Columbus Circle

Coordinates: 40°46′08″N 73°58′55″W / 40.769°N 73.982°W / 40.769; -73.982
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Columbus Circle (disambiguation).

Columbus Circle
M20, M104
Historical featuresColumbus Monument
USS Maine National Monument

Columbus Circle is a

Central Park West, at the southwest corner of Central Park. The circle is the point from which official highway distances from New York City are measured, as well as the center of the 25 miles (40 km) restricted-travel area for C-2 visa
holders.

The circle is named after the monument of Christopher Columbus in the center, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The name is also used for the neighborhood that surrounds the circle for a few blocks in each direction. Hell's Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is located to the southwest, and the Theater District is to the southeast and the Lincoln Square section of the Upper West Side is to the northwest.

Circle

The

traffic circle, located at Eighth Avenue/Central Park West, Broadway, and 59th Street/Central Park South, was designed as part of Frederick Law Olmsted's 1857 vision for Central Park, which included a rotary on the southwest corner of the park. It abuts the Merchant's Gate, one of the park's eighteen major gates. Similar plazas were planned at the southeast corner of the park (now Grand Army Plaza), the northeast corner (Duke Ellington Circle), and the northwest corner (Frederick Douglass Circle).[3] Clearing of the land area for the circle started in 1868.[4][5] The actual circle was approved two years later.[5] The Columbus Monument was placed at the center of the circle in 1892.[6][7][8]

Columbus Circle was originally known generically as "The Circle".[4][3] An 1871 account of the park referred to the roundabout as a "grand circle".[9] After the 1892 installation of the Columbus Column in the circle's center, it became known as "Columbus Circle",[8][10] although its other names were also used through the 1900s.[11]

Subway construction

Columbus Circle during construction of the original subway in 1900
Subway construction under the Columbus monument in 1901

By 1901, construction on the

59th Street–Columbus Circle station was built underneath the circle.[12][13] During construction, traffic in the circle was so dangerous that the Municipal Art Society proposed redesigning the roundabout.[11][14] By February 1904, the station underneath was largely complete,[15] and service on the subway line began on October 27, 1904. The station only served local trains; express trains bypassed the station.[16][17] The platforms of the IRT subway station were lengthened in 1957–1959, requiring further excavations around Columbus Circle.[18]

An additional subway line—the

59th Street–Columbus Circle, underneath the original IRT station.[21] The IND station were designed as a single transit hub under Columbus Circle.[22]

Eno's traffic plan

William Phelps Eno's second Columbus Circle plans, developed in 1909

In November 1904, due to the high speeds of cars passing through the circle, the New York City Police Department added tightly spaced electric lights on the inner side of the circle, surrounding the column.[23]

The current circle was redesigned in 1905 by

traffic circle to be constructed anywhere, implementing the ideas of Eugène Hénard.[25][27] In this second scheme, the public space within the circle, around the monument, was almost as small as the monument's base.[28]

The rotary traffic plan was not successful. A New York Times article in June 1929 stated that the "Christopher Columbus [monument] is safe and serene, but he's the only thing in the Circle that is."

West Drive, were both changed to one-way streets because West Drive had been changed from bidirectional to one-way southbound and eastbound.[30][31] Traffic going straight through Columbus Circle was forced to go around the left side of the monument, while any traffic making turns from the circle had to go counterclockwise around the rotary using the right side.[30]

Mid-20th century configurations

Columbus Circle in 1939

The bidirectional traffic pattern through Columbus Circle failed to eliminate congestion. In 1941, engineers with the

Manhattan Borough President's office formed a tentative agreement to redesign Columbus Circle yet again. "Local" and "express" lanes would segregate north–south traffic passing within the circle. Local north–south traffic and all east–west traffic would go around the circle's perimeter in a counterclockwise direction, along a 45-foot-long (14 m) roadway.[32][33] Through north–south traffic on Broadway, Eighth Avenue, and Central Park West would use two 71-foot-wide (22 m) divided roadways with 5-foot-wide (1.5 m) landscaped medians, running in chords on either side of the Columbus monument. Traffic from southbound Broadway and northbound Eighth Avenue would use the western chord, and northbound Broadway and southbound Central Park West would use the eastern chord.[33] The center of the circle would be refurbished with a tree-lined plaza, and pedestrian traffic from the north and south would be able to pass through the center of the circle. The exit into Columbus Circle from West Drive would be eliminated, and the entrance to West Drive would be relocated.[32][34] In a related development, the 59th Street trolley route's tracks would be removed. This was crucial to the reorganization of the circle, as the trolley had already been discontinued.[32]

