Cologne
Cologne
Fischmarkt Decagon of St Gereon's Basilica view of the historic old town across the Rhine | |
---|---|
Cologne within North Rhine-Westphalia Urban district | |
Founded | 38 BCE |
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2020–25) | Henriette Reker[1] (Ind.) |
Area | |
• City | 405.15 km2 (156.43 sq mi) |
Elevation | 37 m (121 ft) |
Population (2021-12-31)[2] | |
• City | 1,073,096 |
• Density | 2,600/km2 (6,900/sq mi) |
• Urban | 3,500,000 (Cologne Bonn) |
• Metro | 8,711,712 (Rhineland) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 50441–51149 |
Dialling codes | 0221, 02203 (Porz) |
Vehicle registration | K |
Website | stadt-koeln.de |
Cologne (
The city's medieval Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom) was the world's tallest building 1880–1890 and is today the third-tallest church and tallest cathedral in the world. It was constructed to house the Shrine of the Three Kings and is a globally recognized landmark and one of the most visited sights and pilgrimage destinations in Europe. The cityscape is further shaped by the Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne. Cologne is famous for Eau de Cologne, which has been produced in the city since 1709; "cologne" has since come to be a generic term.
Cologne was founded and established in Germanic
Prior to World War II, the city had undergone occupations by the French (1794–1815) and the British (1918–1926), and was part of Prussia beginning in 1815. Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II.[4] The bombing reduced the population by 93% mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed around 80% of the millennia-old city center. The post-war rebuilding has resulted in a mixed cityscape, restoring most major historic landmarks like city gates and churches (31 of them being Romanesque). The city boasts around 9,000 historic buildings.[5]
Cologne is a major cultural center for the
History
Roman Cologne
The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BCE by the
Maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until it was occupied by the Ripuarian Franks in 462. Parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the new sewerage system having opened in 1890.
After the destruction of the Second Temple in the Siege of Jerusalem and the associated dispersion (diaspora) of the Jews, there is evidence of a Jewish community in Cologne. In 321 CE, Emperor Constantine approved the settlement of a Jewish community with all the freedoms of Roman citizens. It is assumed that it was located near the Marspforte within the city wall. The Edict of Constantine to the Jews is the oldest documented evidence in Germany.[12][13]
Middle Ages
Early medieval Cologne was part of
In 953, the archbishops of Cologne first gained noteworthy secular power when bishop
Following the
Besides its economic and political significance Cologne also became an important centre of medieval pilgrimage, when Cologne's archbishop,
Cologne's location on the river Rhine placed it at the intersection of the major
Early modern history
The economic structures of medieval and early modern Cologne were characterised by the city's status as a major harbour and transport hub on the Rhine. Craftsmanship was organised by self-administering guilds, some of which were exclusive to women.
As a
The Free Imperial City of Cologne must not be confused with the
From the 19th century until World War I
Cologne lost its status as a
The permanent tensions between the Catholic
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Cologne absorbed numerous surrounding towns, and by World War I had already grown to 700,000 inhabitants. Industrialisation changed the city and spurred its growth. Vehicle and engine manufacturing was especially successful, though the heavy industry was less ubiquitous than in the
Cologne was designated as one of the Fortresses of the German Confederation.[19] It was turned into a heavily armed fortress (opposing the French and Belgian fortresses of Verdun and Liège) with two fortified belts surrounding the city, the remains of which can be seen to this day.[20] The military demands on what became Germany's largest fortress presented a significant obstacle to urban development, with forts, bunkers, and wide defensive dugouts completely encircling the city and preventing expansion; this resulted in a very densely built-up area within the city itself.
During
As part of the demilitarisation of the
The democratic parties lost the local elections in Cologne in March 1933 to the
World War II
During World War II, Cologne was a Military Area Command Headquarters (Militärbereichshauptkommandoquartier) for
The Allies dropped 44,923.2 tons of bombs on the city during World War II, destroying 61% of its built up area. During the
Cologne was taken by the American
Post-war and Cold War eras
Despite Cologne's status as the largest city in the region, nearby Düsseldorf was chosen as the political capital of the federated state of North Rhine-Westphalia. With Bonn being chosen as the provisional federal capital (provisorische Bundeshauptstadt) and seat of the government of the Federal Republic of Germany (then informally West Germany), Cologne benefited by being sandwiched between two important political centres. The city became–and still is–home to a number of federal agencies and organizations. After reunification in 1990, Berlin was made the capital of Germany.
