Comic book

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Comic Book
)
This article is about periodicals containing comics. For the comics art medium, see Comics.

Comic books on display at a museum, depicting how they would have been displayed at a rail station store in the first half of the 20th century.
A common comic-book cover format displays the issue number, date, price and publisher along with an illustration and cover copy which may include a story's title.
Comic books
Comics
Speech balloon
Comics studies
Methods
Media formats
Comics by country and culture
Community
icon Comics portal

A comic book, also called comicbook,

word balloons
emblematic of the comics art form.

Comic Cuts was a British comic published from 1890 to 1953. It was preceded by Ally Sloper's Half Holiday (1884) which is notable for its use of sequential cartoons to unfold narrative. These British comics existed alongside the popular lurid "penny dreadfuls" (such as Spring-heeled Jack), boys' "story papers" and the humorous Punch magazine which was the first to use the term "cartoon" in its modern sense of a humorous drawing.

The first modern

Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics, was released in the U.S. in 1933 and was a reprinting of earlier newspaper humor comic strips, which had established many of the story-telling devices used in comics.[3] The term comic book derives from American comic books
once being a compilation of comic strips of a humorous tone; however, this practice was replaced by featuring stories of all genres, usually not humorous in tone.

The largest comic book market is Japan. By 1995, the

Franco-Belgian comics and Japanese manga each represent 40% of the market, followed by American comics at 10% market share.[11]

Structure

Main article: Comics § Terminology

Comic books heavily rely on their organization and visual presentation. Authors dedicate significant attention to aspects like page layout, size, orientation, and the positioning of panels. These characteristics are crucial for effectively conveying the content and messages within the comic book. Key components of comic books encompass panels, speech bubbles (also known as balloons), text lines, and characters. Speech balloons generally take the form of convex containers that hold character dialogue and are connected to the character via a tail element. The tail comprises an origin, path, tip, and directional point. The creation of comic books involves several essential steps: writing, drawing, and coloring. Various technological tools and methods are employed to craft comic books, incorporating concepts such as directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these formatting guidelines, the process unfolds with writing, drawing, and coloring.

periodicals and trade paperbacks while "graphic novel" is the term used for standalone books.[13][14]

American comic books

Main article: American comic book

Comics as a print medium have existed in the United States since the printing of

Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics as the first true newsstand American comic book; Goulart, for example, calls it "the cornerstone for one of the most lucrative branches of magazine publishing".[16] In 1905 G.W. Dillingham Company published 24 select strips by the cartoonist Gustave Verbeek in an anthology book called 'The Incredible Upside-Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo'.[17] The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster's Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry[18] and ushered in the Golden Age of Comic Books. The Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. According to historian Michael A. Amundson, appealing comic-book characters helped ease young readers' fear of nuclear war and neutralize anxiety about the questions posed by atomic power.[19]

Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras. The Golden Age of Comic Books began in 1938, with the debut of Superman in Action Comics #1, published by Detective Comics (predecessor of DC Comics), which is generally considered the beginning of the modern comic book as it is known today.[20] The Silver Age of Comic Books is generally considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form, with the debut of the Flash in Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956).[21][22] The Silver Age lasted through the late 1960s or early 1970s, during which time Marvel Comics revolutionized the medium with such naturalistic superheroes as Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four and Lee and Steve Ditko's Spider-Man. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the following era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined, with the Bronze Age running from the very early 1970s through the mid-1980s.[23] The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day.[24]

A significant event in the timeline of American comic books occurred when psychiatrist

Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, which launched an investigation into comic books. Wertham argued that comic books were accountable for a surge in juvenile delinquency and posed a potential impact on a child's sexuality and moral values.[25] In response to attention from the government and from the media, the US comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America.[26] The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year, which required all comic books to go through a process of approval. It was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA.[27]
The Code was made formally defunct in November 2011.