The proposed reorganization of Columbus Circle was widely praised by civic groups and city officials.[35] On the other hand, William Phelps Eno advocated for a return to his original 1905 proposal.[36] However, the plan still had some issues, the largest of which was that traffic traveling on Broadway in either direction would be routed onto Eighth Avenue or Central Park West, and vice versa.[32][33]

The reconfiguration of the circle was deferred due to World War II.[37] The trolley routes that ran through Columbus Circle were discontinued in 1946, but the bus routes that replaced the trolley lines took the same convoluted paths through the circle.[37] In June 1949, it was announced that the reconstruction of Columbus Circle would finally begin.[33] Work on removing the abandoned trolley tracks commenced in August.[38] In conjunction with Columbus Circle's rehabilitation, the New York City Department of Transportation designed a variable traffic light system for the circle. The project was originally set to be complete by November 1949 at a cost of $100,000.[38] However, delays arose due to the need to maintain traffic flows through the circle during construction.[37] The project was ultimately completed that December.[39]

The entirety of Eighth Avenue south of Columbus Circle was converted to northbound-only traffic in 1950.[40] In 1956, in preparation for the opening of the New York Coliseum on Columbus Circle's west side, traffic on Central Park West and Broadway was rearranged. Central Park West was made northbound-only for a short segment north of the circle, and two blocks of Broadway south of the circle were converted to southbound-only. A new northbound roadway was cut through the southern tip of the center traffic island that contained the statue, from Eighth Avenue to the eastern chord. At the same time, the eastern chord was converted to northbound-only.[41]

1990s and 2000s renovation

By the late 20th century, it was regarded as one of the most inhospitable of the city's major intersections, as the interior circle was being used for motorcycle parking, and the circle as a whole was hard for pedestrians to cross. In 1979, noted architecture critic Paul Goldberger said that the intersection was "a chaotic jumble of streets that can be crossed in about 50 different ways—all of them wrong."[28]

In 1987, the city awarded a $20 million contract to

Olin Partnership and Vollmer Associates to create a new design for the circle.[28] The circle was refurbished in 1991–1992 as part of the 500th-anniversary celebration of Columbus's arrival in the Americas.[42][13]

In 1998, as a result of the study, the circular-traffic plan was reinstated, with all traffic going around the circle in a counterclockwise direction. The center of the circle was planned for further renovations, with a proposed park 200 feet (61 m) across.[43]

The design for a full renovation of the circle was finalized in 2001.

ipe wood; and plantings encircling the monument.[28][42] The fountain, the main part of the reconstructed circle, contains 99 jets that periodically change in force and speed, with effects ranging between "swollen river, a rushing brook, a driving rain or a gentle shower".[28] The inner circle is about 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2), while the outer circle is around 148,000 square feet (13,700 m2). The redesign was the recipient of the 2006 American Society of Landscape Architects' General Design Award Of Honor.[44] In 2007 Columbus Circle was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal.[5]

Monument

Main article: Columbus Monument (New York City)
Columbus Monument on Columbus Circle in September 2006

The Columbus Monument, a 76-foot (23 m) column installed at the center of Columbus Circle, consists of a 14-foot (4.3 m) marble statue of Columbus atop a 27.5-foot (8.4 m) granite rostral column[45] on a four-stepped granite pedestal.[46] Created by Italian sculptor Gaetano Russo,[47] the monument was installed at the center of the circle in 1892.[6][7][8] It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[48]

Neighborhood

The five streets radiating from the circle separate the immediate surrounding area into five distinct portions.[49][50]

In the early 20th century, much of the development around Columbus Circle was spurred by magazine publisher