In 1945 architect and urban planner Rudolf Schwarz called Cologne the "world's greatest heap of rubble". Schwarz designed the master plan for reconstruction in 1947, which included the construction of several new thoroughfares through the city centre, especially the Nord-Süd-Fahrt ("North-South-Drive"). The master plan took into consideration the fact that even shortly after the war a large increase in automobile traffic could be anticipated. Plans for new roads had already, to a certain degree, evolved under the Nazi administration, but the actual construction became easier when most of the city centre was in ruins.
The destruction of 95% of the city centre, including the famous
In 1959, the city's population reached pre-war numbers again. It then grew steadily, exceeding 1 million for about one year from 1975. It remained just below that until mid-2010, when it exceeded 1 million again.
Post-reunification
In the 1980s and 1990s Cologne's economy prospered for two main reasons. The first was the growth in the number of media companies, both in the private and public sectors; they are especially catered for in the newly developed Media Park, which creates a strong visual focal point in Cologne's city centre and includes the KölnTurm, one of Cologne's most prominent high-rise buildings. The second was the permanent improvement of the diverse traffic infrastructure, which made Cologne one of the most easily accessible metropolitan areas in Central Europe.
Due to the economic success of the
Cologne was the focus of the
Geography
The metropolitan area encompasses over 405 square kilometres (156 square miles), extending around a central point that lies at 50° 56' 33 latitude and 6° 57' 32 longitude. The city's highest point is 118 m (387 ft)
Districts
Cologne is divided into 9 boroughs (Stadtbezirke) and 85 districts (Stadtteile):[36]
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|
Climate
Located in the
Climate data for Cologne (Cologne Bonn Airport, 1991–2020, extremes 1957–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.2 (61.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
40.3 (104.5) |
38.8 (101.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
40.3 (104.5) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.7 (90.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
35.4 (95.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.7 (44.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.8 (38.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.5 (38.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.1 (42.9) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −9.1 (15.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −23.4 (−10.1) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−23.4 (−10.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.7 (2.43) |
53.8 (2.12) |
55.0 (2.17) |
48.2 (1.90) |
62.1 (2.44) |
86.3 (3.40) |
87.4 (3.44) |
83.3 (3.28) |
66.9 (2.63) |
64.7 (2.55) |
63.5 (2.50) |
69.2 (2.72) |
802.1 (31.58) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 17.2 | 16.3 | 16.0 | 13.0 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 14.2 | 15.6 | 17.4 | 19.1 | 187.6 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 4.0 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 10.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
81.8 | 78.4 | 72.9 | 67.2 | 68.9 | 70.8 | 70.9 | 73.0 | 77.8 | 81.5 | 83.7 | 83.9 | 75.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 54.3 | 74.8 | 124.8 | 172.6 | 198.7 | 201.3 | 207.2 | 196.6 | 149.5 | 104.6 | 58.9 | 45.3 | 1,588.6 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[38] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[39] |
Flood protection
Cologne is regularly affected by flooding from the Rhine and is considered the most flood-prone European city.[40] A city agency (Stadtentwässerungsbetriebe Köln,[41] "Cologne Urban Drainage Operations") manages an extensive flood control system which includes both permanent and mobile flood walls, protection from rising waters for buildings close to the river banks, monitoring and forecasting systems, pumping stations and programmes to create or protect floodplains, and river embankments.[40][42] The system was redesigned after a 1993 flood, which resulted in heavy damage.[40]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1430 | 40,000 | — |
1801 | 42,024 | +5.1% |
1840 | 75,858 | +80.5% |
1880 | 144,722 | +90.8% |
1900 | 372,229 | +157.2% |
1910 | 516,527 | +38.8% |
1920 | 657,175 | +27.2% |
1930 | 740,082 | +12.6% |
1940 | 733,500 | −0.9% |
