Music school
A music school is an educational
The term "music school" can also be applied to institutions of higher education under names such as school of music, such as the
History
Although music in general and music education may have been in existence for thousands of years, the earliest history is speculative.[1] Even when history starts to be recorded, music is mentioned more frequently than music education. Within the biblical tradition, Hebrew litany was accompanied with rich music, but the Torah or Pentateuch was silent on the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. However, by I Samuel 10, Alfred Sendrey suggests that we find "a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation". This has led some scholars to believe that the prophet Samuel was the patriarch of a school which taught not only prophets and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians.[2]
The
Renaissance
The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (National Academy of St Cecilia) is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, based in Italy. It is based at the Auditorium Parco della Musica in Rome, and was founded by the papal bull, Ratione congruit, issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. It was founded as a "congregation" or "confraternity" – a religious guild, so to speak – and over the centuries, has grown from a forum for local musicians and composers to an internationally acclaimed academy active in music scholarship (with 100 prominent music scholars forming the body of the Accademia) to music education (in its role as a conservatory) to performance (with an active choir and symphony orchestra).
The term conservatory has its origin in 16th-century Renaissance Italy, where orphanages (conservatori) were attached to hospitals. The orphans (conservati 'saved') were given a musical education there, and the term gradually applied to music schools.[7][8] These hospitals-conservatories were among the first secular institutions equipped for practical training in music. By the 18th century, Italian conservatories were already playing a major role in the training of artists and composers.[9]
16th–18th centuries
In the city of
- I poveri di Gesù Cristo ('The Paupers of Jesus Christ'), founded in 1599 by Marcello Fossataro, already included in their official record a magister musicæ and magister lyræ in 1633;
- Santa Maria di Loreto was founded in 1535, where the composer Giovan Battista Pergolesi(1710–1736) studied;
- La pietà dei turchini was founded in 1583 and the earliest findings suggest musical activity around the year 1615;
- Sant'Onofrio a porta Capuana was founded in 1578, was the first conservatory in the world. Here the composer Giovanni Paisiello (1740–1816) studied and then taught, started teaching music in the mid-1600 and in the following decades will give more priority to the opera buffa;
- plus one only for girls called dell'Annunziata.[10]
It is in these very institutions that the so-called Scuola Musicale Napoletana was developed, thanks to the work of musicians and educators like Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725) and Francesco Durante (1684–1755), who was also Pergolesi's and Paisiello's teacher.
The Palermo Conservatory was founded by the viceroy De Castro in 1617; the teaching of music was introduced there many decades later, with lessons in choral singing and violin.
18th-19th centuries
It was the example set in Naples, where admission was by competitive examination and tuition was free, that was then copied, with modifications, in many European cities, including
To this extent, projects like
Primary and secondary education
Specialist music schools
Specialist music schools exist in many countries and whose purpose is to identify, and assist, children with exceptional potential, to benefit from world-class specialist training as part of a broad and balanced education, which will enable them, if they choose, to proceed towards self-sustaining careers in music.[11] These schools may be formally[12] or informally attached to a conservatory. Entry is typically between the ages of ages 8 and 18 and admission is through competitive audition. Schools may be public or independent; where schools are independent, pupils may be in receipt of governmental[13] or private scholarships. Typically as students progress through the school the time spent on music increases and on academic subjects decrease. These schools usually teach only instrumentalists but may also include choristers.
Some schools (like conservatories) are broader and may cover the performing arts: music, drama, dance.[14]
Music schools within schools
Many music schools are located within existing schools. The pattern is quite diverse and may include:
Specialist music units in Scotland, where students are drawn from an area wider than the host schools catchment. Students will receive specialist music tuition within the music school but are fully integrated within the host school for other lessons. Entry to the specialist music unit or school is by competitive audition, which also effectively gives entry to the host school.[15]
Many public or independent schools contain music departments, some of which achieve high standards. These are sometimes referred to as Music schools. Music Colleges in England are schools that get additional private and governmental money to specialize in music. Entry is to the host school and musical ability is not an admission requirement.[16] Schools which perform highly may specialize in an additional area for example sports or technology.