Hearst Magazine Building at Eighth Avenue and 57th Street in 1928.[51]: 3 [52][b] Hearst had envisioned the creation of a large Midtown headquarters for his company near Columbus Circle, in the belief that the area would become the city's next large entertainment district.[52] By the late 1920s, Hearst was acquiring large amounts of land in the area in an effort to create a "Hearst Plaza" near Columbus Circle.[51]: 4 [56] The Hearst Magazine Building, later expanded into the Hearst Tower, is the only remnant of this scheme, the other parts of the proposal having collapsed in the Great Depression.[51]: 5 [56]
: 484–485 

West

Columbus Circle looking east toward Central Park South from Deutsche Bank Center

To the west of the circle is a superblock spanning two streets, bounded by Broadway, 60th Street, Ninth Avenue, 58th Street, and Eighth Avenue.

Majestic Theatre occupied the more southerly of the two blocks.[59]

Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was built in Hell's Kitchen in the 1980s, the Coliseum was the primary event venue for New York City.[57] By 1985, there were plans to replace the Coliseum,[62] and after a series of delays, the Coliseum was demolished in 2000.[63]

Since 2003,[64][65] the site has been occupied by Deutsche Bank Center (originally Time Warner Center).[66] The center consists of a pair of 750-foot (230 m) towers 53 stories high.[67][68] The complex also hosts the Shops at Columbus Circle mall, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, and the Mandarin Oriental, New York hotel.[69][67] The mall inside the complex includes prestigious restaurants in the center such as Bad Roman,[70] Per Se, and Masa.[71][72]

North

The north side of Columbus Circle is bounded by Broadway, Central Park West, and 61st Street.[49] In 1911, Hearst bought this city block.[54] The plot was developed with a three-story building by 1914, designed by Charles E. Birge.[73][74] Its superstructure was designed to support the weight of a 30-story tower that was never built.[51]: 3 

The 44-story Gulf and Western Building (later the Trump International Hotel and Tower) was completed on the site in 1969[75] or 1970.[76] It served in this capacity until the conglomerate filed for bankruptcy in 1991.[76] In 1994, Donald Trump announced his plans to convert the building into a mixed-purpose hotel and condominium tower.[77] Renovations started in 1995,[78] and were completed by 1997.[13][79] The building was stripped to its steel skeleton and reclad in a new facade, becoming the Trump International Hotel and Tower.[67][80] The steel globe outside the building was installed in this renovation.[81]

Northeast

On the northeast lies the Merchant's Gate to

USS Maine, whose mysterious 1898 explosion in Havana harbor precipitated the Spanish–American War.[82]

South

Actors' Equity was founded in 1913 in the old Pabst Grand Circle Hotel,[84] on the southern side of the circle.[85]

The original structure at 2 Columbus Circle was torn down in 1960. It was replaced by

Edward Durrell Stone to house the Huntington Hartford Gallery of Modern Art.[85] Vacated when the city's Department of Cultural Affairs departed in 1998,[85] 2 Columbus Circle was listed as one of the World Monuments Fund's "100 most endangered sites" in 2006.[86] After a renovation by architect Brad Cloepfil, the building became the new home of the Museum of Arts and Design in 2008.[64][87][88] Its radical transformation was controversial for the failure of the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission to hold hearings on its worthiness for designation.[89][90][91]

Southeast

Several buildings are on the block bordering the circle's southeast section.[92] 240 Central Park South, a balconied moderne apartment building across Broadway from the museum, is directly on the southeast corner of the circle.[93] Built between 1939 and 1940 to designs by Albert Mayer and Julian Whittlesey,[93][92] it is a city-designated landmark and a National Registered Historic Place.[94] 240 Central Park South has 28 stories across two apartment blocks, and is variously quoted as having either 325,[95] 326,[96][93] or 327 apartments.[97] The building contains several roof gardens, and from the outset, was marketed toward people who wanted suburban lifestyles.[95][98]

On Central Park South, just east of 240 Central Park South, is the

bas-relief by Isidore Konti, and tile murals by Henry Chapman Mercer. It is a New York City designated landmark.[99][101]

To the east of 240 Central Park South and the Gainsborough Studios is

Robert A.M. Stern Architects and SLCE Architects, and completed in 2019.[102][103][104] The building contains some of the most expensive residences ever sold in New York City.[105]

On 58th Street, east of 220 Central Park South, are two New York City designated landmarks: the Helen Miller Gould Stable and the firehouse of Engine Company 23.

