Collective leadership
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Collective leadership is a distribution of power within an organizational structure.
Communist examples
China
China portal |
Collective leadership in
Xi has taken deliberate steps to establish his personal dominance within the Chinese political system, effectively rising above his peers in the Politburo Standing Committee. He has done so by creating key bodies such as the National Security Commission, which holds sway over party, state, and military organizations. Furthermore, Xi heads the Small Leadership Group on Comprehensively Deepening Reform, a pivotal entity responsible for designing and executing various reform initiatives. His leadership of this group underscores his intention to personally oversee institutional reforms. Xi has also made it clear that he will have the final say in economic and financial matters, foregoing the tradition of shared responsibility with the Premier. Consequently, Xi's purview now extends to encompass military affairs, security, foreign policy, economic reform, state-building, economic policymaking, and social governance.[2] This concentration of power has led to concerns that Xi's actions might be undermining essential party norms and pushing China toward a more personalistic dictatorship, a notion reinforced by the party machine and state media's vigorous promotion of his image and authority through various channels such as publishing his speeches and writings, public appearances, and the creation of cartoons portraying him as a strong leader.[3]
Currently, the central authority of the Chinese government and CCP is concentrated in the CCP Politburo Standing Committee, which is composed of seven members of the Communist Party and headed by the CCP general secretary.[4]
The position of CCP general secretary has become more powerful in Xi Jinping's
Vietnam
In Vietnam, when the country was ruled by Lê Duẩn, collective leadership involved powers being distributed from the office of General Secretary of the Communist Party and shared with the Politburo Standing Committee while still retaining one ruler.
Nowadays, in
Soviet Union
Collective leadership (
Directorial government
The Directorial system is a system of government in which executive power is held by a group of people who operate under a system of collegiality.[6] While there may be a nominal leader, the post is considered to be ceremonial or a first among equals and it typically rotates among its members.
Other party examples
- Alliance 90/The Greens: the Federal Executive is divided between two co-equal spokespersons, a political director, treasurer, and two vice-chairs.
- Québec solidaire divides its leadership among its president, secretary-general, and male and female spokespersons
- Green Party of England and Wales: from 1990 to 1991, the GPE&W practiced co-leadership among six spokespersons, and from 1991-2008, the GPEW practiced it through a male and female spokesperson. After Caroline Lucas was elected the party's first sole leader and deputy leader in 2008, collective leadership was in hiatus until 2016, when the party leadership was once again divided between male and female co-leaders under a job-share agreement while retaining a deputy leader.
- Left Bloc (Portugal): formally, it has always had a collective leadership as provided for in its by-laws and no one-person office has ever been recognised. However, in practice, there has always been a single prominent figure (coordinator, 1999-2012 and 2016-; spokesperson, 2014-2016), except for between 2012 and 2014, when it had a de facto co-leadership between a male and a female apart from the legal structures. From 2014 to 2016, there was an informal collective and gender-balanced leadership of six people on top of the existing bodies, with a member serving as the party's spokesperson.
- Scottish Green Party: began to practice collective leadership in 2004 with the election of a male and a female co-convenor.
- Green Party of the United States: the Green National Committee's steering committee is a collective leadership of seven co-chairs, as well as a secretary and a treasurer.
- The Left (Germany): the party executive consists of an elected 44-member committee, headed by a 12-member executive board comprising two party chairpeople, four deputy chairs, a national secretary, treasurer, and four other members.
- International Socialist Alternative: The leading body of the ISA is the World Congress, which elects an International Committee (IC) to govern between congresses. The IC then appoints an International Executive (IE) body which is responsible for the day-to-day work of the International.
- Several Irish left-wing parties have collective leadership:
References
- ^ Holtz, Michael (28 February 2018). "Xi for life? China turns its back on collective leadership". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- doi:10.1080/13569775.2016.1175098.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Osnos, Evan. "Born Red". Profiles. The New York Times.
- ^ "New Politburo Standing Committee decided: Mingjing News" Archived 2013-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. Want China Times. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- OCLC 1048621221.
- ISBN 978-1-78990-075-0.
- ^ "Party Profiles: People Before Profit/Solidarity". Ireland Elects. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
- )
- ISBN 9781510740280– via Google Books.
- ^ "Ireland".
Further reading
- Baylis, Thomas A. (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. ISBN 978-0-88706-944-4.
- Cocks, Paul; ISBN 978-0-674-21881-9.
- ISBN 978-0-312-17352-4.
- Taras, Roy (1989). Leadership Change in Communist States. ISBN 978-0-04-445277-5.
- Law, David A. (1975). Russian Civilization. Ardent Media. ISBN 978-0-8422-0529-0.