1950 | 603,283 | −17.8% |
1960 | 803,616 | +33.2% |
1970 | 847,037 | +5.4% |
1975 | 1,013,771 | +19.7% |
1980 | 976,694 | −3.7% |
1990 | 953,551 | −2.4% |
2000 | 962,884 | +1.0% |
2010 | 1,007,119 | +4.6% |
2020 | 1,088,040 | +8.0% |
2021 | 1,079,301 | −0.8% |
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. |
Largest groups of foreign residents[43] | Population (2022) | |
Turkey | 57,135 | |
Italy | 21,351 | |
Ukraine | 12,634 | |
Poland | 9,766 | |
Iraq | 8,631 | |
Syria | 8,074 | |
Bulgaria | 7,916 | |
Greece | 5,841 | |
Iran | 4,910 | |
Serbia | 4,837 | |
Romania | 4,786 | |
Russia | 4,651 | |
Spain | 3,954 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3,830 | |
Croatia | 3,539 | |
Portugal | 3,263 | |
France | 3,043 | |
Kosovo | 2,586 | |
Netherlands | 2,523 | |
Morocco | 2,418 | |
Austria | 2,394 | |
China | 2,328 | |
United Kingdom | 2,287 |
In the Roman Empire, the city was large and rich with a population of 40,000 in 100–200 AD.[44] The city was home to around 20,000 people in 1000 AD, growing to 50,000 in 1200 AD. The Rhineland metropolis still had 50,000 residents in 1300 AD.[45][46]
Cologne is the fourth-largest city in Germany after
There were 551,528 women and 527,773 men in Cologne. In 2021, there were 11,127 births in Cologne; 5,844 marriages and 1,808 divorces, and 10,536 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.3% under the age of 18, and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. 203 people in Cologne were over the age of 100.[48]
According to the Statistical Office of the City of Cologne, the number of people with a migrant background is at 40.5% (436,660). 2,254 people acquired German citizenship in 2021.[48] In 2021, there were 559,854 households, of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18; 51% of all households were made up of singles. 8% of all households were single-parent households. The average household size was 1.88.[48]
Residents with foreign citizenship
Cologne residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2021 is as follows:[48]
Citizenship | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Total | 436,660 | 100% |
Europe | 283,960 | 65% |
European Union | 138,961 | 31.8% |
Asian | 78,235 | 17.9% |
African |
29,552 | 6.8% |
American | 13,786 | 3.2% |
Australian and Oceanian | 666 | 0.2% |
Turkish community
Cologne is home to 90,000 people of Turkish origin and is the second largest German city with Turkish population after Berlin. Cologne has a Little Istanbul in Keupstraße that has many Turkish restaurants and markets. Famous Turkish-German people like rapper Eko Fresh and TV presenter Nazan Eckes were born in Cologne.
Language
Colognian or Kölsch (Colognian pronunciation:
Religion
As of 2015, 35.5% of the population belonged to the
According to the 2011 census, 2.1% of the population was Eastern Orthodox, 0.5% belonged of an Evangelical Free Church and 4.2% belonged to further religious communities officially recognized by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (such as Jehovah's Witnesses).[52][53]
There are several mosques, including the
Cologne also has one of the oldest and largest Jewish communities in Germany.[55] In 2011, 0.3% of Cologne's population was Jewish.[52]
On 11 October 2021, the Mayor of Cologne, Henriette Reker, announced that all of Cologne's 35 mosques would be allowed to broadcast the Adhan (prayer call) for up to five minutes on Fridays between noon and 3 p.m. She commented that the move "shows that diversity is appreciated and loved in Cologne".[56]
Government and politics
The city's administration is headed by the mayor and the three deputy mayors.
Political traditions and developments
The long tradition of a free imperial city, which long dominated an exclusively Catholic population and the age-old conflict between the church and the bourgeoisie (and within it between the patricians and craftsmen) have created its own political climate in Cologne. Various interest groups often form networks beyond party boundaries. The resulting web of relationships, with political, economic, and cultural links with each other in a system of mutual favours, obligations and dependencies, is called the 'Cologne coterie'. This has often led to an unusual proportional distribution in the city government and degenerated at times into corruption: in 1999, a "waste scandal" over kickbacks and illegal campaign contributions came to light, which led not only to the imprisonment of the entrepreneur Hellmut Trienekens, but also to the downfall of almost the entire leadership of the ruling Social Democrats.
