Coahuila

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Coahuila (Spanish pronunciation: [koaˈwila] ^ⓘ), formally Coahuila de Zaragoza (Latin American Spanish: [koaˈwila ðe saɾaˈɣosa] ^ⓘ; Lipan: Nacika),^[7] officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza), is one of the 32 states of Mexico.

Coahuila borders the Mexican states of

The largest city and State Capital is the city of Saltillo; the second largest is Torreón (largest metropolitan area in Coahuila and 9th largest in Mexico); the third largest is Monclova (a former state capital); the fourth largest is Piedras Negras; and the fifth largest is Ciudad Acuña.

History

The name Coahuila derives from native terms for the region, and has been known by variations such as Cuagüila and Cuauila. Some historians believe that this means “flying serpent”, “place of many trees”, or “place where serpents creep”. The official name of the state is Coahuila de Zaragoza, in honor of General Ignacio Zaragoza.

The Spanish explored the north of Mexico some decades after their victory in Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztecs. Such exploration was delayed because the northern climate was harsher and there was no gold. The first Spanish settlement in the region now called Coahuila was at Minas de la Trinidad in 1577. Saltillo was settled in 1586, to form part of the province of Nueva Vizcaya of the Vice-royalty of New Spain. Later it became one of the first provinces of Nueva Extremadura to be explored by Europeans. Among the 16th century settlers of Saltillo and other communities in Nueva Vizcaya were Tlaxcalans, who founded an independent community bordering Saltillo, called San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala.

In the 1840s and 1850s, Coahuila was the target of frequent Comanche raids.

On February 19, 1856, Santiago Vidaurri annexed Coahuila to his state, Nuevo León, but it regained its separate status in 1868.

During the

On April 4, 2004, the border city of Piedras Negras was flooded. More than 30 people died and more than 4,000 lost their homes. In 2007 Coahuila became the first state in Mexico to offer civil unions (Pacto Civil de Solidaridad) to same-sex couples.^[9]

Geography

The

, occupies the eastern portion of the State, and extends across the Rio Grande into southern Texas.

The portion of the State west of the Sierra Madre Oriental lies on the

Laguna Region

, the (Comarca Lagunera), which straddles the border of Coahuila and Durango.

Coahuila contains two

Cuatro Ciénegas Basin

lie west of Monclova on the west slope of the Sierra Madre.

Coahuila is largely arid or semi-arid, but the rivers of the State support extensive irrigated agriculture, particularly

pine-oak forests

of the Sierra Madre produce timber.

Flora and fauna

Flora and fauna of Coahuila
Acer grandidentatum	Opuntia ficus-indica	Echinocactus grusonii	Cylindropuntia imbricata	Pinus ponderosa
Ursus americanus	Puma concolor	Tamiasciurus fremonti	Cynomys ludovicianus	Aquila chrysaetos
Meleagris gallopavo	Crotalus molossus	Antilocapra americana	Odocoileus virginianus	Didelphis virginiana

Demographics

Largest cities or towns in Coahuila Source:[10]
	Rank		Municipality	Pop.
Saltillo Torreón	1	Saltillo	Saltillo	864,431	Monclova Piedras Negras
	2	Torreón	Torreón	690,193
	3	Monclova	Monclova	237,169
	4	Piedras Negras	Piedras Negras	173,959
	5	Ciudad Acuña	Acuña	160,255
	6	Ramos Arizpe	Ramos Arizpe	114,010
	7	Frontera	Frontera	75,242
	8	Matamoros	Matamoros	59,762
	9	Sabinas	Sabinas	59,196
	10	San Pedro	San Pedro	49,490

Religion in Coahuila (2010 census)[11]
Roman Catholicism			80.4%
Other Christian			12.0%
Other Religion			0.0%
No religion			5.5%
Unspecified			2.1%

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1787	15,287	—
1815[12]	50,600	+231.0%
1895	242,021	+378.3%
1900	296,938	+22.7%
1910	362,092	+21.9%
1921	393,480	+8.7%
1930	436,425	+10.9%
1940	550,717	+26.2%
1950	720,619	+30.9%
1960	907,734	+26.0%
1970	1,114,956	+22.8%
1980	1,557,265	+39.7%
1990	1,972,340	+26.7%
1995	2,173,775	+10.2%
2000	2,298,070	+5.7%
2005	2,495,200	+8.6%
2010	2,748,391	+10.1%
2015	2,954,915	+7.5%
2020[13]	3,146,771	+6.5%

The last population census run across Mexico in the year 2020, reports Coahuila de Zaragoza as having 3,146,771 inhabitants, which, considering its size, means that the state has a very low density, in fact as low as only 15 persons per square kilometer.

Coahuila's population is mainly made up of

The rest of the demographic particulars in the state are very similar to national averages, such as a high life expectancy (reaching 75 years of age) and a Catholic majority.

Education

• Basic education

Basic public education in Coahuila is mainly managed by the state's Secretary of Education, but federal-sustained schools are also very common. There are also a lot of private schools in the main cities of the state.

• Higher education

Some of the most recognized universities in Coahuila include:

• • Iberoamerican University of Torreón|Iberoamerican University (Universidad Iberoamericana)

A private university part of the Jesuit University System with a campus in Torreón and a university extension center in Saltillo.