Underground comic books

Main article: Underground comix

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what became known as

Tijuana bibles". Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, as well as by mail order. The underground comics encouraged creators to publish their work independently so that they would have full ownership rights to their characters.[28]

R. Crumb and the crew of cartoonists who worked on Zap Comix
popularized the form.

Alternative comics

Main article: Alternative comics

The rise of comic book

Robert Pulcini adapted into a 2003 film. Some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. While their content generally remained less explicit, others resembled the output of mainstream publishers in format and genre but were published by smaller artist-owned companies or by single artists. A few (notably RAW) represented experimental attempts to bring comics closer to the status of fine art
.

During the 1970s the "

magical realism
.

A number of small publishers in the 1990s, changed the format and distribution of their comics to more closely resemble non-comics publishing. The "minicomics" form, an extremely informal version of self-publishing, arose in the 1980s and became increasingly popular among artists in the 1990s,[31] despite reaching an even more limited audience than the small press.

Small publishers regularly releasing titles include Avatar Press, Hyperwerks, Raytoons, and Terminal Press, buoyed by such advances in printing technology as digital print-on-demand.

Graphic novels

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published this instructional graphic novel in 2018 to keep youth from spreading infectious diseases
Main article: Graphic novel

In 1964, Richard Kyle coined the term "graphic novel".[32]

Precursors of the form existed by the 1920s, which saw a revival of the

medieval woodcut tradition by Belgian Frans Masereel,[33] American Lynd Ward
and others, including Stan Lee.

In 1947, Fawcett Publications published "Comics Novel No. 1", as the first in an intended series of these "comics novels". The story in the first issue was "Anarcho, Dictator of Death", a five chapter spy genre tale written by Otto Binder and drawn by Al Carreno. It is readable online in the Digital Comic Museum.[34] The magazine never reached a second issue.

In 1950,

digest-sized, adult-oriented "picture novel" It Rhymes with Lust, a 128-page digest by pseudonymous writer "Drake Waller" (Arnold Drake and Leslie Waller), penciler Matt Baker and inker Ray Osrin, touted as "an original full-length novel" on its cover. "It Rhymes with Lust" is also available to read online in the Digital Comic Museum.[35]

In 1971, writer-artist Gil Kane and collaborators applied a paperback format to their "comics novel" Blackmark. Will Eisner popularized the term "graphic novel" when he used it on the cover of the paperback edition of his work A Contract with God, and Other Tenement Stories in 1978 and, subsequently, the usage of the term began to increase.

Digital comics

See also: Digital comic

Market size

In 2017, the comic book market size for North America was just over $1 billion with digital sales being flat, book stores having a 1 percent decline, and comic book stores having a 10 percent decline over 2016.[36] The global comic book market saw a substantial 12% growth in 2020, reaching a total worth of US$8.49 billion. This positive trajectory continued in 2021, with the market's annual valuation surging to US$9.21 billion. The rising popularity of comic books can be attributed to heightened global interest, driven significantly by collaborative efforts among diverse brands. These collaborations are geared towards producing more engaging and appealing comic content, contributing to the industry's continued growth.[37]

Comic book collecting

Main article: Comic book collecting

The 1970s saw the advent of specialty

comic book stores. Initially, comic books were marketed by publishers to children because comic books were perceived as children's entertainment. However, with increasing recognition of comics as an art form and the growing pop culture presence of comic book conventions, they are now embraced by many adults.[26]

Comic book collectors often exhibit a lifelong passion for the stories within comics, often focusing on specific superheroes and striving to gather a complete collection of a particular series. Comics are assigned sequential numbers, and the initial issue of a long-lasting comic book series tends to be both the scarcest and the most coveted among collectors. The introduction of a new character might occur within an existing title. For instance, the first appearance of Spider-Man took place in Amazing Fantasy #15. New characters were frequently introduced in this manner, waiting for an established audience before launching their own titles. Consequently, comics featuring the debut appearance of a significant character can sometimes be even more challenging to locate than the inaugural issue of that character's standalone series.