Mayor
The current Lord Mayor of Cologne is Henriette Reker. She received 52.66% of the vote at the municipal election on 17 October 2015, running as an independent with the support of the CDU, FDP, and Greens. She took office on 15 December 2015.[57] Reker was re-elected to a second term in a runoff election on 27 September 2020, in which she received 59.27% of the vote.[58]
The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Henriette Reker | Independent (Green/CDU) | 187,389 | 45.1 | 174,263 | 59.3 | |
Andreas Kossiski | Social Democratic Party | 111,353 | 26.8 | 119,753 | 40.7 | |
Jörg Detjen | The Left | 29,810 | 7.2 | |||
Olivier Fuchs | Volt Germany | 18,520 | 4.5 | |||
Christer Cremer | Alternative for Germany | 17,441 | 4.2 | |||
Nicolin Gabrysch | Climate Friends | 14,370 | 3.5 | |||
Roberto Campione | Independent | 14,122 | 3.4 | |||
Thor Zimmermann | Good Cologne | 8,613 | 2.1 | |||
Dagmar Langel | We Are Cologne | 4,464 | 1.1 | |||
Robert Nussholz | Independent | 4,044 | 1.0 | |||
Sabine Neumeyer | Independent | 2,547 | 0.6 | |||
Rüdiger-René Keune | Ecological Democratic Party | 2,336 | 0.6 | |||
Martin Przybylski | Independent | 924 | 0.2 | |||
Valid votes | 415,933 | 98.7 | 294,016 | 99.1 | ||
Invalid votes | 5,633 | 1.3 | 2,727 | 0.9 | ||
Total | 421,566 | 100.0 | 296,743 | 100.0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 820,527 | 51.4 | 818,731 | 36.2 | ||
Source: City of Cologne (1st round Archived 19 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 2nd round) |
City council
The Cologne city council (Kölner Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. It serves a term of five years.[59] The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:
Party | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 118,997 | 28.5 | 9.0 | 26 | 8 | |
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 90,040 | 21.6 | 7.8 | 19 | 7 | |
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 89,659 | 21.5 | 5.7 | 19 | 6 | |
The Left (Die Linke) | 27,044 | 6.5 | 0.4 | 6 | ±0 | |
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 21,965 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5 | ±0 | |
Volt Germany (Volt) | 20,783 | 5.0 | New | 4 | New | |
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 18,272 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 4 | 1 | |
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) | 10,261 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2 | 2 | |
Climate Friends (Klima Freunde) | 8,383 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 2 | ±0 | |
Good Cologne (GUT) | 8,298 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 2 | ±0 | |
Free Voters Cologne (FWK) | 2,501 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1 | ±0 | |
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | 374 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
We Are Cologne 2020 (Wir Sind Köln) | 265 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
Independent A. Krause | 107 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New | |
Independent Neumeyer | 72 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New | |
Independent Weber | 72 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New | |
Independent R. Krause | 71 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New | |
Independent Schidlowsky | 32 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New | |
Party of Progress (PdF) | 31 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New | |
Valid votes | 417,227 | 98.9 | ||||
Invalid votes | 4,596 | 1.1 | ||||
Total | 421,823 | 100.0 | 90 | ±0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 820,526 | 51.4 | 1.8 | |||
Source: City of Cologne |
State Landtag
In the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, Cologne is divided among seven constituencies. After the 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election, the composition and representation of each was as follows:
Constituency | Area | Party | Member | |
---|---|---|---|---|
13 Köln I | Rodenkirchen and part of Innenstadt | Grüne | Eileen Woestmann | |
14 Köln II | Lindenthal | Grüne | Frank Jablonski | |
15 Köln III | Ehrenfeld and part of Nippes | Grüne | Arndt Klocke | |
16 Köln IV | Chorweiler and most of Nippes | SPD | Lena Teschlade | |
17 Köln V | Porz and the east of Kalk | CDU | Florian Braun | |
18 Köln VI | Most of Innenstadt and the west of Kalk | Grüne | Berivan Aymaz | |
19 Köln VII | Mülheim | SPD | Carolin Kirsch |
Federal parliament