Allan Murray's shoe shop in the 1950s, and has served as the Unity Center of Practical Christianity since 1982.[106]: 4 [107] It has a limestone base with a large entrance arch; a limestone-and-brick facade on the second and third stories; a bracketed cornice over the third story; and a hip roof on the fourth story, with a dormer window.[106]: 3–4  The stable was one of several on that block of West 58th Street in the early 20th century, and is the only remaining former stable on the block.[108]
: 1 

The adjoining firehouse of Engine Company 23, at 215 West 58th Street, was designed by Alexander H. Stevens (the New York City Fire Department's superintendent of buildings[108]: 3 ) in the Beaux-Arts style.[92][108]: 1  It was constructed between 1905 and 1906 to replace a former firehouse at 233 West 58th Street, now taken up by the 240 Central Park South apartment building.[108]: 2  The design contains an arched fire truck entrance at ground level; a limestone-and-brick facade on the second and third stories, with two small windows flanking a large window on each story; a bracket above the second story; and a parapet atop the third story.[108]: 4–5  The building remains an active firehouse of the FDNY.[109][110]

3, 4, 5, and 6 Columbus Circle

U.S. Rubber Headquarters at 1790 Broadway in 2010

3, 4, 5, and 6 Columbus Circle are the numbers given to four buildings on the south side of 58th Street. From east to west, the buildings are numbered 5, 3, 4, and 6 Columbus Circle.[50]

flagship store for Nordstrom, which extends into the Central Park Tower and 1776 Broadway.[115][116]

Between Eighth Avenue and Broadway on the south side of 58th Street is 3 Columbus Circle (also 1775 Broadway), a 310-foot (94 m), 26-story tower.

Moinian Group purchased the building in 2000,[119][127] the building assumed its current name;[119][126] a subsequent renovation refurbished the exterior and removed all remnants of the Colonnade Building.[119] A neon sign for CNN was located on the roof of the building from the mid-2000s to 2015.[124] A Nordstrom annex is at the base of 3 Columbus Circle.[111]

4 Columbus Circle, an eight-story low-rise located at 989 Eighth Avenue at the southwest corner of the intersection with 58th Street, was built in the late 1980s. Swanke Hayden Connell Architects designed the building, which houses the furniture company Steelcase on the upper floors and a Duane Reade and a Starbucks on the ground floor.[128] Cerberus Capital Management bought the building in 2006 for $82.9 million. In 2011, it was sold to German real estate firm GLL Real Estate Partners for $96.5 million.[129]

Directly to the west is 6 Columbus Circle, an 88-room, 12-floor boutique hotel called 6 Columbus.[130] Acquired by the Pomeranc Group in 2007,[131] the hotel was put on sale in December 2015.[132] A 700-foot-tall (210 m) tower is planned for the site.[133]

Transportation

The

buses all serve the circle, with the M5, M7, M20 and M104 providing through service and the southbound M10 terminating near the circle.[134] Under the circle is the New York City Subway's 59th Street–Columbus Circle station, served by the 1, ​2​, A, ​B, ​C, and ​D trains.[135]

Cultural significance

Colin Campbell Cooper's 1909 impressionist portrait, Columbus Circle, part of the Allentown Art Museum collection in Allentown, Pennsylvania

Geographic center

Columbus Circle is the traditional municipal zero-mile point from which all official city distances are measured,[67] although Google Maps uses New York City Hall for this purpose.[136] For decades, Hagstrom sold maps that showed the areas within 25 miles (40 km)[137] or 75 miles (121 km) from Columbus Circle.[138]

The travel area for recipients of a C-2 visa, which is issued for the purpose of immediate and continuous transit to or from the headquarters of the United Nations, is limited to a 25-mile radius of Columbus Circle.[139] The same circle coincidentally defines the city's "film zone" that local unions operate in, a counterpart to Los Angeles' studio zone.[140][141][142][143] The New York City government employee handbook considers a trip beyond a 75-mile radius from Columbus Circle as long-distance travel.[144][145]

