Coca-Cola
Caramel E-150d | |
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Website | coca-cola.com |
Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a carbonated soft drink with a cola flavor manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. In 2013, Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide, with consumers drinking more than 1.8 billion company beverage servings each day.[1] Coca-Cola ranked No. 87 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[2] Based on Interbrand's "best global brand" study of 2020, Coca-Cola was the world's sixth most valuable brand.[3]
Originally marketed as a temperance drink and intended as a patent medicine, Coca-Cola was invented in the late 19th century by John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1888, Pemberton sold the ownership rights to Asa Griggs Candler, a businessman, whose marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the global soft-drink market throughout the 20th and 21st century.[4] The name refers to two of its original ingredients: coca leaves and kola nuts (a source of caffeine).[5] The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret; however, a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published. The secrecy around the formula has been used by Coca-Cola in its marketing as only a handful of anonymous employees know the formula.[6] The drink has inspired imitators and created a whole classification of soft drink: colas.
The Coca-Cola Company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company, produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate, in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. A typical 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 ml) can contains 38 grams (1.3 oz) of sugar (usually in the form of high-fructose corn syrup in North America). The bottlers then sell, distribute, and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores, restaurants, and vending machines throughout the world. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants and foodservice distributors.
The Coca-Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under the Coke name. The most common of these is
History
19th century historical origins
Confederate Colonel
In 1886, when Atlanta and
By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola – sold by three separate businesses – were on the market. A co-partnership had been formed on January 14, 1888, between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen: J.C. Mayfield, A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy, and E.H. Bloodworth. Not codified by any signed document, a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton's company as early as 1887.[21] John Pemberton declared that the name "Coca-Cola" belonged to his son, Charley, but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula.[22]
Charley Pemberton's record of control over the "Coca-Cola" name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca-Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father's place.[23] Charley's exclusive control over the "Coca-Cola" name became a continual thorn in Asa Candler's side. Candler's oldest son, Charles Howard Candler, authored a book in 1950 published by Emory University. In this definitive biography about his father, Candler specifically states: "on April 14, 1888, the young druggist Asa Griggs Candler purchased a one-third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca-Cola."[24] The deal was actually between John Pemberton's son Charley and Walker, Candler & Co. – with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son. For $50 down and $500 in 30 days, Walker, Candler & Co. obtained all of the one-third interest in the Coca-Cola Company that Charley held, all while Charley still held on to the name. After the April 14 deal, on April 17, 1888, one-half of the Walker/Dozier interest shares were acquired by Candler for an additional $750.[25]
Company
After Candler had gained a better foothold on Coca-Cola in April 1888, he nevertheless was forced to sell the beverage he produced with the recipe he had under the names "Yum Yum" and "Koke". This was while Charley Pemberton was selling the elixir, although a cruder mixture, under the name "Coca-Cola", all with his father's blessing. After both names failed to catch on for Candler, by the middle of 1888, the Atlanta pharmacist was quite anxious to establish a firmer legal claim to Coca-Cola, and hoped he could force his two competitors, Walker and Dozier, completely out of the business, as well.[25]
John Pemberton died suddenly on August 16, 1888. Asa Candler then decided to move swiftly forward to attain full control of the entire Coca-Cola operation.
Charley Pemberton, an alcoholic and opium addict, unnerved Asa Candler more than anyone else. Candler is said to have quickly maneuvered to purchase the exclusive rights to the name "Coca-Cola" from Pemberton's son Charley immediately after he learned of Dr. Pemberton's death. One of several stories states that Candler approached Charley's mother at John Pemberton's funeral and offered her $300 in cash for the title to the name.