In the Bundestag, Cologne is divided among four constituencies. In the 20th Bundestag, the composition and representation of each was as follows:
Constituency | Area | Party | Member | |
---|---|---|---|---|
93 Cologne I | Porz, Kalk, and part of Innenstadt | SPD | Sanae Abdi | |
94 Cologne II | Rodenkirchen, Lindenthal, and part of Innenstadt | Grüne | Sven Lehmann | |
95 Cologne III | Ehrenfeld, Nippes, and Chorweiler | SPD | Rolf Mützenich | |
101 Leverkusen – Cologne IV | Mülheim (and the city of Leverkusen) | SPD | Karl Lauterbach |
Cityscape
The inner city of Cologne was largely destroyed during World War II. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. Thus, the city centre today is characterized by modern architecture, with a few interspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example, the opera house by Wilhelm Riphahn, are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.[citation needed] Nevertheless, the uncompromising style of the Cologne Opera house and other modern buildings has remained controversial.[citation needed]
The districts outside the city center consist mostly of 19th and 20th century buildings.[60] Around 25 % of Cologne were built before 1945.[61]
Green areas account for over a quarter of Cologne, which is approximately 75 m2 (807.29 sq ft) of public green space for every inhabitant.[62]
Wildlife
The dominant wildlife of Cologne is insects, small rodents, and several species of birds. Pigeons are the most often seen animals in Cologne, although the number of birds is augmented each year by a growing population of
Hedgehogs, rabbits and squirrels are common in parks and the greener parts of town. In the outer suburbs foxes and wild boar can be seen, even during the day.
Tourism
Cologne had 5.8 million overnight stays booked and 3.35 million arrivals in 2016.[64]
Landmarks
Churches
- Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom) is the city's most famous monument and the Cologne residents' most loved landmark. It is a Gothic church, started in 1248, and completed in 1880. In 1996, it was designated a World Heritage Site; it houses the Shrine of the Three Kings, which supposedly contains the relics of the Three Magi (see also[65]). Residents of Cologne sometimes refer to the cathedral as "the eternal construction site" (die ewige Baustelle).
- Twelve Romanesque churches: These buildings are outstanding examples of medieval church architecture. The origins of some of the churches go back as far as Roman times, for example St. Gereon, which was originally a chapel in a Roman graveyard. With the exception of St. Maria Lyskirchen all of these churches were very badly damaged during World War II. Reconstruction was only finished in the 1990s.
-
Great St. Martin Church
-
Basilica of St. Severin
-
Church of the Assumption
-
Trinity Church
Medieval houses
The Cologne City Hall (Kölner Rathaus), founded in the 12th century, is the oldest
-
Gürzenich
-
Overstolzenhaus
Medieval city gates
Of the twelve medieval city gates that once existed, only the Eigelsteintorburg at Ebertplatz, the Hahnentor at Rudolfplatz and the Severinstorburg at Chlodwigplatz still stand today.
-
Eigelsteintor
-
Hahnentor
-
Severinstor
Streets
- The Cologne Ring boulevards (such as Hohenzollernring, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring, Hansaring) with their medieval city gates (such as Hahnentorburg on Rudolfplatz) are also known for their night life.
- Hohe Straße (literally: High Street) is one of the main shopping areas and extends past the cathedral in an approximately southerly direction. The street contains many gift shops, clothing stores, fast food restaurants and electronic goods dealers.
- Schildergasse – connects Neumarkt square at its western end to the Hohe Strasse shopping street at its eastern end and has been named the busiest shopping street in Europe with 13,000 people passing through every hour, according to a 2008 study by GfK.
- Ehrenstraße – the shopping area around Apostelnstrasse, Ehrenstrasse, and Rudolfplatz is a little more on the quirky and stylish side.
Bridges
High-rise structures
Cologne's tallest structure is the Colonius telecommunication tower at 266 m or 873 ft. The observation deck has been closed since 1992. A selection of the tallest buildings in Cologne is listed below. Other tall structures include the Hansahochhaus (designed by architect Jacob Koerfer and completed in 1925 – it was at one time Europe's tallest office building), the Kranhaus buildings at Rheinauhafen, and the Messeturm Köln ("trade fair tower").
