College sports
College sports or college athletics encompasses non-
World University Games
The first
Continents and countries
North America
United States
College athletics is a major enterprise in the United States, with more than 500,000 student athletes attending over 1,100 universities and colleges competing annually. The largest programs are:
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
- National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)
- National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA).
Among many other sports, the most-watched competitions are American football and basketball, though there are competitions in many other sports, including badminton, baseball, softball, ice hockey, soccer, rugby union, volleyball, lacrosse, field hockey, cricket, handball, swimming and diving, track and field, golf, tennis, table tennis, pickleball, rowing, and many others depending on the university.[citation needed] In the United States, college athletes are considered amateurs and their compensation is generally limited to athletic scholarships. However, there is disagreement as to whether college student-athletes should be paid.[2] College athletics have been criticized for diverting resources away from academic studies, while unpaid student athletes generate income for their universities and private entities.[3] Due to the passage of Title IX in the United States, universities must offer an equal number of scholarships for women and for men.
Canada
Canada has over 14,000 student athletes within 56 universities under
Latin America
Mexico
Some Mexican universities are affiliated with professional association football teams. One such team is the Universidad Autonoma Pumas.[5][6]
Oceania
Australia
UniSport Nationals is an annual multi-sport event held in Australia among its 43 member universities and tertiary institutions. Over 7000 university students participate in the event each year.[7] Compared to the NCAA in the US and USports in Canada however, UniSport Nationals is less competitive and comparable to intramural-level of competition.
Historically, university sports has received little academic attention in Australia.[8] In 1863, rugby union was first played in Australia at the University of Sydney when several clubs affiliated with the university were established.[8] One of Australia's earliest cricket teams was founded at the University of Sydney in 1854. This university affiliated team is one of the only teams from that period that still exists.[8]
New Zealand
Asia
East Asia
China
University sport was established in China by the 1930s. One of these programs was at the
Chinese universities organised boat races before the cultural revolution. These races were modeled after the boat races in England.[10]
The Chinese Basketball University Association (CUBA) is currently China's most popular and competitive collegiate basketball league.[11] In 2018, AliSports acquired the rights to broadcast the league for $150 million. Other university sports associations such as the Chinese Football University Association and the Chinese Marathon University Association are being broadcast by AliSports.
Japan
Japan began to engage in sports when Western-style sports were introduced to Japan from Europe and the United States as a byproduct of the Westernization policy developed by the Meiji Restoration after three centuries of national isolation. This was accomplished by so-called "hired foreigners" invited by the new government and Japanese people returning to the West. There were various types of channels through which Western-style sports were introduced to Japan, but it was the schools that played a particularly important role in the frequent and sustained establishment of Western-style sports in Japan. After the student promulgation of 1873, modern sports first began to penetrate various schools, especially higher educational institutions such as universities, higher normal schools, and old high schools. Among the Westernization that was taking place in almost all areas of culture, including economics, politics, industrial technology, thought, literature, music, food, clothing, and architecture, the field of education in particular saw a remarkable development of Western-style sports. This was the groundwork for the emergence of Japan's unique modern sense of sports. The need to give meaning to the practice of sports in the field of education. In the latter half of the 19th century, the children of gentlemen, who formed the ruling class of British society, and the children of the emerging middle class bourgeoisie, who had unlimited admiration for them, attended public schools, and the children of the bourgeoisie from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge attended the public schools. In the latter half of the 19th century, the elevation of sports was being planned by "tough Christians" activists who were graduates of public schools and Oxford and Cambridge universities, which were attended by the children of gentlemen who were the dominant class of
Thus, Strange, an English teacher at the
Among the sports introduced from abroad, baseball became especially popular during this period. 1894 saw the appearance of the word "yakyū(野球)" as a translation of the word "base ball". Ichiko lost to
University sports was established in Japan by the 1930s.[9]
Even after
By 1977,
In 2019, the Japan Association for University Athletics and Sport (UNIVAS), a general incorporated association, was established to strengthen university sports in Japan. See List of University Sports Competitions and Organizations in Japan(ja) for more information on each athletic organization.[14][15]
In fact, the
In addition to the general entrance examination, Japanese universities also offer Sports Recommendation Admission (ja:スポーツ推薦). This system is used to admit students who have achieved a certain level of athletic success in order to strengthen and maintain the strength of university sports teams. Many universities do this. However, the admission criteria, i.e., the number of students admitted, the degree of athletic achievement, and the way in which the academic performance of the applicant is taken into account, vary from university to university.[14]
South Korea
Collegiate sports are organized by the Korea University Sports Federation (KUSF) and students must be enrolled at a member institution in order to participate. It runs the U-League in six sports (baseball, basketball, football, soft tennis and volleyball) and the Club Championship in four team sports (baseball, basketball, football and volleyball). The U-League is mirrored after the domestic professional leagues and a large number of student-athletes eventually turn professional. The Club Championship is contested by college teams operated as intramural clubs.