Some rare comic books include copies of the unreleased Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1 from 1939. Eight copies, plus one without a cover, emerged in the estate of the deceased publisher in 1974. The "Pay Copy" of this book sold for $43,125 in a 2005 Heritage auction.[38]

The most valuable American comics have combined rarity and quality with the first appearances of popular and enduring characters. Four comic books have sold for over US$1 million as of December 2010, including two examples of Action Comics #1, the first appearance of Superman,[39][40] both sold privately through online dealer ComicConnect.com in 2010, and Detective Comics #27, the first appearance of Batman, via public auction.

Updating the above price obtained for Action Comics #1, the first appearance of Superman, the highest sale on record for this book is $3.2 million, for a 9.0 copy.[41]

Misprints, promotional comic-dealer incentive printings, and issues with exceptionally low distribution tend to possess scarcity value in the comic book market. The rarest modern comic books include the

CGC graded. (See Recalled comics
for more pulped, recalled, and erroneous comics.)

In 2000, a company named

Comics Guaranty (CGC) initiated the practice of "slabbing" comics, which involves encasing them within thick plastic cases and assigning them a numerical grade. This approach inspired the emergence of Comic Book Certification Service. Given the significance of condition in determining the value of rare comics, the concept of grading
by an impartial company, one that does not engage in buying or selling comics, seemed promising. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether the relatively high cost of this grading service is justified and whether it serves the interests of collectors or mainly caters to speculators seeking rapid profits, akin to trading in stocks or fine art. Comic grading has played a role in establishing standards for valuation, which online price guides such as GoCollect and GPAnalysis utilize to provide real-time market value information.

Collectors also seek out the original artwork pages from comic books, which are perhaps the most rarefied items in the realm of comic book collecting. These pages hold unparalleled scarcity due to the fact that there exists only one unique page of artwork for every page that was printed and published.

The creation of these original artwork pages involves a collaborative effort: a writer crafts the story, a pencil artist designs the sequential panels on the page, an ink artist goes over the pencil with pen and ink, a letterer provides the dialogue and narration through hand-lettering, and finally, a colorist adds color as the final touch before the pages are sent to the printer.

When the printer returns the original artwork pages, they are typically returned to the artists themselves. These artists sometimes opt to sell these pages at comic book conventions, in galleries, and at art shows centered around comic book art. The original pages from DC and Marvel, featuring the debut appearances of iconic characters such as Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, the Flash, Captain Marvel, Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, Captain America and the Mighty Thor are regarded as priceless treasures within the comic book world.

History of race in U.S. comic books

Many early iterations of black characters in comics "became variations on the 'single stereotypical image of Sambo'."[43] Sambo was closely related to the coon stereotype but had some subtle differences. They are both a derogatory way of portraying black characters. "The name itself, an abbreviation of raccoon, is dehumanizing. As with Sambo, the coon was portrayed as a lazy, easily frightened, chronically idle, inarticulate, buffoon."[44] This portrayal "was of course another attempt to solidify the intellectual inferiority of the black race through popular culture."[43] However, in the 1940s there was a change in portrayal of black characters. "A cursory glance...might give the impression that situations had improved for African Americans in comics."[43] In many comics being produced in this time there was a major push for tolerance between races. "These equality minded heroes began to spring to action just as African Americans were being asked to participate in the war effort."[43]

During this time, a government ran program, the Writers' War Board, became heavily involved in what would be published in comics. "The Writers' War Board used comic books to shape popular perceptions of race and ethnicity..."[45] Not only were they using comic books as a means of recruiting all Americans, they were also using it as propaganda to "[construct] a justification for race-based hatred of America's foreign enemies."[45] The Writers' War Board created comics books that were meant to "[promote] domestic racial harmony".[45] However, "these pro-tolerance narratives struggled to overcome the popular and widely understood negative tropes used for decades in American mass culture...".[45] However, they were not accomplishing this agenda within all of their comics.