In Charles Howard Candler's 1950 book about his father, he stated: "On August 30 [1888], he [
With this action on August 30, 1888, Candler's sole control became technically all true. Candler had negotiated with Margaret Dozier and her brother Woolfolk Walker a full payment amounting to $1,000, which all agreed Candler could pay off with a series of notes over a specified time span. By May 1, 1889, Candler was now claiming full ownership of the Coca-Cola beverage, with a total investment outlay by Candler for the drink enterprise over the years amounting to $2,300.[26]
In 1914, Margaret Dozier, as co-owner of the original Coca-Cola Company in 1888, came forward to claim that her signature on the 1888 Coca-Cola Company bill of sale had been forged. Subsequent analysis of other similar transfer documents had also indicated John Pemberton's signature had most likely been forged as well, which some accounts claim was precipitated by his son Charley.[22]
In 1892, Candler set out to incorporate a second company, the Coca-Cola Company (the current corporation). When Candler had the earliest records of the "Coca-Cola Company" destroyed in 1910, the action was claimed to have been made during a move to new corporation offices around this time.[27]
Charley Pemberton was found on June 23, 1894, unconscious, with a stick of opium by his side. Ten days later, Charley died at Atlanta's Grady Hospital at the age of 40.[28]
On September 12, 1919, Coca-Cola Co. was purchased by a group of investors led by
During its first several decades, Coca-Cola officially wanted to be known by its full-name despite being commonly known as "Coke". This was due to company fears that the term "coke" would eventually become a generic trademark, which to an extent became true in the Southern United States where "coke" is used even for non Coca-Cola products. The company also didn't want to confuse its drink with the similarly named coal byproduct that clearly wasn't safe to consume. Eventually, out for fears that another company may claim the trademark for "Coke", Coca-Cola finally embraced it and officially endorsed the name "Coke" in 1941. "Coke" eventually became a registered trademark of the Coca-Cola Company in 1945.[32]
In 1986, the Coca-Cola Company merged with two of their bottling operators (owned by JTL Corporation and BCI Holding Corporation) to form Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. (CCE).[33]
In December 1991, Coca-Cola Enterprises merged with the Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group, Inc.[33]
Origins of bottling
The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the Biedenharn Candy Company on March 12, 1894.[34] The proprietor of the bottling works was Joseph A. Biedenharn.[35] The original bottles were Hutchinson bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirt design of 1915 now so familiar.
A few years later two entrepreneurs from
20th century
The first outdoor wall advertisement that promoted the Coca-Cola drink was painted in 1894 in
The longest running commercial Coca-Cola soda fountain anywhere was Atlanta's Fleeman's Pharmacy, which first opened its doors in 1914.[45] Jack Fleeman took over the pharmacy from his father and ran it until 1995; closing it after 81 years.[46] On July 12, 1944, the one-billionth gallon of Coca-Cola syrup was manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. Cans of Coke first appeared in 1955.[47]
Sugar replaced with high-fructose corn syrup
Sugar prices spiked in the 1970s because of
New Coke
On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change
21st century
On July 5, 2005, it was revealed that Coca-Cola would resume operations in Iraq for the first time since the Arab League boycotted the company in 1968.[51]
In April 2007, in Canada, the name "Coca-Cola Classic" was changed back to "Coca-Cola". The word "Classic" was removed because "New Coke" was no longer in production, eliminating the need to differentiate between the two.[citation needed] The formula remained unchanged. In January 2009, Coca-Cola stopped printing the word "Classic" on the labels of 16-US-fluid-ounce (470 ml) bottles sold in parts of the southeastern United States.[52] The change was part of a larger strategy to rejuvenate the product's image.[52] The word "Classic" was removed from all Coca-Cola products by 2011.
In November 2009, due to a dispute over wholesale prices of Coca-Cola products, Costco stopped restocking its shelves with Coke and Diet Coke for two months; a separate pouring rights deal in 2013 saw Coke products removed from Costco food courts in favor of Pepsi.[53] Some Costco locations (such as the ones in Tucson, Arizona) additionally sell imported Coca-Cola from Mexico with cane sugar instead of corn syrup from separate distributors.[54] Coca-Cola introduced the 7.5-ounce mini-can in 2009, and on September 22, 2011, the company announced price reductions, asking retailers to sell eight-packs for $2.99. That same day, Coca-Cola announced the 12.5-ounce bottle, to sell for 89 cents. A 16-ounce bottle has sold well at 99 cents since being re-introduced, but the price was going up to $1.19.[55]
In 2012, Coca-Cola resumed business in Myanmar after 60 years of absence due to US-imposed investment sanctions against the country.[56][57] Coca-Cola's bottling plant is located in Yangon and is part of the company's five-year plan and $200 million investment in Myanmar.[58] Coca-Cola with its partners is to invest US$5 billion in its operations in India by 2020.[59]
In February 2021, as a plan to combat
Production
Listed ingredients
- Carbonated water
- Sugar (sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) depending on country of origin)
- Caffeine
- Phosphoric acid
- Caramel color (E150d)
- Natural flavorings[62]
A typical can of Coca-Cola (12 fl ounces/355 ml) contains 39 grams of sugar,[63] 50 mg of sodium, 0 grams fat, 0 grams potassium, and 140 calories.[64] On May 5, 2014, Coca-Cola said it was working to remove a controversial ingredient, brominated vegetable oil, from its drinks.[65]
A UK 330 ml can contains 35 grammes of sugar and 139 calories.
