Coal power in Turkey

Edit links
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

GW).[note 1] In 2023 coal imports for electricity generation cost 3.7 billion USD.[1]
: 4 

Gothenburg Protocol
, which limits fine dust polluting other countries.

Turkey's coal is almost all low calorie lignite, but government policy supports its continued use. In contrast, Germany is closing lignite-fired stations under 150 MW.[5] Drought in Turkey is frequent, but thermal power stations use significant amounts of water.[6]

Coal-fired power stations are the largest source of

carbon neutrality by 2053, coal power should be phased out by the mid-2030s.[9] In January 2023 the National Energy Plan was published: it forecast a capacity increase to 24.3 GW by 2035,[10]: 23  including 1.7 GW more by 2030.[10]: 15  However by 2024 it was obvious that no new coal power stations would be built.[11]: 11  The national plan forecasts coal generation decreasing but capacity payments continuing for flexible and baseload power.[10]: 25  In 2024 Turkey is expected to burn more coal than any other European country.[12]

Energy policy

See also: Energy in Turkey § Policy and regulation

Energy strategy includes increasing the share of not just

nitrogen oxides.[14] Earlier in 2021 Turkey ratified the Paris Agreement to limit climate change, but as of October 2021 policy was still to increase domestic coal share in the energy mix, and planned increases in coal power were forecast to increase CO2 emissions.[15]: 79, 87  Greenhouse gas emissions are pledged to peak by 2038 at the latest.[16]

Generation

ZETES-3
, one of many coal-fired power stations built in the 2010s
Coal (in black) has remained about a third of electricity generation
See also: List of active coal-fired power stations in Turkey and Electricity sector in Turkey

Coal-fired power stations generate approximately one third of the nation's electricity:

thermal efficiencies are 39%, 42% and 44% for subcritical, supercritical and ultra supercritical power stations.[33]

In 2022 the average age of a coal power station was 17 years,[34]: 62  as much of the operational fleet was built in the 21st century. There was oversupply of generating capacity and a drop in demand in 2020, and a quarter of power stations were estimated to be cashflow negative.[35] Solar generation fits better with consumption, as annual peak electricity demand is on summer afternoons, due to air conditioning.[36]

Germany is closing lignite-fired stations under 150 MW.[37] Neighbouring Greece is closing down all its lignite-fueled power stations.[38]

Yunus Emre power station was completed in 2020,[18]: 42  but had only generated 700 hours of power to the grid by 2022.[39][40][41] As coal in the local area is unsuitable for its boilers it became a stranded asset: it was bought by Yıldızlar Holding (Yıldızlar SSS Holding A.Ş. not to be confused with Yıldız Holding).[29]: 30  In May 2023 Vice President Fuat Oktay said that unit 1 would be restarted in June,[42] and by mid-August about 60 GWh had been sent to the grid.[43]

With a few exceptions stations smaller than 200 MW provide both electricity and heat, often to factories, whereas almost all those larger than 200 MW just generate electricity. Companies owning large amounts of coal power include Eren, Çelikler, Aydem, İÇDAŞ, Anadolu Birlik (via Konya Sugar) and Diler.[44]: 31 

Flexibility

Turkey plans to substantially increase the contribution of solar and wind power to its mix of generation. Cost-effective system operation with a high proportion of these intermittent generation sources requires system flexibility, where other sources of generation can be ramped up or down promptly in response to changes in intermittent generation. However, conventional coal-fired generation may not have the flexibility required to accommodate a large proportion of solar and wind power. Retrofitting to increase the ramp-up rate to reach full load in 1 hour, and lower minimum generation to half max may be possible for about 9 GW (just under half) of installed capacity.[45] Lignite-fired power stations are less able to ramp up and down.[11]: 5 

Coal industry

Main article: Coal in Turkey

Government policy supports continued generation from lignite (brown coal) because it is mined locally,[46] whereas almost all hard coal (anthracite and bituminous coal) is imported.[47] In 2020, 51 million tonnes (83%) of lignite and 22 million tonnes (55%) of hard coal was burnt in power stations.[48]

