Chrompodellid

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Colpodellida
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Chrompodellids
Typical life cycle stages of
Vitrella brassicaformis
, a chromerid (vc: vegetative cell, zs: zoosporangium, as: autosporangium)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Myzozoa
Class: Chromeridophyceae
Molinari & Guiry 2023[3]
Subclass: Chromeridophycidae
Mylnikov et al. 2000[4]
Order: Colpodellales
Cavalier-Smith 1993[1] emend. Adl et al. 2005, 2019[2][3]
Type genus
Colpodella
Cienkowsky 1865[1]
Families[2][3]
Synonyms
  • Apicomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 2017[5]
  • Chromerida Moore et al. 2008[6]
  • Chromeridophyta Guiry 2024[7]

Chrompodellids are a

ICN
).

Description and life cycle

Chrompodellids are a

flagella[1] that are heterodynamic (i.e. move in different patterns).[9] Some species exhibit thin mastigonemes in their anterior flagellum, while others bear bulbs.[9] Some species are capable of forming cysts.[2]

Colpodellids

Colpodellids, represented by the genera

rhoptries used to hunt. They present genetic sequences of non-photosynthetic plastids, an evidence of their phototroph ancestry.[8]

Some species, considered

bicosoecids, percolomonads and ciliates.[11] After feeding, they internalize their flagella, become cysts and divide into tetrads, similarly to the development of zoospores in Chromera. The cells conjugate after leaving the cyst, which could imply a sexual stage.[8]

Chromerids

Chromerids, represented by the genera

β-carotene.[8]

The two genera are markedly different from each other, both in

schizogony of apicomplexans. Sexual reproduction has not been observed. Under adverse environmental conditions, they form resistant cysts that remain viable for years. Similarly to apicomplexans, they undergo closed mitosis, without dissolving the nuclear envelope.[8] In addition, Chromera produces high amounts of an exclusive type of isofucoxanthin.[6]

Vitrella autospores, by contrast, start measuring 3 μm and grow up to 40 μm before transforming into sporangia that generate dozens of autospores or zoospores. There are two types of Vitrella zoospores: one is generated by budding from the mother cell and exhibits flagella outside the cytoplasm, the other develops axonemes and flagella within their cytoplasm and are ejected from the mother cell after maturing, though both types lack a pseudo-conoid. Some zoospores fuse, possibly representing a sexual stage in the life cycle.[8] In addition, Vitrella produces vaucheriaxanthin.[13]

Evolution

Chrompodellids are the closest living relatives of the

red alga. The photosynthetic ability of these plastids was eventually lost in apicomplexans, colpodellids, perkinsids and other groups that transitioned into a predatory or parasitic lifestyle.[8] The following cladogram summarizes alveolate relationships and the internal relationships among most genera within the chrompodellid clade (chromerids marked with asterisks):[15][12][16]

Alveolata
Myzozoa 

Perkinsozoa

Dinoflagellata

"

Colponemida
"

Ciliophora

Systematics

Taxonomic history

In 1993, protozoologist

sister clades.[17]

The first chromerid alga,

polyphyletic. The clade was given the provisional name "chrompodellids",[15] later referred to as Chrompodellida by posterior studies.[19]

Between 2004 and 2017, Cavalier-Smith retained the classification scheme of Apicomonadea, from which he excluded Perkinsida, leaving only colpodellids and chromerids across multiple orders. In addition, several genera of

Alphamonas, were eventually rejected in his classification,[5] but later revisions by other authors maintain them as independent genera supported by molecular data.[2]

The treatment of chrompodellids as a subgroup of

perkinsozoans and dinoflagellates.[15][5][8]

Classification

As of 2023, chrompodellids are divided into four families and seven genera:[2][3]

References

  1. ^
    Wikidata Q24634634
    .
  2. ^
    Wikidata Q57086550
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f Eduardo A. Molinari-Novoa; Michael D. Guiry (30 October 2023). "Nomenclatural notes on algae. VIII. Automatically typified names for some groups of alveolates" (PDF). Notulae Algarum. 2023 (304): 1–3.
  4. ^ A.P. Mylnikov; M.V. Krylov; A.O. Frolov (2000). "Таксономический ранг и место в системе протистов Colpodellida" Taksonomicheskiy rang i mesto v sisteme protistov Colpodellida [Taxonomic rank and place of Colpodellida in a system] (PDF). Parazitologiya (in Russian). 34 (1): 3–15.
  5. ^
    Wikidata Q47194626
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 28005870
    .
  7. ^
    Wikidata Q124684077
    .
  8. ^
    Wikidata Q57761541
    .
  9. ^
    Wikidata Q82839650
    .
  10. Wikidata Q124751768
    .
  11. Wikidata Q124744550
    .
  12. ^ a b c Jan Michálek (2020). Genomes of Chromerid Algae (PDF) (PhD thesis). Czech Republic: University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice.
  13. ^
    PMID 22055836
    .
  14. PMID 26175406
    .
  15. ^
    Wikidata Q30662251
    .
  16. ^
    Wikidata Q124684358
    .
  17. Wikidata Q34167276
    .
  18. Wikidata Q28657955.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
    )
  19. PMID 34361866
    .
  20. ^
    Wikidata Q54540793
    .
  21. Wikidata Q34126892
    .
  22. S2CID 84323025
    .
  23. Wikidata Q54495349
    .
  24. Wikidata Q83229299.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
    )
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