Formula of natural flavorings
The exact formula of Coca-Cola's natural flavorings (but not its other ingredients, which are listed on the side of the bottle or can) is a
According to Snopes, a popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula, with each executive having only half the formula.[67] However, several sources state that while Coca-Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives, each knows the entire formula and others, in addition to the prescribed duo, have known the formulation process.[68]
On February 11, 2011, Ira Glass said on his PRI radio show, This American Life, that TAL staffers had found a recipe in "Everett Beal's Recipe Book", reproduced in the February 28, 1979, issue of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, that they believed was either Pemberton's original formula for Coca-Cola, or a version that he made either before or after the product hit the market in 1886. The formula basically matched the one found in Pemberton's diary.[69][70][71] Coca-Cola archivist Phil Mooney acknowledged that the recipe "could be a precursor" to the formula used in the original 1886 product, but emphasized that Pemberton's original formula is not the same as the one used in the current product.[72]
Use of stimulants in formula
When launched, Coca-Cola's two key ingredients were cocaine and caffeine. The cocaine was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut (also spelled "cola nut" at the time), leading to the name Coca-Cola.[73][74]
Coca leaf
Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup (approximately 37 g/L), a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. (For comparison, a typical dose or "line" of cocaine is 50–75 mg.[75]) In 1903, it was removed.[76]
After 1904, instead of using fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using "spent" leaves – the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process with trace levels of cocaine.[77] Since then (by 1929[78]), Coca-Cola has used a cocaine-free coca leaf extract. Today, that extract is prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood, New Jersey, the only manufacturing plant authorized by the federal government to import and process coca leaves, which it obtains from Peru and Bolivia.[79] Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it then sells to Mallinckrodt, the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use.[80]
Long after the syrup had ceased to contain any significant amount of cocaine, in North Carolina "dope" remained a common colloquialism for Coca-Cola, and "dope-wagons" were trucks that transported it.[81]
Kola nuts for caffeine
The kola nut acts as a flavoring and the original source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. It contains about 2.0 to 3.5% caffeine, and has a bitter flavor.
In 1911, the US government sued in
Coca-Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces (9.8 mg per 100 ml).[83]
Franchised production model
The actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to bottlers throughout the world, who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sweeteners, putting the mixture into cans and bottles, and carbonating it, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants, and foodservice distributors.[84]
The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, such as Coca-Cola Enterprises, Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company, and Coca-Cola FEMSA, as well as some smaller ones, such as Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan, but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world. Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink according to local tastes.[85]
The bottling plant in Skopje, Macedonia, received the 2009 award for "Best Bottling Company".[86]
Geographic spread
Coca-Cola has been sold outside the United States as early as 1900, when the
Since it announced its intention to begin distribution in
Coca-Cola has been a point of legal discussion in the Middle East. In the early 20th century, a fatwa was created in Egypt to discuss the question of "whether Muslims were permitted to drink Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola."[91] The fatwa states: "According to the Muslim Hanefite, Shafi'ite, etc., the rule in Islamic law of forbidding or allowing foods and beverages is based on the presumption that such things are permitted unless it can be shown that they are forbidden on the basis of the Qur'an."[91] The Muslim jurists stated that, unless the Qur'an specifically prohibits the consumption of a particular product, it is permissible to consume. Another clause was discussed, whereby the same rules apply if a person is unaware of the condition or ingredients of the item in question.
Coca-Cola first entered the Chinese market in the 1920s with no localized representation of its name.[92][93] While the company researched a satisfactory translation, local shopkeepers created their own. These produced the desired "ko-ka ko-la" sound, but with odd meanings such as "female horse fastened with wax" or "bite the wax tadpole".[92][93] In the 1930s, the company settled on the name "可口可樂(可口可乐)" (Ke-kou ke-le) taking into account the effects of syllable and meaning translations. The phrase means roughly "to allow the mouth to be able to rejoice".[93][94] The story introduction from Coca-Cola mentions that Chiang Yee provided the new localized name,[95] but there are also sources that the localized name appeared before 1935,[96] or that it was given by someone named Jerome T. Lieu who studied at Columbia University in New York.[97]
Brand portfolio
This is a list of variants of Coca-Cola introduced around the world. In addition to the caffeine-free version of the original, additional fruit flavors have been included over the years. Not included here are versions of Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero Sugar; these variant versions of those no-calorie colas can be found in their respective articles.