In 2020 Anadolu Birlik Holding, Çelikler Holding, Ciner Holding, Diler Holding, Eren Holding, Aydem, IC İçtaş, Kolin and Odaş, were substantially involved in electricity generation from coal.[49]

Locally mined lignite

Afşin-Elbistan A power station
to the right

Power stations burning lignite tend to be near local coalmines, such as

emission factor is about 105 t/TJ.(cite 2023 NIR page 73 table 3.18)[citation needed
]

Imported coal

To minimize transport costs, power stations burning imported coal are usually located on the coast; with clusters in

Iskenderun Bay.[53] Coal with up to 3% sulphur and minimum 5,400 kcal/kg can be imported, with capacity to burn about 25 million tons a year.[54] In 2023 over half of thermal coal imports were from Russia.[12] According to thinktank Ember, as of 2021, building new wind and solar power is cheaper than running existing coal power stations which depend on imported coal.[55]

Air pollution

Health effects of coal-fired power stations in Turkey 2019[39]
See also: Air pollution in Turkey § Flue gas emission limits

Air pollution is a significant environmental and public health problem in Turkey, and has been for decades. A 1996 court order to shut 3 polluting power stations was not enforced.

Gothenburg Protocol which covers PM 2.5 (fine particles),[58] and reporting under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution has been criticized as incomplete.[59]
: 10 

New flue gas emission limits were introduced in January 2020,

fine particulate matter.[57] Fine particulates (PM2.5), are the most dangerous pollutant but have no legal ambient limit.[68]

The "Industry Related Air Pollution Control Regulation" says that

Environment Ministry but, unlike the EU, they are not required to publish the data.[64] In 2022 academics called for better monitoring and stricter emission limits.[70]

Coal contributes to air pollution in big cities.[71] Air pollution from some large coal-fired power stations is publicly visible in Sentinel satellite data.[72][73] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) says that old coal-fired power stations are emitting dangerous levels of fine particulates: so it recommends reducing particulate emissions by retrofitting or closing old coal-fired power plants.[74] Although the Turkish government receives reports of measurements of air pollution from the smokestacks of individual coal-fired power stations, it does not publish the reports, unlike the EU. The OECD has also recommended Turkey create and publish a pollutant release and transfer register.[75]

Yeniköy power station in Milas, Muğla

Flue gas emission limits in milligrams per cubic metre (mg/Nm3) are:[76][77]

Size of power station Dust SO2 NO2 CO
0.5 MW ≤ capacity < 5 MW 200 Desulfurisation system not required if the SO2 and SO3 emissions are below 2000 mg/Nm3 . If the 2000 mg/Nm3 limit is exceeded, then SO2 emissions must be reduced to 10%. NOx emissions should be reduced by technical measures such as reducing the flame temperature by recirculating the flue gas. 200
5 MW ≤ capacity < 50 MW 150 200
50 MW ≤ capacity < 100 MW 50 850 400 150
capacity ≥ 100 MW 30 200 200 200

The limits are laxer than the EU Industrial Emissions Directive and the SO2 limit for large coal-fired power plants in other countries, such as India at 100 mg/m3, and China at 35 mg/m3.[78]

Greenhouse gas emissions

Main article: Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
Coal is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
Coal emits more CO2 than oil or gas

Coal-fired power stations emit over 1 kg of carbon dioxide for every kilowatt hour generated,

gas-fired power stations. Turkey's coal-fired power stations are the largest contributor to the country's greenhouse gas emissions.[note 4] Production of public heat and electricity emitted 138 megatonnes of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) in 2019,[a]
mainly through coal burning.