Skyscraper | Image | Height in metres | Floors | Year | Address | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KölnTurm
|
148.5 | 43 | 2001 | MediaPark 8, Neustadt-Nord | (literally: Cologne Tower), Cologne's second tallest building at 165.48 metres (542.91 ft) in height, second only to the Colonius telecommunication tower. The 30th floor of the building has a restaurant and a terrace with 360° views of the city. | |
Colonia-Hochhaus
|
147 | 45 | 1973 | An der Schanz 2, Riehl
|
tallest building in Germany from 1973 to 1976. Today, it is still the country's second tallest residential building. | |
Rheintower | 138 | 34 | 1980 | Raderberggürtel, Marienburg | former headquarters of Deutsche Welle, since 2007 under renovation with the new name Rheintower Köln-Marienburg. | |
Uni-Center[67] | 133 | 45 | 1973 | Luxemburger Straße, Sülz | ||
TÜV Rheinland
|
112 | 22 | 1974 | Am Grauen Stein, Poll | ||
Ringturm | 109 | 26 | 1973 | Ebertplatz, Neustadt-Nord | ||
Justizzentrum Köln | 105 | 25 | 1981 | Luxemburger Straße, Sülz | ||
KölnTriangle
|
103 | 29 | 2006 | Ottoplatz 1, Deutz | opposite to the cathedral with a 103 m (338 ft) high viewing platform and a view of the cathedral over the Rhine. | |
Herkules-Hochhaus | 102 | 31 | 1969 | Graeffstraße 1, Ehrenfeld | ||
Deutschlandfunk-Turm | 102 | 19 | 1975 | Raderberggürtel, Marienburg |
Culture
Cologne has
Cologne has more than 60 music venues and the third-highest density of music venues of Germany's four largest cities, after Munich and Hamburg and ahead of Berlin.[68][69]
Several orchestras are active in the city, among them the
The large annual literary festival
The city also has the most pubs per capita in Germany.[71] Cologne is well known for its beer, called Kölsch. Kölsch is also the name of the local dialect. This has led to the common joke of Kölsch being the only language one can drink.
Cologne is also famous for
Carnival
The
Rivalry with Düsseldorf
Cologne and Düsseldorf have a "fierce regional rivalry",[73] which includes carnival parades, football, and beer.[73] People in Cologne prefer Kölsch while people in Düsseldorf prefer Altbier ("Alt").[73] Waiters and patrons will "scorn" and make a "mockery" of people who order Alt beer in Cologne or Kölsch in Düsseldorf.[73] The rivalry has been described as a "love–hate relationship".[73] The Köln Guild of Brewers was established in 1396. The Kölsch beer style first appeared in the 1800s and in 1986 the breweries established an appellation under which only breweries in the city are allowed to use the term Kölsch.[74]
Museums
- Farina Fragrance Museum – birthplace of Eau de Cologne
- Römisch-Germanisches Museum (Roman-Germanic Museum) – ancient Roman and Germanic culture
- Wallraf-Richartz Museum– European painting from the 13th to the early 20th century
- Museum Ludwig – modern art
- Museum Schnütgen– medieval art
- applied art
- Kolumba Kunstmuseum des Erzbistums Köln (art museum of the Archbishopric of Cologne) – modern art museum built around medieval ruins of St. Kolumba, Cologne, completed 2007
- Cathedral Treasury "Domschatzkammer" – historic underground vaults of the Cathedral
- Nazirule in Cologne with a special focus on the persecution of political dissenters and minorities
- German Sports and Olympic Museum – exhibitions about sports from antiquity until the present
- Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum– Chocolate Museum
- Geomuseum of the University of Cologne – the exhibition includes fossils (such as dinosaur bones and the skeleton of an minerals
- Forum for Internet Technology in Contemporary Art – collections of Internet-based art, corporate part of (NewMediaArtProjectNetwork):cologne, the experimental platform for art and New Media
- Flora und Botanischer Garten Köln – the city's formal park and main botanical garden
- Forstbotanischer Garten Köln – an arboretum and woodland botanical garden
Music fairs and festivals
The city was home to the internationally famous Ringfest, and now to the C/o pop festival.[75]
In addition, Cologne enjoys a thriving Christmas Market (Weihnachtsmarkt) presence with several locations in the city.
Economy
As the largest city in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, Cologne benefits from a large market structure.[76] In competition with Düsseldorf, the economy of Cologne is primarily based on insurance and media industries,[77] while the city is also an important cultural and research centre and home to a number of corporate headquarters.
