Coinfection
| Coinfection | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation |
|
Coinfection is the simultaneous
hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection.[citation needed
]
Global
helminths affects around 800 million people worldwide.[3]
Coinfection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can
sexually transmitted infections.[6] However, network analysis of a food web of coinfection in humans suggests that there is greater potential for interactions via shared food sources than via the immune system.[7]
A globally common coinfection involves
parainfluenza virus have lower nasal viral loads than those with rhinovirus alone.[12]
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is a positive single-stranded RNA virus in the family Picornaviridae. Coinfections appear to be common and several pathways have been identified for transmitting multiple virions to a single host cell.[13] These include transmission by virion aggregates, transmission of viral genomes within membrane vesicles, and transmission by bacteria bound by several viral particles. [citation needed]
Drake demonstrated that poliovirus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation.
Examples
- Anaplasmosis
- Bacteriophage coinfection
- GB virus C
- HIV-HCV coinfection
- HIV-TB coinfection(enhances TB transmission and lethality)
- Hepatitis D
- Hookworm-malaria coinfection
- Mansonella perstans
- Trichuriasis
- Denguecoinfection
- Dengueand HIV coinfection (suppresses HIV)
- Chagas and HIV coinfection
- Most sexually transmitted diseasesand HIV (enhance HIV transmission)
- Some AIDSthat make patients very vulnerable.
See also
- Infectious disease
- List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
- Superinfection
- Syndemic
- Opportunistic infection
References
- S2CID 150432.
- PMID 9559357.
- PMID 10386428.
- PMID 21704071.
- PMID 17172450.
- PMID 22019002.
- PMID 24619434.
- ^ "Tuberculosis and HIV". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006.
- S2CID 5608415.
- PMID 14667787.
- PMID 8904446.
- PMC 6810026.
- ^ Aguilera ER, Pfeiffer JK. Strength in numbers: Mechanisms of viral co-infection. Virus Res. 2019;265:43-46. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.003
- PMID 13581529.
- PMID 3021340.
- PMID 20335491.
- PMID 29111273.