Because lignite quality varies greatly, to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions from a particular power station, the

GOSAT-GW in 2023[85] and possibly in 2025 by Sentinel-7.[86][87]

A 2020 study estimated that fitting

net zero carbon emissions by 2053.[89] After the Paris Agreement on limiting climate change was ratified in 2021 many environmental groups called for the government to set a target year for coal phase-out.[90]

Coal combustion emitted over 150 Mt of

CO2eq per kilowatt-hour.[79]

As of 2019[update]

coal mine methane remains an environmental challenge,[93] because removing it from working underground mines is a safety requirement but if vented to the atmosphere it is a potent greenhouse gas.[94]

Water consumption

Because Turkey's lignite-fired power stations have to be very close to their mines to avoid excessive lignite transport costs,

coal washing if required. In Turkey, fresh water is used because of the locations of the plants. Between 600 and 3000 cubic metres of water is used per GWh generated,[97] much more than solar and wind power.[98] This intensive use has led to shortages in nearby villages and farmlands.[99]

Ash

The mineral residue that remains from burning coal is known as coal ash, and contains toxic substances that may pose a health risk to workers in coal-fired power stations and people living or working near Turkey's large[28] coal ash dams. A 2021 report from İklim Değişikliği Politika ve Araştırma Derneği (Climate Change Policy and Research Association) said that 2020s environmental law was being evaded by the repeated granting of less stringent 1 year temporary operating licenses, and said that coal ash storage permit criteria (inspections by universities) were unclear, so some power stations were not properly storing unhealthy coal ash . They said that some inspections may be insufficient and summarized inspection reports as:

2020–2021 Ash environmental protection systems of some coal-fired power stations - missing information [100]: 75  Key: ✓=information provided in report : blank=no information provided and feature may or may not exist
Power station name Dry Storage Wet Storage Surrounding channels Wall Pump system Groundwater Pollution Analysis/Monitoring Observation Well Wire Fence Drainage System Slope Other
Afşin Elbistan B
 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Dust Control Plan should be prepared.
Yatağan ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Impermeable zone problem
18 Mart Çan ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Kemerköy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ The landfill is in the forest area
Yeniköy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ The landfill is in the forest area
Kangal ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Soma ✓ The safety of embankments, sitting, sliding, etc. monitoring/progress report for monitoring and reporting
Tunçbilek ✓ ✓ Complying with the provisions of the Regulation on Buildings to be Constructed in Earthquake Zones and the Regulation on Buildings to be Constructed in Disaster Zones
Orhaneli ✓ ✓
Seyitömer ✓ ✓
Çayırhan ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
ÇATES
 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Impermeable zone construction
Afşin Elbistan A
 Re-evaluation of the commitments given in the EIA Report for the construction of the Landfill Facility within the scope of the Circular

Taxes, subsidies and incentives

Around the year 2000 government incentives were offered to build cogeneration power stations (such as

autoproducers in factories but not connected to the grid),[101] much small cogeneration was built in industrial parks[102][103] or in sugar factories.[104][105] About 20 of these small autoproducers were operating by 2021 but there is no list publicly available as they are not connected to the grid and no longer require licences.[18][note 5] Because of its low calorific value lignite-fired electricity costs more to generate than in other European countries (except for Greece).[106]

The companies which built most recent stations: Cengiz, Kolin, Limak and Kalyon; are mainly in the 

construction rather than the energy sector; and some say they took on lignite-power at a loss to be politically favoured for other construction projects.[107]
: 160 

In 2019 large lignite-burning stations were subsidized with capacity payments totalling over 1 billion lira (US$180 million, which was over half of total capacity payments),[108] and in 2020 over 1.2 billion lira (US$210 million).[109] In 2021 four power stations burning a mixture of lignite and imported coal also received capacity payments.[110] This capacity mechanism has been criticised by some economists, as they say it encourages strategic capacity withholding, with a study of 2019 data showing that a 1% increase in the electricity price correlated with a 1-minute increase in length of power station generation failures.[108] There is also a market clearing price cap of 2,000 lira(about US$350 in 2021)/MWh.[108] These economists say that auctions of firm capacity (this is done in some other countries[111]), with a financial penalty if not delivered, would be a better mechanism.[108] As of November 2022 23 coal-fired power stations are eligible for capacity mechanism payments.[112]

