Colditz Castle

Coordinates: 51°07′52″N 12°48′27″E / 51.1310°N 12.8074°E / 51.1310; 12.8074
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Colditz Castle
Schloss Colditz
Castle Colditz in 2011
Colditz Castle is located in Germany
Colditz Castle
General information
Architectural styleRenaissance
Town or cityColditz
CountryGermany
Coordinates51°07′52″N 12°48′27″E / 51.1310°N 12.8074°E / 51.1310; 12.8074
ClientAugustus of Saxony
OwnerState Palaces, Castles and Gardens of Saxony
Design and construction
Architect(s)Hans Irmisch [de]
Peter Kummer
Colditz Castle 1828 by Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, Albertinum, Dresden

Colditz Castle (or Schloss Colditz in German) is a

hill spur over the river Zwickauer Mulde, a tributary of the River Elbe. It had the first wildlife park in Germany when, during 1523, the castle park was converted into one of the largest menageries
in Europe.

The castle gained international infamy as the site of Oflag IV-C, a prisoner-of-war camp during World War II for "incorrigible" Allied officers who had repeatedly attempted to escape from other camps.

Original castle

Coat of arms of Augustus of Saxony and his wife Anne of Denmark over the gate to the outer courtyard.
The mannerist portal (rhyolitic tuff) of the church house carved by Andreas Walther II during 1584.

In 1046,

Tautenhain
also developed.

During the

Wettin ruler of the period in Saxony
.

As a result of family dynastic politics, the town of Colditz was incorporated into the

electors of Saxony
.

Periods of reconstruction and changes in use

During 1504, the servant Clemens the baker accidentally set Colditz afire, and the town hall, church, castle and a large part of the town was burned. During 1506, reconstruction began and new buildings were erected around the rear castle courtyard. During 1523, the castle park was converted into one of the largest zoos in Europe. During 1524, rebuilding of the upper floors of the castle began. The castle was reconstructed in a fashion that corresponded to the way it was divided-— into the cellar, the royal house and the banqueting hall building. There is nothing more to be seen of the original castle, where the present rear of the castle is located, but it is still possible to discern where the original divisions were (the Old or Lower House, the Upper House and the Great House).

The structure of the castle was changed during the long reign of the Elector Augustus of Saxony (1553–86), and the complex was reconstructed into a Renaissance style castle from 1577 to 1591, including the portions that were still in the gothic architectural style. Architects Hans Irmisch [de] and Peter Kummer supervised further restoration and rebuilding. Later, Lucas Cranach the Younger was commissioned as an artist in the castle.

During this period the portal at what is known as the church house was created during 1584, made of Rochlitz Porphyr (

Augustus the Strong
of Poland, began to expand it, resulting in a second courtyard and a total of 700 rooms.

During the 19th century, the church space was rebuilt in the

mental hospital for the "incurably insane" from Waldheim. During 1864, a new hospital building was erected in the Gothic Revival style, on the ground where the stables
and working quarters had been previously located. It remained a mental institution until 1924.

For nearly 100 years, from 1829 to 1924, Colditz was a

First World War, and until the beginnings of the Weimar Republic. Between 1914 and 1918, the castle was home to both psychiatric and tuberculosis patients, 912 of whom died of malnutrition. The castle was home to several notable figures during its time as a mental institution, including Ludwig Schumann, the second youngest son of the famous composer Robert Schumann, and Ernst Baumgarten [de], one of the original inventors of the airship
.

When the

Jews and other people they considered undesirable. Starting 1939,[1] allied
prisoners were housed there.

Use as POW camp

Colditz Bridge in 1945 after the town had been occupied by the US Army.
Colditz Castle in April 1945; photo taken by a U.S. Army soldier.
The only photograph of the original "Cock" glider taken on 15 April 1945 taken by Lee Carson, American war correspondent assigned to the task force which liberated the castle.

[2][3]

Colditz Castle in 2011.

After the outbreak of World War II, the castle was converted into a high security prisoner-of-war camp for officers who had become security or escape risks or who were regarded as particularly dangerous.[4] Since the castle is situated on a rocky outcrop above the River Mulde, the Germans believed it to be an ideal site for a high security prison.