In the comic series Captain Marvel Adventures, there was a character named Steamboat who embodied a collection of highly negative stereotypes prevalent during that period. The Writers' War Board did not request any alterations to this character despite the problematic portrayal. The removal of Steamboat from the series only came about due to the persistent advocacy of a black youth group based in New York City."[45] Originally their request was refused by individuals working on the comic stating, "Captain Marvel Adventures included many kinds of caricatures 'for the sake of humor'."[45] The black youth group responded with "this is not the Negro race, but your one-and-a-half millions readers will think it so."[45] Afterwards, Steamboat disappeared from the comics all together. There was a comic created about the 99th Squadron, also known as the Tuskegee Airmen, an all-black air force unit. Instead of making the comic about their story, the comic was about Hop Harrigan. A white pilot who captures a Nazi, shows him videos of the 99th Squadron defeating his men and then reveals to the Nazi that his men were defeated by African Americans which infuriated him as he sees them as a less superior race and cannot believe they bested his men."The Tuskegee Airmen, and images of black aviators appear in just three of the fifty three panels... the pilots of the 99th Squadron have no dialogue and interact with neither Hop Harrigan nor his Nazi captive."[45] During this time, they also used black characters in comic books as a means to invalidate the militant black groups that were fighting for equality within the U.S. "Spider-Man 'made it clear that militant black power was not the remedy for racial injustice'."[43] "The Falcon openly criticized black behavior stating' maybe it's important fo [sic] us to cool things down-so we can protect the rights we been fightin' for'."[43] This portrayal and character development of black characters can be partially blamed on the fact that, during this time, "there had rarely been a black artist or writer allowed in a major comics company."[43]

Asian characters within comic books encountered similar prejudiced treatment as black characters did. They were subjected to dehumanizing depictions, with narratives often portraying them as "incompetent and subhuman."[45] In a 1944 edition of the publication United States Marines, there was a story titled The Smell of the Monkeymen. This narrative portrayed Japanese soldiers as brutish simians, and it depicted their concealed positions being betrayed by their repugnant body odor.[45] Chinese characters received the same treatment. "By the time the United States entered WWII, negative perceptions of Chinese were an established part of mass culture...."[45] However, concerned that the Japanese could use America's anti-Chinese material as propaganda they began "to present a more positive image of America's Chinese allies..."[45] Just as they tried to show better representation for Black people in comics they did the same for Asian people. However, "Japanese and Filipino characters were visually indistinguishable. Both groups have grotesque buckteeth, tattered clothing, and bright yellow skin."[45] "Publishers depicted America's Asian allies through derogatory images and language honed over the preceding decades."[45] Asian characters were previously portrayed as, "ghastly yellow demons".[43] During WWII, "[every] major superhero worth his spandex devoted himself to the eradication of Asian invaders."[43] There was "a constant relay race in which one Asian culture merely handed off the baton of hatred to another with no perceptible changes in the manner in which the characters would be portrayed."[43]

"The only specific depiction of a Hispanic superhero[dubious – discuss] did not end well. In 1975, Marvel gave us Hector Ayala (a.k.a The White Tiger)."[43] "Although he fought for several years alongside the likes of much more popular heroes such as Spider-Man and Daredevil, he only lasted six years before sales of comics featuring him got so bad that Marvel had him retire.[43] The most famous Hispanic character is Bane, a villain from Batman."[43]

The Native American representation in comic books "can be summed up in the noble savage stereotype"[43] " a recurring theme...urged American indians to abandon their traditional hostility towards the United States. They were the ones painted as intolerant and disrespectful of the dominant concerns of white America".[43]

East Asian comics

Japanese manga

Main article: Manga

cartooning
in general . Outside Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in the country.

Dōjinshi

Main article:
Dōjinshi

Dōjinshi (同人誌, fan magazine),

fan-made Japanese comics, operate in a far larger market in Japan than the American "underground comics" market; the largest dōjinshi fair, Comiket, attracts 500,000 visitors twice a year.[46]

Korean manhwa

Main article: Manhwa

Manhwa (만화) are comic books or graphic novels originating from South Korea. The term manhwa is used in South Korea to refer to both comics and cartooning in general. Outside South Korea, the term usually refers to comics originally published in the country. Manhwa is greatly influenced by Japanese Manga comics though it differs from manga and manhua with its own distinct features.