Name | Launched | Notes |
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Diet Coke | 1983 | A low-calorie version of Coca-Cola with sweeteners instead of sugar or corn syrup. |
Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola | 1983 | A variant of the standard Coca-Cola without caffeine.[citation needed] |
Coca-Cola Cherry | 1985 | Coca-Cola with a cherry flavor. It was originally marketed as Cherry Coke (Cherry Coca-Cola), and was named as such in North America until 2006.[citation needed] |
New Coke / Coca-Cola II | 1985 | An unpopular formula change, remained after the original formula quickly returned and was later rebranded as Coca-Cola II until its full discontinuation in 2002. In 2019, New Coke was re-introduced to the market to promote the third season of the Netflix original series, Stranger Things.[98] |
Golden Coca-Cola | 2001 | A limited edition produced by Beijing Coca-Cola company to celebrate Beijing's successful bid to host the Olympics.[citation needed] |
Coca-Cola Vanilla | 2002 | Coca-Cola with a vanilla flavor. |
Coca-Cola C2 | 2004 | A mid-calorie version of Coca-Cola sweetened with both corn syrup and artificial sweeteners. It was first sold in Japan, and shortly expanded to North America. The drink was a flop, and was commonly replaced with Coca-Cola Zero upon its launch until it was fully discontinued in 2007. |
Coca-Cola with Lime | 2005 | Coca-Cola with a lime flavor, introduced after the success of its diet counterpart. |
Coca-Cola with Lemon | 2005 | Coca-Cola with a lemon flavor. Debuted in the United Kingdom, and was also available in Japan, France, Hong Kong, Brazil, and Hungary. |
Coca-Cola Raspberry | 2005 | Coca-Cola with a raspberry flavor. It was originally exclusively sold in New Zealand for a short time and was later given a wider international release through the Coca-Cola Freestyle fountain machine. |
Coca-Cola Zero/Coca-Cola Zero Sugar
|
2005 | Low-calorie variant formulated to be more like standard Coca-Cola. It has had different formula changes over the years. |
Coca-Cola Citra | 2005 | Coca-Cola with a Lemon-Lime flavor. It was first sold as a limited edition in Mexico and New Zealand, before gaining a release in Japan. |
Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla | 2006 | Coca-Cola with a combination of black cherry and vanilla flavor. It was only sold in North America as a replacement to Vanilla Coke, before the drink returned and re-replaced it in June 2007. |
Coca-Cola Blāk
|
2006 | Coca-Cola with a rich coffee flavor, of which the formula depends on the country. It was first sold in France, before being released in North America where it was discontinued in 2008. |
Coca-Cola Orange | 2007 | Coca-Cola with an orange flavor, similar to that of the drink Mezzo Mix which is sold in DACH regions. It was available in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar as a limited edition for the summer of 2007. It was later given a wider international release through the Coca-Cola Freestyle fountain machine. |
Coca-Cola Life | 2014 | A version of Coca-Cola with stevia and sugar as sweeteners rather than simply sugar. It was largely unsuccessful and was quietly discontinued in all territories by 2020. |
Coca-Cola Ginger | 2016 | A version that mixes in the classic Coca-Cola formula with the taste of ginger beer. It was available as a limited edition in Vietnam, Australia, and New Zealand. |
Coca-Cola Fiber+ | 2017 | A dietary variant of Coca-Cola with added dietary fiber in the form of dextrin developed by Coca-Cola Asia Pacific. It is available in Asian territories such as Japan, Taiwan, mainland China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Mongolia. |
Coca-Cola with Coffee | 2017 | Coca-Cola mixed in with Coffee. It was originally introduced in Japan in 2017 before expanding to North America in January 2021, available in Dark Blend, Vanilla and Caramel variants along with Zero Sugar dark blend and vanilla variants. The North American unit was discontinued the following year.[99] |
Coca-Cola Peach | 2018 | Coca-Cola with a Peach flavor. It was made for and sold exclusively in Japan as a limited edition in 2018[100] and 2019[101] and later sold in China. |
Coca-Cola Georgia Peach | 2018 | A hand-crafted Peach-flavored Coca-Cola sweetened with cane sugar. Sold in the United States.[102] |
Coca-Cola California Raspberry | 2018 | A hand-crafted Raspberry-flavored Coca-Cola sweetened with cane sugar. Sold in the United States.[103] |
Coca-Cola Orange Vanilla | 2019 | Coca-Cola with an orange vanilla flavor, intended to imitate the flavor of an orange Creamsicle. It was available nationwide in the United States on February 25, 2019.[104] and was discontinued in 2021. |
Coca-Cola Energy | 2019 | An vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), and extra caffeine. The drink debuted in Spain and Hungary in April 2019[105] and would go onto launch in Australia, the United Kingdom[106] and other European territories throughout the year. The drink debuted in North America in 2020[107] and was largely unsuccessful, with Coca-Cola announcing its discontinuation in the latter market in May 2021, to focus more on its traditional beverages.[108]
|
Coca-Cola Signature Mixers | 2019 | Premium variants of the original Coca-Cola formula that were made to blend in with different dark spirits. It was sold in Smokey, Spicy, Herbal and Woody varieties.[109] They were sold in the United Kingdom from 2019 until 2022.[110] |