Some electricity from these stations is purchased by the state-owned electricity company at a guaranteed price of US$50–55/MWh until the end of 2027.[113]: 109  Imported coal is taxed at US$70 per tonne minus the price of coal on the international market.[114] The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism could push coal-power after gas in the merit order: in other words it could become more expensive.[115]

Capacity payments

Unlike new solar and wind power in Turkey's electricity market, these were not decided by reverse auction but fixed by the government, and energy demand management is not eligible.[116] Subsidy continues in 2020 and 13 coal fired power stations received January payments.[117] The Chamber of Engineers (tr:Makina Mühendisleri Odası) has called for the capacity mechanism to be scrapped.[118]

Phase-out

See also: Climate change litigation § Turkey

In 2019, the OECD said that energy and climate policies that are not aligned in future may prevent some assets from providing an economic return due to the transition to a low-carbon economy.[119] The average Turkish coal-fired power station is predicted to have higher long-run operating costs than renewables by 2030.[120] The insurance industry is slowly withdrawing from fossil fuels.[121]

In 2021 the

Istanbul Stock Exchange was at risk of stranding, including $300 m for EÜAŞ.[126]: 12  Turkey has $3.2 billion in loans for its energy transition.[127] Small modular reactors have been suggested to replace coal power.[128] A 2023 study suggests the early 2030s and at the latest 2035 as a practical target for phase-out.[129] A 2024 study says that, although some plants would shutdown due to technological or economic obsolescence, a complete phase out by 2035 would require additional capital expenditure on electricity storage: however the study did not consider demand response or electricity trading with the EU.[11]

Some energy analysts say old plants should be shut down.[130] Three coal-fired power plants, which are in Muğla Province, Yatağan, Yeniköy and Kemerköy, are becoming outdated. However, if the plants and associated lignite mines were shut down, about 5000 workers would need funding for early retirement or retraining.[131] There would also be health[132] and environmental benefits,[133] but these are difficult to quantify as very little data is publicly available in Turkey on the local pollution by the plants and mines.[134][135] Away from Zonguldak mining and the coal-fired power plant employ most working people in Soma district.[136] According to Dr. Coşku Çelik "coal investments in the countryside have been regarded as an employment opportunity by the rural population".[137]

Notes

  1. ^ The table on page iii of the 2022 EMRA report totals 15 + 23 + 14 = 52 coal power licences - but as ZETES 1 2 and 3 have the same licence if counted as separate power stations the total would be 54, which almost matches the total on the Turkish version of the Wikipedia list.[2]: iii 
  2. net generation
    .
  3. ^ See tr:Türkiye'deki kömür yakıtlı enerji santralleri listesi or its underlying Wikidata for details. Except for 1 hard coal and 1 asphaltite power station, all domestic coal power stations are lignite-fired power stations.[18]: 41 
  4. ^ UNFCCC category 1.A.1. Energy industries a. Public electricity and heat production:solid fuels. shows 116 megatonnes of CO2, which is larger than any other category.[80]
  5. ^ Some former autoproducer licencees are listed in table 20 of the following cite from 2007, but it is not publicly known exactly which are still operating.[105]
  1. ^ [81]: table 1s1 cell B10 
  2. ^ 29% of the 521 Mt gross emissions in 2018 or 35% of the 426 Mt net emissions