As a center for soapbox orators

The circle became known as a center for soapbox orators in the early-mid 20th century,[146] comparable to Speakers Corner in London.[147] It became a home particularly for non-leftists in contrast to Union Square, and for a time in the late 1930s it became a home to a number of far right speakers.[148] The area sometimes had a poor reputation for cranks and street preachers, the "lunatic fringe whose tub-thumping make a nightmare of Columbus Circle" condemned by a New York Court of Appeals ruling in a case related to elsewhere in the city,[149] that prompted mid-20th century configurations,[35] but was also sometimes showcased by the national government as a rambunctious symbol of American freedom of speech.[150][151]

In popular culture

Columbus Circle was also featured in the 1954 romantic comedy film It Should Happen to You. In the film, Judy Holliday's character, Gladys Glover, began her quest for fame by renting a large billboard overlooking Columbus Circle, on which she had her name emblazoned.[152]

Columbus Circle, and in particular the USS Maine Memorial, was featured in the 1976 movie Taxi Driver, where Robert De Niro's character was thwarted in an attempt to assassinate a presidential nominee.[153]

Columbus Circle was featured in the 1984 movie Ghostbusters as the place where the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man manifests and then walks up Central Park West.[154]

The shooting of Joseph Colombo in Columbus Circle by Jerome A. Johnson in 1971 was featured in the 2019 film The Irishman.[155][156]

Starting in seasons 6 of the TV show

Rusty Venture inherits his brother's business.[157]

Gallery

Columbus Circle, c. 1907


References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ These directions are relative to Manhattan's street grid, which is rotated 29 degrees clockwise from geographic north. So for instance, Broadway really points north and south, while Eighth Avenue/Central Park West points south-southwest and north-northeast respectively.
  2. ^ Hearst's first purchase was the southern side of the circle, now 2 Columbus Circle, in 1895.[51] He bought the block to the south, now 3 Columbus Circle, in 1903.[53] Eight years after that, Hearst bought a plot on the northern side of Columbus Circle.[54] In 1921, Hearst completed his acquisition of lots on the northern side of 58th Street west of Eighth Avenue.[55] None of these structures were ultimately built, except for that on the northern plot.[51]: 3 