Coca-Cola Apple | 2019 | Coca-Cola with an Apple flavor. Sold in Japan for a limited time in 2019[111] and was also made available in Hong Kong. |
Coca-Cola Cinnamon | 2019 | Coca-Cola with cinnamon flavor. Released in October 2019 in the United States as a limited release for the 2019 holiday season.[112] Made available again in 2020 for the holiday season. |
Coca-Cola Strawberry | 2020 | Coca-Cola with a Strawberry flavor. Sold in Japan for a limited time in 2020[113] and later sold in China. |
Coca-Cola Cherry Vanilla | 2020 | Coca-Cola with cherry vanilla flavor. Released in the United States on February 10, 2020. |
Coca-Cola Energy Cherry | 2020 | Cherry-flavored variant of the standard Coca-Cola Energy. Debuted in North America in January 2020[114] and the United Kingdom in April.[115] |
Coca-Cola Creations | 2022 | Limited edition variants of the original Coca-Cola formula that were made to appeal the younger costumers,[116][117] such as Coca-Cola Starlight[118] and Coca-Cola Ultimate.[119] They has been sold internationally as well. |
Jack Daniel's and Coca-Cola | 2022 | A ready-to-drink canned mixture of Tennessee whiskey and Coca-Cola. Debuted in Mexico in November 2022, and expanded to the United Kingdom and North America in March 2023,[120][121] before expanding to other European territories, Asia and Latin America. |
Coca-Cola Spiced | 2024 | Coca-Cola with a Raspberry and spiced flavoring. Debuted in February 2024.[122] |
Logo design
The Coca-Cola logo was created by John Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885.[123] Robinson came up with the name and chose the logo's distinctive cursive script. The writing style used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid-19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period.[124]
Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca-Cola advertising. His promotional suggestions to Pemberton included giving away thousands of free drink coupons and plastering the city of
Coca-Cola came under
Contour bottle design
The Coca-Cola bottle, called the "contour bottle" within the company, was created by bottle designer Earl R. Dean and Coca-Cola's general counsel, Harold Hirsch. In 1915, the Coca-Cola Company was represented by their general counsel to launch a competition among its bottle suppliers as well as any competition entrants to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles, "a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was."[127][128][129][130]
Chapman J. Root, president of
Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold-making machinery, over the next 24 hours Dean sketched out a concept drawing which was approved by Root the next morning. Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a
As a reward for his efforts, Dean was offered a choice between a $500 bonus or a lifetime job at The Root Glass Company. He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the
Raymond Loewy updated the design in 1955 to accommodate larger formats.[132]
Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod, but to a Victorian hooped dress.[133]
In 1944, Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California took advantage of a case involving a waitress injured by an exploding Coca-Cola bottle to articulate the doctrine of strict liability for defective products. Traynor's concurring opinion in Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. is widely recognized as a landmark case in US law today.[134][135][136][137][138]
Examples
-
Earl R. Dean's original 1915 concept drawing of the contour Coca-Cola bottle
-
The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable on conveyor belts.
-
Final production version with slimmer middle section
-
Numerous historical Coke bottles
Designer bottles
Karl Lagerfeld is the latest designer to have created a collection of aluminum bottles for Coca-Cola. Lagerfeld is not the first fashion designer to create a special version of the famous Coca-Cola Contour bottle. A number of other limited edition bottles by fashion designers for Coca-Cola Light soda have been created in the last few years, including Jean Paul Gaultier.[139]
In 2009, in Italy, Coca-Cola Light had a Tribute to Fashion to celebrate 100 years of the recognizable contour bottle. Well known Italian designers
In 2019, Coca-Cola shared the first beverage bottle made with ocean plastic.[141]
Competitors
Pepsi, the flagship product of PepsiCo, the Coca-Cola Company's main rival in the soft drink industry, is usually second to Coke in sales, and outsells Coca-Cola in some markets. RC Cola, now owned by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group, the third-largest soft drink manufacturer, is also widely available.[142]
Around the world, many local brands compete with Coke. In South and Central America Kola Real, also known as Big Cola, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola.[143] On the French island of Corsica, Corsica Cola, made by brewers of the local Pietra beer, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola. In the French region of Brittany, Breizh Cola is available. In Peru, Inca Kola outsells Coca-Cola, which led the Coca-Cola Company to purchase the brand in 1999. In Sweden, Julmust outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season.[144] In Scotland, the locally produced Irn-Bru was more popular than Coca-Cola until 2005, when Coca-Cola and Diet Coke began to outpace its sales.[145] In the former East Germany, Vita Cola, invented during communist rule, is gaining popularity.