Webtoons

Main article:
Webtoons

Webtoons have become popular in South Korea as a new way to read comics. Thanks in part to different censorship rules, color and unique visual effects, and optimization for easier reading on smartphones and computers. More

Lezhin, Naver, and Kakao
.

Chinese manhua

Main article: Manhua

Vietnamese truyện tranh

Main article:
Truyện tranh

European comics

Main article: European comics

Franco-Belgian comics

Main article: Bande dessinée
Astérix
comic book series.

France and Belgium have a long tradition in comics and comic books, often called

Francophone "Franco-Belgian" comics but have their own distinct style.[citation needed
]

British comics

Main article: British comics
Cover to 27 December 1884 edition of Ally Sloper's Half Holiday. Ally Sloper is regarded as the first recurring character in comics.[48]

Although Ally Sloper's Half Holiday (1884) was aimed at an adult market, publishers quickly targeted a younger demographic, which has led to most publications being for children and has created an association in the public's mind of comics as somewhat juvenile. The Guardian refers to Ally Sloper as "one of the world's first iconic cartoon characters", and "as famous in Victorian Britain as Dennis the Menace would be a century later."[49] British comics in the early 20th century typically evolved from illustrated penny dreadfuls of the Victorian era (featuring Sweeney Todd, Dick Turpin and Varney the Vampire).[50] First published in the 1830s, penny dreadfuls were "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young."[51]

Statue of Minnie the Minx, a character from The Beano, in Dundee, Scotland. Launched in 1938, The Beano is known for its anarchic humour, with Dennis the Menace appearing on the cover.

The two most popular British comic books, The Beano and The Dandy, were first published by DC Thomson in the 1930s. By 1950 the weekly circulation of both reached two million.[52][53] Explaining the enormous popularity of comics in the UK during this period, Anita O'Brien, director curator at London's Cartoon Museum, states: "When comics like the Beano and Dandy were invented back in the 1930s – and through really to the 1950s and 60s – these comics were almost the only entertainment available to children."[52] Dennis the Menace was created in the 1950s, which saw sales for The Beano soar.[54] He features in the cover of The Beano, with the BBC referring to him as the "definitive naughty boy of the comic world."[54]

In 1954,

Escape Magazine
.

The content of

House of Commons. Although on a smaller scale than similar investigations in the US, such concerns led to a moderation of content published within British comics. Such moderation never became formalized to the extent of promulgating a code, nor did it last long. The UK has also established a healthy market in the reprinting and repackaging of material, notably material originating in the US. The lack of reliable supplies of American comic books led to a variety of black-and-white reprints, including Marvel's monster comics of the 1950s, Fawcett's Captain Marvel, and other characters such as Sheena, Mandrake the Magician, and the Phantom. Several reprint companies became involved in repackaging American material for the British market, notably the importer and distributor Thorpe & Porter. Marvel Comics established a UK office in 1972. DC Comics and Dark Horse Comics also opened offices in the 1990s. The repackaging of European material has occurred less frequently, although The Adventures of Tintin and Asterix serials have been successfully translated and repackaged in softcover books. The number of European comics available in the UK has increased in the last two decades. The British company Cinebook
, founded in 2005, has released English translated versions of many European series.

In the 1980s, a resurgence of British writers and artists gained prominence in mainstream comic books, which was dubbed the "

Kick-Ass. The comic book series John Constantine, Hellblazer, which is largely set in Britain and starring the magician John Constantine, paved the way for British writers such as Jamie Delano.[59]

The English musician

The Story of OVO which was released in a CD-booklet-shaped comic book as part of the CD edition with the title "OVO The Millennium Show". The 2000 Millennium Dome Show based on it.[60]

At Christmas, publishers repackage and commission material for comic annuals, printed and bound as hardcover A4-size books; "Rupert" supplies a famous example of the British comic annual. DC Thomson also repackages The Broons and Oor Wullie strips in softcover A4-size books for the holiday season.