Citations

  1. ^ "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  2. ^ "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-300-13669-2
    . Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Minutes of Proceedings of the Board of Commissioners of the Central Park for the Year Ending April 30 ... Wm. C. Bryant & Company, printers. 1869. p. 28. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c "Silver Medal Winner – Columbus Circle – New York, New York" (PDF). Bruner Foundation. 2008. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  6. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Columbus is Unveiled by a Little Girl" (PDF). New York Herald. October 13, 1892. p. 6. Retrieved October 13, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  8. ^ a b c Jackson 2010, p. 287.
  9. ^ The Metropolis Explained and Illustrated in Familiar Form ... Devlin & Company. 1871. p. 12. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  10. ISBN 978-0-8147-2712-6
    .
  11. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  12. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c Jackson 2010, p. 288.
  14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  15. ^ "By Handcar Through the Subway—End of the Great Engineering Feat Now in Sight" (PDF). The Globe and Commercial Advertiser. February 1, 1904. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  16. ^ Walker, James Blaine (1918). Fifty Years of Rapid Transit — 1864 to 1917. New York, N.Y.: Law Printing. pp. 162–191. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  17. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  18. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  19. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  20. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  21. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  22. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  23. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  24. ^ Henebery, Ann. "The Rules of the Road: Then Versus Now" Archived October 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Eno Center for Transportation, October 6, 2015. Accessed October 9, 2017. "William P. Eno is internationally recognized as an original pioneer of traffic regulation and safety.... He was dubbed the 'Father of Traffic Safety' and many of the traffic-flow innovations that we now take for granted were a result of Eno's hard work. He is credited with designing Columbus Circle in New York City and the traffic circle surrounding the Arc de Triomphe in Paris."
  25. ^
    ISBN 978-1-63286-361-4
    .
  26. ^ Eno, William P. (1920). The Science of Highway Traffic Regulation: 1899–1920. Brentano's. pp. 26–27.
  27. ^ Municipal Engineering. Municipal Engineering Company. 1917. p. 111.
  28. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  29. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  30. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  31. ^ "Whalen Sets Traffic Plans" (PDF). Yonkers Statesman. November 26, 1929. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  32. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  33. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  34. ^ "Board to Act on Traffic Jam" (PDF). New York Sun. May 9, 1941. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  35. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  36. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  37. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  38. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  39. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  40. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  41. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  42. ^ a b Lombino, David (June 28, 2005). "Two Years and $20M Later, Traffic-Plagued Columbus Circle Near Completion". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  43. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  44. ^ a b "ASLA 2006 Professional Awards". American Society of Landscape Architects. 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  45. ^ "Italy's Gift Is Here" (PDF). The Press. New York, New York. September 5, 1892. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  46. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  47. ^ "New York – Columbus Monument". www.vanderkrogt.net. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  48. U.S. National Park Service. November 23, 2018. Archived
    from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  49. ^ a b c "MTA Neighborhood Maps: neighborhood". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  50. ^ a b Google (October 13, 2017). "Columbus Cir, New York, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  51. ^ a b c d e f "Hearst Magazine Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 16, 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  52. ^
    OCLC 13860977
    .
  53. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  54. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  55. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  56. ^
    ISBN 9780684171470. Archived
    from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  57. ^ a b c Jackson 2010, p. 914.
  58. ISBN 9780806127453
    .
  59. ^ "International Theatre in New York, NY". Cinema Treasures. January 28, 1949. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  60. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on August 18, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
  61. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  62. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  63. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  64. ^ a b White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 310.
  65. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  66. ^ "Time Warner Center renamed Deutsche Bank Center". Real Estate Weekly. May 25, 2021. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  67. ^ a b c d Jacobs, Karrie (April 21, 2009). "The New Time Warner Center". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  68. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  69. ^ Jackson 2010, p. 1319.
  70. ^ Fabricant, Florence (February 14, 2023). "Bad Roman, Offering Modern Italian, Opens in Columbus Circle". The New York Times.
  71. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  72. ^ "Dining". The Shops at Columbus Circle. 2017. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  73. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  74. ^ "Renewed Activity at Columbus Circle". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 94, no. 2423. August 22, 1914. pp. 202–204. Archived from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  75. ^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 353.
  76. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  77. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  78. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  79. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  80. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  81. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  82. ^ a b USS Maine National Monument Archived September 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed October 9, 2017.
  83. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  84. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  85. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  86. ^ "100 Most Endangered Sites 2006" (PDF). World Monuments Fund. Summer 2005. p. 47. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  87. ^ Jackson 2010, pp. 288, 868.
  88. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  89. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  90. ^ Wolfe, Tom (July 4, 2005). "The 2 Columbus Circle Game". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  91. ^ Hales, Linda (June 13, 2004). "Columbus Circle site sets off a controversy". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017 – via Chicago Tribune.