While Coca-Cola does not have the majority of the market share in India, The Coca-Cola Company's other brands like Thums Up and Sprite perform well. The Coca-Cola Company purchased Thums Up in 1993 when they re-entered the Indian market.[146] As of 2023[update], Coca-Cola held a 9% market-share in India while Thums Up and Sprite had a 16% and 20% market share respectively.[147]
Tropicola, a domestic drink, is served in Cuba instead of Coca-Cola, due to a United States embargo. French brand Mecca-Cola[148] and British brand Qibla Cola[149] are competitors to Coca-Cola in the Middle East.
In Turkey, Cola Turka, in Iran and the Middle East, Zamzam and Parsi Cola, in some parts of China, Future Cola, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Kofola, in Slovenia, Cockta, and the inexpensive Mercator Cola, sold only in the country's biggest supermarket chain, Mercator, are some of the brand's competitors. Classiko Cola, made by Tiko Group, the largest manufacturing company in Madagascar, is a competitor to Coca-Cola in many regions.[citation needed]
In 2021, Coca-Cola petitioned to cancel registrations for the marks Thums Up and Limca issued to Meenaxi Enterprise, Inc. based on misrepresentation of source. The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board concluded that "Meenaxi engaged in blatant misuse in a manner calculated to trade on the goodwill and reputation of Coca-Cola in an attempt to confuse consumers in the United States that its Thums Up and Limca marks were licensed or produced by the source of the same types of cola and lemon-lime soda sold under these marks for decades in India."[150]
Advertising
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2020) |
Coca-Cola's advertising has significantly affected American culture, and it is frequently credited with inventing the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in a red-and-white suit. Although the company did start using the red-and-white Santa image in the 1930s, with its winter advertising campaigns illustrated by Haddon Sundblom, the motif was already common.[151][152] Coca-Cola was not even the first soft drink company to use the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising: White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923, after first using him to sell mineral water in 1915.[153][154] Before Santa Claus, Coca-Cola relied on images of smartly dressed young women to sell its beverages. Coca-Cola's first such advertisement appeared in 1895, featuring the young Bostonian actress Hilda Clark as its spokeswoman.
1941 saw the first use of the nickname "Coke" as an official trademark for the product, with a series of advertisements informing consumers that "Coke means Coca-Cola".
Coke's advertising is pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. This is especially true in southern areas of the United States, such as Atlanta, where Coke was born.
Some Coca-Cola
During the 1980s,
Selena was a spokesperson for Coca-Cola from 1989 until the time of her death. She filmed three commercials for the company. During 1994, to commemorate her five years with the company, Coca-Cola issued special Selena coke bottles.[158]
The Coca-Cola Company purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982, and began inserting Coke-product images into many of its films. After a few early successes during Coca-Cola's ownership, Columbia began to underperform, and the studio was sold to Sony in 1989.
Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history, including "It's the real thing",[159] "The pause that refreshes",[159] "I'd like to buy the world a Coke",[160] and "Coke is it".[161]
In 1999, the Coca-Cola Company introduced the Coke Card, a loyalty program that offered deals on items like clothes, entertainment and food when the cardholder purchased a Coca-Cola Classic. The scheme was cancelled after three years, with a Coca-Cola spokesperson declining to state why.[162]
The company then introduced another loyalty campaign in 2006, My Coke Rewards. This allows consumers to earn points by entering codes from specially marked packages of Coca-Cola products into a website. These points can be redeemed for various prizes or sweepstakes entries.[163]
In Australia in 2011, Coca-Cola began the "share a Coke" campaign, where the Coca-Cola logo was replaced on the bottles and replaced with first names. Coca-Cola used the 150 most popular names in Australia to print on the bottles.[164][165][166] The campaign was paired with a website page, Facebook page, and an online "share a virtual Coke". The same campaign was introduced to Coca-Cola, Diet Coke and Coke Zero bottles and cans in the UK in 2013.[167][168]
Coca-Cola has also advertised its product to be consumed as a breakfast beverage, instead of coffee or tea for the morning caffeine.[169][170]
5 cents
From 1886 to 1959, the price of Coca-Cola was fixed at five cents, in part due to an advertising campaign.
Holiday campaigns
Throughout the years, Coca-Cola has released limited-time collector bottles for Christmas.