On 19 March 2012, the British postal service, the Royal Mail, released a set of stamps depicting British comic book characters and series.[61] The collection featured The Beano, The Dandy, Eagle, The Topper, Roy of the Rovers, Bunty, Buster, Valiant, Twinkle and 2000 AD.[61]

Spanish comics

Main article:
El Víbora, and works such as Paracuellos by Carlos Giménez
.

Spanish artists have traditionally worked in other markets finding great success, either in the American (e.g., Eisner Award winners Sergio Aragonés, Salvador Larroca, Gabriel Hernández Walta, Marcos Martín or David Aja), the British (e.g., Carlos Ezquerra, co-creator of Judge Dredd) or the Franco-Belgian one (e.g., Fauve d'Or winner Julio Ribera or Blacksad authors Juan Díaz Canales and Juanjo Guarnido).

Italian comics

Main article: Italian comics
Hugo Pratt (1927–1995), author of the Corto Maltese comic book series.

In Italy, comics (known in Italian as fumetti) made their debut as humor strips at the end of the 19th century, and later evolved into adventure stories. After World War II, however, artists like Hugo Pratt and Guido Crepax exposed Italian comics to an international audience. Popular comic books such as Diabolik or the Bonelli line—namely Tex Willer or Dylan Dog—remain best-sellers.[62]

Mainstream comics are usually published on a monthly basis, in a black-and-white digest size format, with approximately 100 to 132 pages. Collections of classic material for the most famous characters, usually with more than 200 pages, are also common. Author comics are published in the French BD format, with an example being Pratt's Corto Maltese.

Italian cartoonists show the influence of comics from other countries, including France, Belgium, Spain, and

Paperinik
, known in English as Superduck, was created in Italy.

Comics in other countries

See also: List of comics by country

Distribution

The comic book industry has struggled with distribution issues throughout its history, as numerous mainstream retailers have been hesitant to stock substantial quantities of the most engaging and sought-after comics. The smartphone and the tablet have turned out to be an ideal medium for online distribution.[63]

Digital distribution

On 13 November 2007,

Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited, a subscription service allowing readers to read many comics from Marvel's history online. The service also includes periodic release new comics not available elsewhere. With the release of Avenging Spider-Man #1, Marvel also became the first publisher to provide free digital copies as part of the print copy of the comic book.[64]

With the growing popularity of smartphones and tablets, many major publishers have begun releasing titles in digital form. The most popular platform is

Graphicly
, have shut down.

Comic collections in libraries

Numerous libraries house extensive collections of comics in the form of graphic novels. This serves as a convenient means for the general public to become acquainted with the medium.[65]

Guinness World Records

In 2015, the Japanese manga artist Eiichiro Oda was awarded the Guinness World Records title for having the "Most copies published for the same comic book series by a single author". His manga series One Piece, which he writes and illustrates, has been serialized in the Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump since December 1997, and by 2015, 77 collected volumes had been released. Guinness World Records reported in their announcement that the collected volumes of the series had sold a total of 320,866,000 units. One Piece also holds the Guinness World Records title for "Most copies published for the same manga series".[66]

On 5 August 2018, the Guinness World Records title for the "Largest comic book ever published" was awarded to the Brazilian comic book

Turma da Mônica — O Maior Gibi do Mundo!, published by Panini Comics Brasil and Mauricio de Sousa Produções. The comic book measures 69.9 cm by 99.8 cm (2 ft 3.51 in by 3 ft 3.29 in). The 18-page comic book had a print run of 120 copies.[67]

With the July 2021 publication of the 201st collected volume of his manga series Golgo 13, Japanese manga artist Takao Saito was awarded the Guinness World Records title for "Most volumes published for a single manga series."[68] Golgo 13 has been continuously serialized in the Japanese magazine Big Comic since October 1968, which also makes it the oldest manga still in publication.[69][70]