Southeast Asia
Philippines
The Federation of School Sports Association of the Philippines (FESSAP) is the governing body recognized by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) in the Philippines. Notably, the two largest athletic associations in Metro Manila, the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) are not members, but the largest athletic association in Metro Cebu, Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc., is, as well as most other athletic associations in the provinces.
The UAAP tried to wrest recognition away from FESSAP's recognition by FISU in 2013 but was denied.[17]
Indonesia
South Asia
India
Africa
South Africa
Varsity Sports (South Africa) is an organization of university sports leagues in South Africa. The organization currently sponsors seven events: athletics, beach volleyball, association football, field hockey, netball, and rugby sevens.
During the 1970s, the
Europe
Western Europe
United Kingdom
WP:MOS. may contain suggestions. (July 2023) |
British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) is the governing body for university and college sports in the UK. It runs leagues in 16 sports and an annual championship meeting, which in 2011 covered 19 sports. BUCS organization is very different from the USA's NCAA in the sense that BUCS is not competitive to compete in like the NCAA.[19][clarification needed]
BUCS Super Rugby is the top competition for university-level rugby in the United Kingdom. Currently, there are 10 universities that compete in BUCS Super Rugby.
There were undergraduate boat races in Victorian England,
In the 1990s, ultimate frisbee became a popular sport on university campuses, leading to the establishment of a national sport federation.[16]
Universities in Wales support national development of athletics. The Wales National Pool at Swansea University provides for a high level development of swimming.[21]
Eastern Europe
Armenia
The Armenian Student Sports Federation (ARMSSF) is a national non-governmental organization responsible for advocating, supporting and promoting the interests of students' sports and physical activities in Armenia.[22] The headquarters of the federation is located in Yerevan. The Federation maintains numerous cooperation agreements with universities across Armenia.[23][24]
The Federation is responsible for sending student athletes to participate in various international and European level university sporting championships, including the
The ARMSSF organizes the annual "Student Sports Games of the Republic of Armenia".
See also
- Universiade
- Youth sports
- College association football
References
- ^ a b "World Student Games (Pre-Universiade)". Gbrathletics.com. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ Lemmons, Malcolm (2017-03-29). "College Athletes Getting Paid? Here Are Some Pros And Cons". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
- ^ Branch, Tylor (October 2011). "The Shame of College Sports". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ a b "U SPORTS". U SPORTS. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
- ISBN 978-0-313-30412-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-313-34948-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "UniSport Nationals | JCU Student Association". UniSport Nationals | JCU Student Association. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-920898-91-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-94816-6. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7146-5126-2. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ 关晓萌. "College sports on the rise in China". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ 設立背景:スポーツ庁 文部科学省
- ^ a b c d e 日英の大学スポーツの歴史と現状 半田裕 著 · 2022
- ^ a b c d e f g 大学スポーツに関する研究 森正明 著
- ^ a b 日本の大学スポーツ改革・日本版 NCAA 創設
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9764496-0-7. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "Universiade, FISU recognize FESSAP". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ISBN 978-0-86982-010-0. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "2011 championship results". BUSC. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ISBN 0-226-87374-9
- ISBN 978-0-415-34934-5. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "Հաշվետվություն «Ուսանողական մարզական ֆեդերացիա» ՀԿ-ի 2017թ.-ի գործունեության մասին - Հայտարարություններ - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության ինտերնետով ծանուցման պաշտոնական կայք". www.azdarar.am.
- ^ "Համագործակցության հուշագիր՝ ԲՊՀ-ի և ՀՀ «Ուսանողական մարզական ֆեդերացիա»-ի միջև". brusov.am.
- ^ "Համագործակցության հուշագիր ՎՊՀ և ՀՀ Ուսանողական մարզական ֆեդերացիա ՀԿ-ի միջև - Վանաձորի պետական համալսարան". vsu.am.
- ^ "Ուսանող-մարզիկները կմասնակցեն համաեվրոպական ուսանողական 2-րդմարզական խաղերին".
- ^ a b "Ավարտվեցին Հայաստանի ուսանողական մարզական 15-րդ խաղերը (ֆոտո) | Armlur – Լուրեր Հայաստանից".
- ^ "Ուսանողական մարզական խաղեր. կայացել է աթլետիկական հնգամարտի մրցաշարը". Հայկական կրթական միջավայր.
- ^ ԿԳՄՍՆ, ՀՀ. "Շարունակվում են հանրապետական ուսանողական 22-րդ մարզական խաղերը". ՀՀ ԿԳՄՍՆ.