The "Holidays are coming!" advertisement features a train of red delivery trucks, emblazoned with the Coca-Cola name and decorated with Christmas lights, driving through a snowy landscape and causing everything that they pass to light up and people to watch as they pass through.[171]
The advertisement fell into disuse in 2001, as the Coca-Cola Company restructured its advertising campaigns so that advertising around the world was produced locally in each country, rather than centrally in the company's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.[172] In 2007, the company brought back the campaign after, according to the company, many consumers telephoned its information center saying that they considered it to mark the beginning of Christmas.[171] The advertisement was created by US advertising agency Doner, and has been part of the company's global advertising campaign for many years.[173]
Keith Law, a producer and writer of commercials for
In 2001, singer Melanie Thornton recorded the campaign's advertising jingle as a single, "Wonderful Dream (Holidays Are Coming)", which entered the pop-music charts in Germany at no. 9.[175][176] In 2005, Coca-Cola expanded the advertising campaign to radio, employing several variations of the jingle.[177]
In 2011, Coca-Cola launched a campaign for the Indian holiday Diwali. The campaign included commercials, a song, and an integration with Shah Rukh Khan's film Ra.One.[178][179][180]
Sports sponsorship
Coca-Cola was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic Games, at the 1928 games in Amsterdam, and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since.[181] This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta, which allowed Coca-Cola to spotlight its hometown. Most recently, Coca-Cola has released localized commercials for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver; one Canadian commercial referred to Canada's hockey heritage and was modified after Canada won the gold medal game on February 28, 2010, by changing the ending line of the commercial to say "Now they know whose game they're playing".[182]
Since 1978, Coca-Cola has sponsored the FIFA World Cup, and other competitions organized by FIFA.[183] One FIFA tournament trophy, the FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997, was called "FIFA – Coca-Cola Cup". In addition, Coca-Cola sponsors NASCAR's annual Coca-Cola 600 and Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina and Daytona International Speedway in Daytona, Florida; since 2020, Coca-Cola has served as a premier partner of the NASCAR Cup Series, which includes holding the naming rights to the series' regular season championship trophy.[184] Coca-Cola is also the sponsor of the iRacing Pro Series.
Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have included
Coca-Cola is the official soft drink of many collegiate football teams throughout the nation, partly due to Coca-Cola providing those schools with upgraded athletic facilities in exchange for Coca-Cola's sponsorship. This is especially prevalent at the high school level, which is more dependent on such contracts due to tighter budgets.
Coca-Cola was one of the official sponsors of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the Indian subcontinent. Coca-Cola is also one of the associate sponsors of Delhi Capitals in the Indian Premier League.
In England, Coca-Cola was the main sponsor of
markets.Between 1994 and 1997, Coca-Cola was also the title sponsor of the Scottish League Cup, renaming it to the Coca-Cola Cup like its English counterpart. From 1998 to 2001, the company was the title sponsor of the Irish League Cup in Northern Ireland, where it was named the Coca-Cola League Cup.
Coca-Cola is the presenting sponsor of the
Introduced March 1, 2010, in Canada, to celebrate the 2010 Winter Olympics, Coca-Cola sold gold colored cans in packs of 12 355 mL (12 imp fl oz; 12 US fl oz) each, in select stores.[187]
Coca-Cola which has been a partner with UEFA since 1988.[188]
In mass media
Coca-Cola has been prominently featured in many films and television programs. It was a major plot element in films such as One, Two, Three, The Coca-Cola Kid, and The Gods Must Be Crazy, among many others. In music, such as in the Beatles' song, "Come Together", the lyrics say, "He shoot Coca-Cola". The Beach Boys also referenced Coca-Cola in their 1964 song "All Summer Long", singing "Member when you spilled Coke all over your blouse?"[189]
The best selling solo artist of all time[190] Elvis Presley, promoted Coca-Cola during his last tour of 1977.[191] The Coca-Cola Company used Presley's image to promote the product.[192] For example, the company used a song performed by Presley, "A Little Less Conversation", in a Japanese Coca-Cola commercial.[193]
Other artists that promoted Coca-Cola include David Bowie,[194] George Michael,[195] Elton John,[196] and Whitney Houston,[197] who appeared in the Diet Coke commercial, among many others.