  92. ^ a b c d e f g White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 308.
  93. ^ a b c "Historic Structures Report: 240 Central Park South" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. April 3, 2009. pp. 3, 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  94. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1
    .
  95. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  96. ^ "240 Central Park South" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 25, 2002. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  97. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  98. ProQuest 1243011139. Archived
    from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  99. ^ a b "Gainsborough Studios" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 16, 1988. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  100. ^ Zimmer, Lori. "Gainsborough Studios". art-nerd.com. Art Nerd New York. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  101. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  102. ^ "220 Central Park South – The Skyscraper Center". skyscrapercenter.com. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  103. ^ "220 Central Park South". Emporis. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  104. ^ "The Villas at 220 Central Park South". Emporis. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  105. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived
    from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  106. ^ a b c d "(Former) Helen Miller Gould Stable" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 29, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  107. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  108. ^ a b c d e "Engine Company Number 23" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 29, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  109. ^ "FDNY Firehouse Listing – Location of Firehouses and companies". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Fire Department. September 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  110. ^ "Engine Company 23". FDNYtrucks.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  111. ^ a b Neamt, Ioana (February 18, 2016). "Nordstrom's Future New York Store is an Eyecatcher". Commercial Property Executive. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  112. ^ "U.S. Rubber Company Building, New York City". Emporis. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  113. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  114. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  115. ^ Wilson, Reid (February 12, 2016). "Official Renderings Revealed Of Nordstrom Tower's Retail Base Under Construction At 217 West 57th Street". New York YIMBY. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  116. ^ Warerkar, Tanay (February 12, 2016). "Central Park Tower's Nordstrom Flagship Gets Its First Render". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  117. ^ "3 Columbus Circle, New York City". Emporis. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  118. ^ "3 Columbus Circle". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  119. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  120. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  121. ^ a b White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 307.
  122. ^ "Noyes & Co. Close $24,000,000 Deal" (PDF). Brooklyn Standard Union. February 9, 1926. p. 16 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  123. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  124. ^ a b Clarke, Katherine (July 30, 2015). "Neon CNN sign removed from Columbus Circle perch after 10 years". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  125. ^ Piskora, Beth (August 26, 1999). "Newsweek Building Sold for $140 Million". New York Post. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  126. ^ a b Cuozzo, Steve (December 27, 2007). "Broadway Bonanza". New York Post. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  127. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  128. ^ "4 Columbus Circle". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  129. ^ Fung, Amanda (August 3, 2011). "Germans pay $96.5M for 4 Columbus Circle". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  130. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  131. ^ Hylton, Ondel (January 12, 2016). "See How 6 Columbus Circle Could Change the Central Park Skyline". 6sqft. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  132. ^ "6 Columbus Circle Hotel Site Hits the Market, Expected to Fetch $88.9M". Commercial Observer. December 1, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  133. ^ Baird-Remba, Rebecca (January 8, 2016). "Vision: A 700-Foot-Tall Tower for 6 Columbus Circle?". New York YIMBY. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  134. ^ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  135. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  136. ^ Garlock, Stephanie (June 27, 2014). "The Sign Says You've Got 72 Miles to Go Before the End of Your Road Trip. It's Lying". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  137. ISBN 0-88097-122-3, archived from the original on October 13, 2017, retrieved October 13, 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  138. ISBN 978-1-59245-983-4
    .
  139. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  140. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  141. ^ "25 Mile Studio Zone Map" (PDF). State of New Jersey Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  142. ^ "Theatrical Agreement" (PDF). SAG-AFTRA. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  143. ^ "Economic & Fiscal Impact of the Nassau County Film Industry". www.nassaucountyny.gov. March 2015. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  144. ^ "FAQs: Directive #6 – Travel, Meals, Lodging, and Miscellaneous Agency Expenses" (PDF). The New York City Office of The Comptroller. August 21, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  145. ^ "City Vehicle Driver Handbook" (PDF). The City of New York. May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  146. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  147. ^ Stevenson, L.L. (April 20, 1939). "Lights of New York". San Jose Evening News. p. 8. Retrieved June 12, 2020 – via Google News Archive Search.
  148. JSTOR 4610260. Archived
    from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  149. ^ Appeals, New York (State) Court of (1948). New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  150. ^ Palmer, Alfred T. (1941). "The four freedoms. Freedom of speech is still the way of the land. Here is Columbus Circle, famous New York promenade' a "soap box" orator is giving forth his theories. A few steps away may be another unsung genius who, likely as not, will proceed to tear down everything his predecessor has said". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  151. ^ United States. War Department; United States. Department of the Army (1952). Armed Forces Talk. War Department. p. 12. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  152. ^ "Judy Holliday in It Should Happen to You". MoMA. July 14, 2016. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  153. Huffington Post. Archived
    from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2018. Charlie goes to the Palantine rally at Columbus Circle in what proves to be a failed attempt to assassinate the candidate:
  154. ^ "otsony". otsony.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  155. ^ "Martin Scorsese's The Irishman Glosses Over a Key Point". Den of Geek.[permanent dead link]
  156. ^ Bruney, Gabrielle (December 1, 2019). "Here's the True Story of 'Crazy Joe' Gallo From 'The Irishman'". Esquire. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  157. ^ "The Venture Bros. blew up its universe, moved to NYC—and stayed as fun as ever". arstechnica.com. January 30, 2016.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columbus Circle.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbus_Circle&oldid=1209260293"