References

  1. ^ a b Türkiye Electricity Review 2024 (PDF) (Report). Ember.
  2. ^ Electricity Market Sector Report 2022 (Report). Energy Market Regulatory Authority.
  3. ^ Karababa, Ali Osman; et al. (August 2020). "Dark Report Reveals the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Turkey". Right to Clean Air Platform. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022. Coal-fired thermal power plants threaten the health of humans
  4. ^ Curing Chronic Coal: The health benefits of a 2030 coal phase out in Turkey (Report). Health and Environment Alliance. 2022.
  5. ^ Shrestha, Priyanka (27 November 2020). "EU approves German scheme to compensate hard coal plants for early closure". Energy Live News. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  6. ^ El-Khozondar, Balkess; Koksal, Merih Aydınalp (2017). "Investigating the water consumption for electricity generation at Turkish power plants" (PDF). Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022.
  7. ^ "G20 Per Capita Coal Power Emissions 2023". Ember. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  8. PMID 35318602
    .
  9. ^ Şahin, Umit; et al. (2021). "Turkey's Decarbonization Pathway Net Zero in 2050 Executive Summary" (PDF). Sabancı University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2021.
  10. ^
    Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
    . 2022.
  11. ^ a b c "How Realistic Are Coal Phase-Out Timeline Targets for Turkey?" (PDF).
  12. ^ a b "Turkey on track to become Europe's top coal burner in 2024".
  13. ^ "Turkey's International Energy Strategy". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey). 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
  14. ^ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone". treaties.un.org. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  15. PricewaterhouseCoopers. October 2020. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  16. ^ Kucukgocmen, Ali (15 November 2022). "Turkey raises greenhouse gas emission reduction target for 2030". Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  17. ^ "Gas takes bigger share in Turkey's power as drought lowers hydro output". Hürriyet Daily News. 10 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d "Kömür Sektör Raporu 2020" [Coal sector report 2020]. Turkish Coal Operations Authority. 2021. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  19. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
    . Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  20. ^ "Coal".
  21. ^ "EPDK | Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu: 2021 Yılı Elektrik Piyasası Gelişim Raporu". www.epdk.gov.tr. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  22. ^ "Kömür ve Linyit Yakıtlı Termik Santraller" [Coal and lignite fuelled power stations]. Enerji Atlası (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  23. ^ "Turkey Electricity Review 2022". Ember. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  24. ^ "Turkey's new power plant exposes 'huge contradictions' of net zero pledge". Financial Times. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  25. Shanghai Electric Power. 9 July 2015. Archived
    from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  26. ^ "Yenilenebilir Enerji Çağında Kömürün Fizibilitesi: Hunutlu Termik Santrali Örneği" [Feasibility of Coal in the age of Renewable Energy: The case of Hunutlu Thermal Power Station]. WWF Turkey (in Turkish). 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  27. ^ Direskeneli, Haluk (3 January 2020). "Enerji piyasalarında 2020 yılı öngörüleri" [Looking ahead to the 2020 energy market]. Enerji Günlüğü (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  28. ^ a b c "Turkey: Energy And Infrastructure Forecasts For 2022 – OpEd". 29 November 2021.
  29. ^ a b Boom and Bust Coal 2023 (Report). Global Energy Monitor. 5 April 2023.
  30. ^ "Kahramanmaraş'ta mahkeme Afşin C Termik Santrali için yürütmeyi durdurma kararı verdi, bundan sonra ne olacak?". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  31. ^ Livsey, Alan (4 February 2020). "Lex in depth: the $900bn cost of 'stranded energy assets'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  32. ^ "2022'de temiz enerji ön plana çıkacak" [Clean energy will come to the fore in 2022]. TRT Haber (in Turkish). 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  33. ^ "Health and Environment Alliance | Pollution from coal power costs Turkey as much as 27% of its total health expenditure – new report". Health and Environment Alliance. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  34. ^ https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-in-net-zero-transitions
  35. ^ Political decisions, economic realities: The underlying operating cashflows of coal power during COVID-19 (Report). Carbon Tracker. 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  36. ^ "Turkey breaks power consumption record on stifling hot day". Hürriyet Daily News. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  37. ^ "EU approves German scheme to compensate hard coal plants for early closure". Energy Live News. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Lignite phase-out a key aspect of national energy policy, Mitsotakis says". Kathimerini. 17 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020.