The larger outer court in front of the Kommandantur (commander's offices) had only two exits and housed a large German garrison. The prisoners lived in an adjacent courtyard in a 90 ft (27 m) tall building. Outside, the flat

terraces which surrounded the prisoners' accommodation were watched constantly by armed sentries and surrounded by barbed wire. The prison was named Oflag IV-C (officer prison camp 4C) and was operated by the Wehrmacht.[5]

While the camp was home to prisoners of war from many different countries, including Poland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Canada, in May 1943 Wehrmacht High Command decided to house only British and American officers.

The camp's first British prisoners were the Laufen Six on November 7, 1940, who were transferred to Colditz after their first escape attempt from the Laufen Camp.

Although it was considered a high security prison, it had one of the greatest records of successful escape attempts. This could be owing to the general nature of the prisoners that were sent there; most of them had attempted escape previously from other prisons and were transferred to Colditz, because the Germans had thought the castle escape-proof.

One escape scheme even included a

Soviet Occupation Zone
. Bill Goldfinch, however, took home the drawings he had made when designing the glider, and when the single photograph finally surfaced, the story was taken seriously.

During 1999, a full-sized replica of the glider was commissioned by

Channel 4 Television in the UK and was built by Southdown Aviation Ltd. at Lasham Airfield, closely following Goldfinch's drawings. Watched by several of the former prisoners of war who worked on the original, it was test flown at RAF Odiham during 2000. The escape plan could have worked.[7] In 2012, Channel 4 commissioned a team of engineers and carpenters to build another full-sized replica of the glider at Colditz Castle, and launch it (unmanned) from the same roof as had been planned for the original. The radio-controlled replica made it safely across the river and landed in a meadow 180 metres below.[8][9]

Captain Patrick R. Reid, who successfully escaped from Colditz in 1942, went on to write multiple works on the living conditions and various escape attempts at Colditz from 1940 to 1945: The Colditz Story and The Latter Days at Colditz. In the early 1970s, he served as a technical consultant for a BBC television series, Colditz (1972), featuring David McCallum, Edward Hardwicke and Robert Wagner, that focused on life at Colditz.

During the last days of the prison camp at Colditz, many of its prominent or high-ranking prisoners were transferred to Laufen by order of Himmler. But in April 1945, U.S. troops entered the town of Colditz and, after a two-day fight, captured the castle on April 16, 1945. In May 1945, the Soviet occupation of Colditz began. According to the agreement at the Yalta Conference it became a part of East Germany. The government turned Colditz Castle into a prison for local criminals. Later, the castle was a home for the aged and a nursing home, as well as a hospital and psychiatric clinic. For many years after the war, forgotten hiding places and tunnels were found by repairmen, including a radio room established by the French POWs, which was then "lost" again only to be rediscovered some twenty years later.

Notable occupants

Present

During 2005, the scaffolding was visible from town.

During 2006 and 2007, the castle underwent a significant amount of refurbishment and restoration which was paid for by the state of Saxony. The castle walls were repainted to recreate the appearance of the castle prior to World War II.

With renovations largely completed, the castle now includes both a museum and guided tours showing some of the escape tunnels built by

prisoners
of the Oflag during the war. The chapel has been restored to its prewar decoration, with glass panels inserted to the flag stone flooring to reveal an escape tunnel dug by French escapees.

The outer courtyard and former German Kommandantur (guard quarters) have been converted into a youth hostel / hotel and the Gesellschaft Schloss Colditz e.V. (the Colditz Castle historical society), founded during 1996, has its offices in a portion of the administration building in the front castle court.

References

  1. ^ "Oflags". www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  2. ^ P.R.Reid "The Latter Days at Colditz", chapter XXV
  3. ^ P.R.Reid "Colditz: The Final Story", photograph caption
  4. .
  5. .
  6. ^ "Lee Carson". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  7. ^ South African R/C Modeller Issue 12. P. 16
  8. ^ "Escape from Colditz - Windfall Films". www.windfallfilms.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  9. ^ "Escape from Colditz - Department of Engineering". www.eng.cam.ac.uk. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Bibliography
Further reading

External links