors, arrows from one cell to another, from eBioscience.
- Skin Research Center lab Archived 2018-11-14 at the Wayback Machine Hopital St Louis, Paris (France) Dir. Dr. A. Bensussan