  39. ^ a b Gacal, Funda; Stauffer, Anne (4 February 2021). Chronic coal pollution Turkey (Report). Health and Environment Alliance. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021.
  40. ^ "Real-Time Generation". EXIST Transparency Platform. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  41. ^ Monitor, Global Energy; CREA; E3G; Club, Sierra; SFOC; Network, Kiko; Europe, C. a. N.; LIFE; BWGED; BAPA; Bangladesh, Waterkeepers (25 April 2022). Boom And Bust Coal 2022 (Report).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Bakan Dönmez Eskişehir Yunus Emre Termik Santrali'ni ziyaret etti".
  43. ^ "Gerçek Zamanlı Üretim - Gerçekleşen Üretim - Üretim | EPİAŞ Şeffaflık Platformu". seffaflik.epias.com.tr. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  44. PricewaterhouseCoopers. October 2021. Archived
    from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  45. S2CID 233798310
    .
  46. ^ Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023) (PDF) (Report). Presidency of Strategy and Budget. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  47. EÜAŞ. Archived
    from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  48. Turkstat. Archived
    from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  49. ^ "2020 KÜRESEL KÖMÜRDEN ÇIKIŞ LİSTESİ: Dünyada 935 şirket kömür yatırımını genişletmeyi hedefliyor". Bianet. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  50. ^ "Nuclear Power in Turkey". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  51. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey). Archived
    from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  52. ^ Direskeneli, Haluk (6 October 2021). "Coal Plant Without Coal: Only In Turkey". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  53. ^ Walker, Laurence (11 February 2020). "Turkish coal imports set to rise in 2020 – analysts". www.montelnews.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  54. ^ "Turkey softens coal import restrictions". Argus Media. 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  55. ^ "Turkey: New wind and solar power now cheaper than running existing coal plants relying on imports". Ember. 27 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  56. ^ Case of Okyay and others v. Turkey (PDF) (Report). Council of Europe. 12 October 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  57. ^ a b "Report: Air pollution becoming more lethal in Turkey while scientists struggle to access data". Bianet. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  58. ^ "United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  59. ^ "Inventory Review 2021 Review of emission data reported under the LRTAP Convention" (PDF). EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections. March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  60. ^ "Sanayi̇ Kaynaklı Hava Ki̇rli̇li̇ği̇ni̇n Kontrolü Yönetmeli̇ği̇nde Deği̇şi̇kli̇k Yapılmasına Dai̇r Yönetmeli̇k" [Regulation Amending the Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution]. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey (29211): Appx 1 page 15. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  61. ^ "Emission standards: Turkey" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Turkey shuts power plants for not installing filters". Anadolu Agency. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  63. ^ "Close Unfiltered Thermal Plants in Turkey During Coronavirus Outbreak". Bianet. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  64. ^ a b "Coal-fired plants reopen: Engineers cast doubt on minister's statement that 'obligations fulfilled'". Bianet. 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  65. ^ Aytaç (2020).
  66. ^ Direskeneli, Haluk (4 January 2021). "Turkey: Energy And Infrastructure Forecast 2021- OpEd". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  67. ^ "Six coal-fired plants continue to emit thick smoke after end of suspension". Bianet. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. Orhan Aytaş from the Chamber of Mechanical Engineers said the plant has installed a dry cooling system, which was ineffective due to the high amount of sulphur in the smoke of Turkey's coals.
  68. ^ Çetin, Yazar Arda (1 September 2020). "Dark Report Reveals the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Turkey". Right to Clean Air Platform (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022. Afşin Elbistan Coal Fired Power Plant is estimated to have caused 17,000 premature deaths ........In Muğla, it is estimated that 45,000 premature deaths happened due to air pollution related to the 3 coal-fired thermal power plants since 1983.: 50 
  69. ISSN 0957-4352. Archived
    from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  70. S2CID 247499010
    .