Not all musical references to Coca-Cola went well. A line in "
Political cartoonist Michel Kichka satirized a famous Coca-Cola billboard in his 1982 poster "And I Love New York." On the billboard, the Coca-Cola wave is accompanied by the words "Enjoy Coke." In Kichka's poster, the lettering and script above the Coca-Cola wave instead read "Enjoy Cocaine."[200]
Use as political and corporate symbol
Coca-Cola has a high degree of identification with the United States, being considered by some an "American Brand" or as an item representing America, criticized as
Coca-Cola was introduced to China in 1927, and was very popular until 1949. After the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the beverage was no longer imported into China, as it was perceived to be a symbol of decadent Western culture and capitalist lifestyle. Importation and sales of the beverage resumed in 1979, after diplomatic relations between the United States and China were restored.[202] The agreement to allow Coca-Cola into the Chinese market was reached during Deng Xiaoping's visit to the United States.[203]: 137
There are some consumer boycotts of Coca-Cola in Arab countries due to Coke's early investment in Israel during the Arab League boycott of Israel (its competitor Pepsi stayed out of Israel).[204] Mecca-Cola and Pepsi are popular alternatives in the Middle East.[205]
A Coca-Cola fountain dispenser (officially a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus or FGBA) was developed for use on the Space Shuttle as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide, water, and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation. FGBA-1 flew on STS-63 in 1995 and dispensed pre-mixed beverages, followed by FGBA-2 on STS-77 the next year. The latter mixed CO₂, water, and syrup to make beverages. It supplied 1.65 liters each of Coca-Cola and Diet Coke.[206][207]
Medicinal application
Coca-Cola is sometimes
Criticism
Criticism of Coca-Cola has arisen from various groups around the world, concerning a variety of issues, including
Beginning in the 1940s, PepsiCo started marketing their drinks to African Americans, a niche market that was largely ignored by white-owned manufacturers in the US, and was able to use its anti-racism stance as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of the Coca-Cola Company for segregationist Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge.[210] As a result of this campaign, PepsiCo's market share as compared to Coca-Cola's shot up dramatically in the 1950s with African American soft-drink consumers three times more likely to purchase Pepsi over Coke.[211]
The Coca-Cola Company, its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by
Coca-Cola Classic is rich in sugars, especially
In February 2021, Coca-Cola received criticism after a video of a training session, which told employees to "try to be less white", was leaked by an employee. The session also said in order to be "less white" employees had to be less "arrogant" and "defensive".[217][218]
Colombian death-squad allegations
In July 2001, the Coca-Cola Company was sued over its alleged use of
Speaking from the Coca-Cola Company's headquarters in Atlanta, company spokesperson Rafael Fernandez Quiros said "Coca-Cola denies any connection to any human-rights violation of this type" and added "We do not own or operate the plants".[221]
Other uses
Coca-Cola can be used to remove grease and oil stains from concrete,[222] metal, and clothes.[223] It is also used to delay concrete from setting.[224]
See also
- The Coca-Cola Company
- Coca-Cola HBC AG
- Coca-Cola treatment of phytobezoars
- Colalife
- Fanta
- List of Coca-Cola brands
- List of soft drink flavors
- Mexican Coke
- Neiman Marcus
- OpenCola (drink)
- Premix and postmix
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Works cited
- Elmore, Bartow J. "Citizen Coke: An Environmental and Political History of the Coca-Cola Company," Enterprise & Society (2013) 14#4 pp 717–731 online.
Further reading
- Allen, Frederick. Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World. New York: Harper Business, 1994.
- Blanding, Michael. The Coke Machine: The Dirty Truth Behind the World's Favorite Soft Drink. New York: Avery, 2010.
- Foster, Robert (2008). Coca-Globalization: Following Soft Drinks from New York to New Guinea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hamblin, James (January 31, 2013). "Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda". The Atlantic.
When cocaine and alcohol meet inside a person, they create a third unique drug called cocaethylene.
- Hays, Constance L. The Real Thing: Truth and Power at the Coca-Cola Company. New York: Random House, 2004.
- Kahn, Ely J. Jr. The Big Drink: The Story of Coca-Cola. New York: Random House, 1960.
- Louis, Jill Chen and Harvey Z. Yazijian. The Cola Wars. New York: Everest House Publishers, 1980.
- Oliver, Thomas. The Real Coke, The Real Story. New York: Random House, 1986.
- Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Unauthorized History of the Great American Soft Drink And the Company That Makes It. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Primary sources
- Isdell, Neville. Inside Coca-Cola: A CEO's Life Story of Building the World's Most Popular Brand. With the assistance of David Beasley. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011.
External links
- Official website
- Kinescope of a live 1954 TV commercial for Coca-Cola (Internet Archive)
- Coca-Cola Advertising History Archived May 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (in Portuguese)
- The Contour Bottle
- Coca-Cola: Refreshing Memories – slideshow by Life
- China Advisory: Avoiding the Wax Tadpole – Effective Chinese Language Trademark Strategy – Chinese language trademark for Coca-Cola