Among the largest media companies based in Cologne are Westdeutscher Rundfunk, RTL Television (with subsidiaries), n-tv, Deutschlandradio, Brainpool TV and publishing houses like J. P. Bachem, Taschen, Tandem Verlag, and M. DuMont Schauberg. Several clusters of media, arts and communications agencies, TV production studios, and state agencies work partly with private and government-funded cultural institutions. Among the insurance companies based in Cologne are Central, DEVK, DKV, Generali Deutschland, Gen Re, Gothaer, HDI Gerling and national headquarters of Axa Insurance, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group and Zurich Financial Services.
The German flag carrier Lufthansa and its subsidiary Lufthansa CityLine have their main corporate headquarters in Cologne.[78] The largest employer in Cologne is Ford Europe, which has its European headquarters and a factory in Niehl (Ford-Werke GmbH).[79] Toyota Motorsport GmbH (TMG), Toyota's official motorsports team, responsible for Toyota rally cars, and then Formula One cars, has its headquarters and workshops in Cologne. Other large companies based in Cologne include the REWE Group, TÜV Rheinland, Deutz AG and a number of Kölsch breweries. The largest three Kölsch breweries of Cologne are Reissdorf, Gaffel, and Früh.
Brewery | Established | Annual output in hectoliters |
---|---|---|
Heinrich Reissdorf | 1894 | 650,000 |
Gaffel Becker & Co | 1908 | 500,000 |
Cölner Hofbräu Früh | 1904 | 440,000 |
Historically, Cologne has always been an important trade city, with land, air, and sea connections.[6] The city has five Rhine ports,[6] the second largest inland port in Germany and one of the largest in Europe. Cologne Bonn Airport is the second largest freight terminal in Germany.[6] Today, the Cologne trade fair (Koelnmesse) ranks as a major European trade fair location with over 50 trade fairs[6] and other large cultural and sports events. In 2008 Cologne had 4.31 million overnight stays booked and 2.38 million arrivals.[36] Cologne's largest daily newspaper is the Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger.
Cologne shows a significant increase in startup companies, especially when considering digital business.[80]
Cologne has also become the first German city with a population of more than a million people to declare climate emergency.[81]
Transport
Road transport
Road building had been a major issue in the 1920s under the leadership of mayor Konrad Adenauer. The first German limited-access road was constructed after 1929 between Cologne and Bonn. Today, this is the Bundesautobahn 555. In 1965, Cologne became the first German city to be fully encircled by a motorway ring road. Roughly at the same time, a city centre bypass (Stadtautobahn) was planned, but only partially put into effect, due to opposition by environmental groups. The completed section became Bundesstraße ("Federal Road") B 55a, which begins at the Zoobrücke ("Zoo Bridge") and meets with A 4 and A 3 at the interchange Cologne East. Nevertheless, it is referred to as Stadtautobahn by most locals. In contrast to this, the Nord-Süd-Fahrt ("North-South-Drive") was actually completed, a new four/six-lane city centre through-route, which had already been anticipated by planners such as Fritz Schumacher in the 1920s. The last section south of Ebertplatz was completed in 1972.
In 2005, the first stretch of an eight-lane motorway in North Rhine-Westphalia was opened to traffic on Bundesautobahn 3, part of the eastern section of the Cologne Beltway between the interchanges Cologne East and Heumar.
Cycling
Compared to other German cities, Cologne has a traffic layout that is not very bicycle-friendly. It has repeatedly ranked among the worst in an independent evaluation[82] conducted by the Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club. In 2014, it ranked 36th out of 39 German cities with a population greater than 200,000.
Rail transport
Cologne has a railway service with
The
The Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn has 5 lines which cross Cologne. The S13/S19 runs 24/7 between Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn airport.
There are also frequent buses covering most of the city and surrounding suburbs, and Eurolines coaches to London via Brussels.
Water transport
Häfen und Güterverkehr Köln (Ports and Goods traffic Cologne, HGK) is one of the largest operators of inland ports in Germany.[85] Ports include Köln-Deutz, Köln-Godorf, and Köln-Niehl I and II.