  71. ^ Dennison, Asli Aydıntaşbaş, Susi (22 June 2021). "New energies: How the European Green Deal can save the EU's relationship with Turkey – European Council on Foreign Relations". ECFR. Retrieved 22 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ "Polluters exposed by new eye in the sky satellite". 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  73. ^ "TROPOMI Level 2 data products". KNMI R&D Satellite Observations. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  74. ^ EfimovaMazurMigottoRambali (2019), p. 20.
  75. ^ EfimovaMazurMigottoRambali (2019), p. 30.
  76. ^ "Emission standards: Turkey" (PDF). International Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  77. ^ "Sanayi̇ Kaynakli Hava Ki̇rli̇li̇ği̇ni̇n Kontrolü Yönetmeli̇ği̇nde Deği̇şi̇kli̇k Yapilmasina Dai̇r Yönetmeli̇k" [Official Gazette: Changes to industrial air pollution regulation]. Resmî Gazete (29211): Appx 1 page 15. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  78. ^ "Greenpeace analysis ranks global SO
    2     air pollution hotspots"    . Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  79. ^ a b Atilgan & Azapagic (2016), p. 177.
  80. ^ Turkstat tables (2021), table 1.A(a)s1 cell G26.
  81. ^ Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 – 2019 common reporting format (CRF) tables [TurkStat tables] (TUR_2021_2019_13042021_230815.xlsx). Turkish Statistical Institute (Technical report). April 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  82. ^ Turkstat report (2021), p. 49.
  83. ^ "Air Markets Program Data". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  84. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived
    from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  85. ^ "GOSAT-GW". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  86. EURACTIV. Archived
    from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  87. ^ "European Sentinel satellites to map global CO2 emissions". BBC News. 31 July 2020. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  88. doi:10.2339/politeknik.674619
    .
  89. ^ Gundogmus, Yildiz Nevin (1 October 2021). "Turkey to follow up climate deal ratification with action: Official". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  90. ^ Erkul, Nuran (7 October 2021). "Paris Agreement's ratification launches new climate policy era in Turkey". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  91. ^ Turkstat report (2020), p. 57.
  92. ^ "ETS Detailed Information: Turkey". International Carbon Action Partnership. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019.
  93. ^ "Paving the way for safer and greener coal mine methane management in Turkey and Ukraine". www.unece.org. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  94. ^ "Coal overview: Turkey" (PDF). Global Methane Project. 2020.
  95. ^ "Why is there no lignite market?". Euracoal. 11 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  96. ^ El-Khozondar, Balkess D. J. (2017). "Investigating the Use of Water for Electricity Generation at Turkish Power Plants" (PDF). Hacettepe University. p. 84. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  97. S2CID 204261568
    .
  98. ^ "The water-energy nexus at rivers can be resolved worldwide by 2050 as a consequence of the energy transition - News - LUT". www.lut.fi. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  99. ^ "Thermal power plants in Zonguldak and Muğla leave nearby villages without water in the middle of a pandemic". www.duvarenglish.com. 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  100. ^ Çaltı, Nuray; Bozoğlu, Dr. Baran; Aldırmaz, Ahmet Turan; Atalar, Gülşah Deniz (2 June 2021). Özelleştirilmiş Termik Santraller ve Çevre Mevzuatına Uyum Süreçleri [Privatized Thermal Power Stations and Environmental Legislation Compliance Processes] (Report) (in Turkish). İklim Değişikliği Politika ve Araştırma Derneği. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  101. ISSN 0144-5987
    .
  102. ^ "An Energy Overview of the Republic of Turkey". www.geni.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  103. ^ Özkan, Cüneyt Taha (2019). "Turkish Energy Transition and Current Challenges" (PDF). Jean Monnet University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  104. ^ Tamzok, Nejat. "İthal kömür açmazı" [Imported coal deadlock] (PDF). Chamber of Electrical Engineers (Turkey). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  105. ^ a b "Kömür Çalişma Grubu Raporu" [Coal working group report] (PDF). World Energy Council. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2021.
  106. ^ "Cost of lignite-fired power generation | Heinrich Böll Stiftung - Thessaloniki Office". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  107. ISBN 9781003044543
    .
  108. ^
    SSRN 3936571. Archived