Music schools also frequently operate from church facilities.
Pre-college divisions
Many conservatories or other tertiary-level institutions have pre-college divisions or junior departments for children of school age.
Music schools outside the general education system
Non-governmental[18][19] or private[20] schools of music offer music education outside the general education system for students aged 4 to 20+ years. In general, students attend these schools weekend or evening. These schools are typically provided by individuals, charitable or commercial organizations.
Tertiary education
Conservatory
A conservatory of music may also be known in English as conservatoire (chiefly in the UK[21]), conservatorium (in Australia[22][23]), academy or college. Some schools or conservatories are exclusively focused on music.[24] Others have a wider focus, for example covering music, drama and dance.[25] Conservatories are suitable for students who wish to develop their performance, conducting, or composition to a professional standard. Typically, they offer a high percentage of practical training combined with academic study and professional development for those considering a career in the creative arts. Individual teaching is the strength of most components.
Students have the opportunity to perform, conduct or have their music played on a regular basis, both informally and in public. This may be solo or as part of an orchestra, ensemble or band. Typically, conservatories focus on Western classical music. However, some schools focus on traditional instruments, such as
The time required to complete music degrees is generally not much different from degrees in other fields, i.e. 3–4 years for a
University schools of music
University music departments originally placed more emphasis on academic study of music, rather than performance. However, today, the division may not be so rigid, with many often placing greater emphasis on performance now than they did in the past. The specific balance of vocational training and academic study varies from one institution to another, and from one country to another. Some countries separately define their institutions between university status and vocational university status, whilst other countries do not define such a rigid division. In addition to offering degrees similar to those offered at conservatories, some universities offer non-professional music-related degrees such as a Bachelor of Arts in Music or a Bachelor of Arts in Music Education. A number of previously independent conservatories have become affiliated to universities [29]
See also
Country-specific pages
- Music schools in Scotland
- Music schools in the United Kingdom
- Music schools in the United States
- Category:Music schools by country
Lists
National and international organisations
- Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music
- Conservatoires UK
- European Association of Conservatoires
- (United States) National Association of Schools of Music
Diplomas
References
- ISBN 0-262-73143-6retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ Lee Krähenbühl: A Theatre Before the World: Performance History at the Intersection of Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Religious Processional retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ Original Catholic Encyclopedia: Sistine Choir Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ Wells Cathedral School retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ Harvard Dictionary of Music: St Martial school retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ Notre Dame School at the Encyclopædia Britannica. retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ Conservatory at the Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 November 2010
- ^ "conservatory". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ The Great Soviet Encyclopedia(1979)
- ^ A. Della Corte, G. M. Gatti, Dizionario di musica, Paravia, 1956.
- ^ Arete Music Academy retrieved 29 Aug 2018
- ^ Sächsisches Landesgymnasium für Musik "Carl Maria von Weber retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ English Aided Pupil Scheme Archived 26 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts Archived 10 July 2012 at archive.today retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Sgoil Chiùil na Gàidhealtachd retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Guildford County School Archived 4 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Manhattan School of Music Pre-college Division retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Musik Fröhlich retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ "Cartes flash Lydiart Musique". Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Yamaha Music Schools Archived 31 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ "conservatoire". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) 'The French form of the word [...] is even sometimes assumed as the name of musical schools in England. In the U.S. the anglicized form conservatory is used.'
- '^ Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition: conservatorium: (Austral.) the usual term for conservatoire'
- '^ Webster's Third Unabridged Dictionary: 'Origin of conservatorium: German Konservatorium
- ^ Royal Academy of Music retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ Juilliard retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^ China Conservatory retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Royal Conservatoire of Scotland retrieved 20 December 2018
- ^ Conservatorium van Amsterdam retrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Peabody Institute Retrieved 15 November 2010
External links
- Media related to Music schools at Wikimedia Commons