• • Technological Institute of La Laguna (Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna)

The most recognized public technological university of La Laguna Region located in the city of Torreón.

• • Technological Institute of Saltillo (Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo)
  • Monterrey Institute Of Technology and Higher Studies

It is the most known technological university in Mexico with two campuses: one in Saltillo and another one in Torreón.

• • Autonomous University of La Laguna
  • Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University (UAAAN)
  • Autonomous University of Coahuila (Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila)

It is considered the best public university of the states and it has campuses and schools all across Coahuila.

Economy

About 95% of Mexico's coal reserves are found in Coahuila, which is the country's top mining state.

Torreón has Met-Mex Peñoles, a mining company. The city is the world's largest silver producer and Mexico's largest gold producer. It also has Lala, a dairy products company, which produces 40% of Mexico's milk consumption and distribution.

As of 2005, Coahuila's economy represents 3.5% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or US$22,874 million.^[15] Coahuila's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / INMEX). As of 2005, 221,273 people are employed in the manufacturing sector.^[16] Foreign direct investment in Coahuila was US$143.1 million for 2005. The average wage for an employee in Coahuila is approximately 190 pesos per day.^{[citation needed]}

On the other hand, Coahuila is the Mexican state with the highest level of

Municipalities

Coahuila is subdivided into five regions and 38 municipalities (municipios).

Media

Newspapers of Coahuila include: El Diario de Coahuila, El Guardián, El Heraldo de Saltillo, El Siglo de Torreón, Esto del Norte, La I (Laguna), la I (Saltillo), La Opinión Milenio, La Voz de Coahuila (Monclova), Noticias de El Sol de la Laguna, Vanguardia, Zócalo (Monclova), Zócalo (Piedras Negras), Zócalo El Periódico de Saltillo, and Zócalo Saltillo.^[17][18]

Politics

Coahuila has 8 Electoral Districts that elect one deputy each to the Chamber of Deputies.

List of governors

This list is incomplete

• José María Garza Galán (1886–1893)^[19]
• José María Múzquiz (1894)
• Miguel Cárdenas (1894–1909)
• Jesús de Valle (1909–1911)
• Venustiano Carranza (1911–1913)
• Gustavo Espinoza Mireles (1917–1920)
• Luis Gutiérrez Ortíz (1920–1921)
• Arnulfo González (1921–1923)
• Carlos Garza Castro (1923–1925)
• Manuel Pérez Treviño (1925–1929)
• Bruno Neira González (1929-1929)
• Nazario S. Ortiz Garza (1929–1933)
• Jesús Valdez Sánchez (1933–1937)
• Pedro Rodríguez Triana (1937–1941)
• Gabriel Cervera Riza (1941-1941)
• Benecio López Padilla (1941–1945)
• Ignacio Cepeda Dávila (1945–1947)
• Ricardo Ainslie Rivera (1947–1948)
• Paz Faz Risa (1948-1948)
• Raúl López Sánchez (1948–1951)
• Roman Cepeda Flores (1951–1957)
• Raúl Madero González (1957–1963)
• Braulio Fernández Aguirre (1963–1969)
• Eulalio Gutiérrez Treviño (1969–1975)
• Oscar Flores Tapia (1975–1981)
• Francisco José Madero González (1981-1981)
• José de las Fuentes Rodríguez (1981–1987)
• Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto (1987–1993)
• Rogelio Montemayor Seguy (1993–1999)
• Enrique Martínez y Martínez (1999–2005)
• Humberto Moreira Valdés
  (2005–2011) (Left)
• Jorge Torres López (2011) (Humberto Moreira's substitute)
• Rubén Moreira Valdez (2011–2017)
• Miguel Riquelme Solís
  (2017–2023)
• Manolo Jiménez Salinas (2023–present)

People

• Raul Allegre - Former football placekicker in the National Football League
• Gladys Pearl Baker - mother of Marilyn Monroe and Berniece Baker Miracle
• Reading Wood Black - Founder of Uvalde, Texas, spent American Civil War years in Coahuila
• Venustiano Carranza - President of Mexico
• Sangre Chicana - Professional wrestler
• Mario Domm - musician and lead singer of Mexican pop band Camila
• Luis Farell - Combat pilot and general
• Eulalio Gutiérrez - President of Mexico
• Rosario Ibarra - Activist, deputy and senator
• Francisco I. Madero - President of Mexico November 1911 – February 1913
• Pablo Montero - Singer and actor
• Sanchez Navarro
  , large landholding family in the 18th and 19th centuries.
• Oribe Peralta - football player
• MLB pitcher
• Marco Antonio Rubio - Professional boxer
• MLB closer
• Ari Telch - Actor
• Andrea Villarreal - Feminist and revolutionary
• Dr. Wagner - Professional wrestler
• Dr. Wagner, Jr.
  - Professional wrestler
• Susana Zabaleta - singer and actress
• Humberto Zurita - Actor, director and producer

See also

• Coahuila y Texas
• Nueva Extremadura
• Nueva Vizcaya
• State Anthem of Coahuila
• States of Mexico

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coahuila.

• Geographic data related to Coahuila at OpenStreetMap
• (in Spanish) Coahuila State Government
• (in English) Coahuila State Government
• "Coahuila" .
  New International Encyclopedia
  . 1905.
• "Coahuila" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.