    from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  109. ^ "Kapasite Mekanizması Ödeme Listeleri" [Capacity mechanism payment list]. Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  110. ^ "Elektrik santrallerine 187 milyon liralık kapasite mekanizması desteği" [187 million lira capacity mechanism support to power stations]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2 October 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  111. ^ Watson, Frank; Edwardes-Evans, Henry (27 August 2021). "EC approves Belgium's electricity capacity market design". S&P Global. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  112. ^ "2023'de 50 santral kapasite mekanizmasından yararlanacak" [TEİAŞ announces the 50 power plants to benefit from the capacity mechanism in 2023]. Enerji Günlüğü (in Turkish). 3 November 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  113. ^ IEA (2021).
  114. ^ Senerdem, Erisa (26 August 2020). "Coal imports help Turkish economy in 1H20". Argus Media. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  115. ^ Göktuğ, Göktuğ; Taksim, Muhammed Ali; Yitgin, Burak (2021). "Effects of the European Green Deal on Turkey's Electricity Market". The Journal of Business, Economic and Management Research. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  116. ^ "Elektri̇k Pi̇yasasi Kapasi̇te Mekani̇zmasi Yönetmeli̇ği̇nde Deği̇şi̇kli̇k Yapilmasina Dai̇r Yönetmeli̇k" [Changes to electricity market capacity mechanism regulations]. Official Gazette. 9 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  117. ^ "TEİAŞ Yayınladı: Kapasite Mekanizması 2020 Yılı Ocak Ayı Ödeme Listesi" [Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation press release: January 2020 capacity mechanism payments list]. Enerji Ekonomisi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  118. ^ "MMO: Enerji yönetimi ve özel şirketler ellerini yurttaşların ceplerinden çekmelidir" [Chamber of Engineers: Energy management and private companies should get their hands out of citizens' pockets]. birgun.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  119. ^ EfimovaMazurMigottoRambali (2019), p. 39.
  120. Carbon Tracker Initiative. Archived
    from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  121. ^ "Fosil yakıtlar ve kömür sigorta portföyünden çıkıyor". www.patronlardunyasi.com. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  122. ^ Erkuş, Sevil (15 November 2021). "World Bank official praises Turkey's GDP growth". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  123. ^ "Environmental organizations from across Turkey called: We want a "fair phase-out" of coal by 2030 | STGM". www.stgm.org.tr. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  124. ^ Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report (Report). World Bank. 13 June 2022.
  125. ^ "First Step in the Pathway to a Carbon Neutral Turkey: Coal Phase out 2030". Sustainable Economics and Finance Association. APLUS Energy for Europe Beyond Coal, Climate Action Network (CAN) Europe, Sustainable Economics and Finance Research Association (SEFiA), WWF-Turkey (World Wildlife Fund), Greenpeace Mediterranean, 350.org and Climate Change Policy and Research Association. November 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  126. ^ "Taking Stock of Coal Risks". Carbon Tracker. November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
  127. POLITICO. 6 November 2021. Archived
    from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  128. ^ "Turkey in talks with US to buy small nuclear reactors, weaning itself off coal". Al Arabiya English. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  129. ^ Kat, Bora; Sahin, Umit; Teimourzadeh, Saeed; Tor, Osman B.; Voyvoda, Ebru; Yeldan, A. Erinc (2023). "Coal Phase-out in the Turkish Power Sector towards Net-zero Emission Targets: An Integrated Assessment of Energy-Economy-Environment Modeling". Presented during the 26th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis (Bordeaux, France). Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  130. ^ Direskeneli, Haluk (19 March 2023). "Sustainable Energy In Turkey – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  131. ^ "The Real Costs of Coal: Muğla". Climate Action Network Europe. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  132. ^ Ugurtas, Selin (17 April 2020). "Coronavirus outbreak exposes health risks of coal rush". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  133. ^ "Beyaz Çamaşır Asılamayan Şehir (ler)" [Cities where washing cannot be hung out to dry]. Sivil Sayfalar (in Turkish). 13 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  134. ^ Hattam, Jennifer (17 September 2019). "Turkey: Censorship fogging up pollution researchers' work". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  135. ^ European Commission (2019), p. 93: "There are still complaints about the application of the rule of law in court decisions on environmental issues and about public participation and the right to environmental information."
  136. ^ "Soma Termik Santrali'nde emisyon oranlarını Bakanlığa anlık bildiren sistem kuruldu". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  137. ^ "Extractivism, State and Socio-Environmental Struggles: Turkey and Ecuador". The Media Line. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.

Sources

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_power_in_Turkey&oldid=1217530046"