Air transport
Cologne's international airport is
Education
Cologne is home to numerous universities and colleges,[86][87] and host to some 72,000 students.[6] Its oldest university, the University of Cologne (founded in 1388)[3] is the largest university in Germany, as the Cologne University of Applied Sciences is the largest university of Applied Sciences in the country. The Cologne University of Music and Dance is the largest conservatory in Europe.[88] Foreigners can have German lessons in the VHS (Adult Education Centre).[89]
|
Former colleges include:
|
Lauder Morijah School (German: Lauder-Morijah-Schule), a Jewish school in Cologne, previously closed. After Russian immigration increased the Jewish population, the school reopened in 2002.[90]
Media
Within Germany, Cologne is known as an important media centre. Several radio and television stations, including
Sports
Cologne hosts the football club 1. FC Köln,[93] who play in the 1. Bundesliga (first division). They play their home matches in RheinEnergieStadion which also hosted five matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.[94] The International Olympic Committee and the International Association of Sports and Leisure Facilities gave RheinEnergieStadion a bronze medal for "being one of the best sporting venues in the world".[94] The city also hosts the two football clubs FC Viktoria Köln and SC Fortuna Köln, who currently play in the 3. Liga (third division) and the Regionalliga West (fourth division) respectively. Cologne's oldest football club 1. FSV Köln 1899 is playing with its amateur team in the Verbandsliga (sixth division).
Cologne also is home of the ice hockey team Kölner Haie, which is playing in the highest ice hockey league in Germany, the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.[93] They are based at Lanxess Arena.[93]
Several horse races per year are held at Cologne-Weidenpesch Racecourse since 1897, the annual Cologne Marathon was started in 1997 and the classic cycling race Rund um Köln is organised in Cologne since 1908. The city also has a long tradition in rowing, being home of some of Germany's oldest regatta courses and boat clubs, such as the Kölner Rudergesellschaft 1891 or the Kölner Ruderverein von 1877 in the Rodenkirchen district.
Japanese automotive manufacturer Toyota has their major motorsport facility known by the name Toyota Motorsport GmbH, which is located in the Marsdorf district, and is responsible for Toyota's major motorsport development and operations, which in the past included the FIA Formula One World Championship, the FIA World Rally Championship and the Le Mans Series. Currently they are working on Toyota's team Toyota Gazoo Racing which competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship.
Cologne is considered "the secret golf capital of Germany".[93] The first golf club in North Rhine-Westphalia was founded in Cologne in 1906.[93] The city offers the most options and top events in Germany.[93]
The city has hosted several athletic events which includes the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2006 FIFA World Cup, 2007 World Men's Handball Championship, 2010 and 2017 Ice Hockey World Championships and 2010 Gay Games.[9]
Since 2014, the city has hosted ESL One Cologne, one of the biggest CS GO tournaments held annually in July/August at Lanxess Arena.
Furthermore Cologne is home of the Sport-Club Colonia 1906, Germany's oldest boxing club, and the Kölner Athleten-Club 1882, the world's oldest active weightlifting club.
Notable people
- Paul-Jürgen Weber, visual artist and photographer
Twin towns – sister cities
- Barcelona, Spain (1984)
- Beijing, China (1987)
- Bethlehem, Palestine (1996)
- Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1976)
- Corinto, Nicaragua (1988)
- Cork, Ireland (1988)
- Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (1958)
- Indianapolis, United States (1988)
- Istanbul, Turkey (1997)
- Katowice, Poland (1991)
- Kyoto, Japan (1963)
- Liège, Belgium (1958)
- Lille, France (1958)
- Liverpool, England, United Kingdom (1952)
- Neukölln (Berlin), Germany (1967)
- El Realejo, Nicaragua (1988)
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2011)
- Rotterdam, Netherlands (1958)
- Tel Aviv, Israel (1979)
- Thessaloniki, Greece (1988)
- Treptow-Köpenick (Berlin), Germany (1990)
- Tunis, Tunisia (1964)
- Turin, Italy (1958)
- Turku, Finland (1967)
Cologne also cooperates with:
Former twin towns
See also
- Stadtwerke Köln, the municipal infrastructure company, operator of the city's railways, ports, and other utilities
- New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany
- Hänneschen-Theater
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External links
- Official website (in German, English, and multiple)