See also

References

  1. ^ Scott Shaw!, Mike Kazaleh, "Secret Agent Orange", the Annoying Orange #1, New York: Papercutz, December 2012, pp. 61–62.
  2. ^ Mila Bongco, Reading Comics: Language, Culture, and the Concept of the Superhero in Comic Books, Routledge, 2015 (first published in 2000), p. xv.
  3. ^ "A History of the Comic Book". Random History. 18 March 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  4. ISBN 978-1-880656-23-5
    .
  5. ^ "Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history". The Indianapolis Star. 2 August 1997. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  6. ^ "Manga sales top 600 billion yen in 2020 for first time on record". The Asahi Shimbun. 1 April 2021.
  7. ^ "Japan's Manga and Comic Industry Hits Record Profits in 2020". Comicbook.com. 15 March 2021.
  8. ^ Gilchrist, Michelle (21 July 2017). "Growing comic market reached $1.9 billion in 2016". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  9. ^ Magulick, Aaron (8 October 2017). "Viz Manga Sales are Destroying DC, Marvel in Comic Market". GoBoiano. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. ^ Gramuglia, Anthony (19 October 2019). "Why Manga & Comics for Kids Outsell Superheroes". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  11. ^ "French Comics In 2013 – It's Not All Asterix. But Quite A Bit Is". Bleeding Cool. Avatar Press. 1 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  12. S2CID 12589544
    .
  13. OCLC 1141029685.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  14. ^ Kelley, Jason (16 November 2020). "What's The Difference Between Graphic Novels and Trade Paperbacks?". How To Love Comics. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  15. ^ The Adventures of M. Obadiah Oldbuck Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine at the Dartmouth College library
  16. ISBN 978-0060538163
    .
  17. ^ Gustave Verbeek, Little Lady Lovekins, and Old Man Muffaroo Archived 18 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ISBN 978-1-888054-38-5
    .
  19. ISBN 9780870817632
    .
  20. ^ "The Golden Age of Comics". History Detectives: Special Investigations. PBS. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2015. The precise era of the Golden Age is disputed, though most agree that it was born with the launch of Superman in 1938.
  21. ^ CBR News Team (2 July 2007). "DC Flashback: The Flash". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  22. ^ Zicari, Anthony (3 August 2007). "Breaking the Border – Rants and Ramblings". Comics Bulletin. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  23. ISBN 978-1598845112
    .
  24. ^ "Glossary". Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide. Vol. 38. 2008. p. 1028.
  25. ^ Wertham, Fredric (1954). Seduction of the Innocent. Rinehart and Company, Inc.
  26. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1997.3004_13.x
    .
  27. ISSN 0022-3840
    .
  28. ^ a b "Introducing Comics and Ideology". Comics and Ideology.
  29. ^
    ISBN 978-1-56097-780-3
    .
  30. ^
    ISBN 978-1-56025-572-7
    .
  31. ^ "americancomics". www.ocf.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  32. ^ "In 1964, Richard Kyle Coined The Term Graphic Novel | Global Book Writers". @globalbookwriters. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  33. ISBN 978-0-415-29139-2
  34. ^ "Digital Comic Museum - Comics Novel 001 (1 fiche)-c2c". Digital Comic Museum - Free Public Domain Books.
  35. ^ "Digital Comic Museum - It Rhymes With Lust GN [original](Matt Baker)". Digital Comic Museum - Free Public Domain Books.
  36. ^ "Comics and graphic novel sales down 6.5% in 2017". Comichron. 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  37. ^ Insights, Fortune Business (27 January 2022). "Comic Book Market Expected to Reach USD 12.81 billion by 2028 | Comic Book Industry Share, Business Statistics, Latest Trends, and Analysis by Fortune Business Insights™". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). Retrieved 3 March 2022. {{cite press release}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  38. ^ "Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1 Pay Copy (First Funnies, Inc., 1939) CGC VF/NM 9.0 Cream to off-white pages. This is one of... Golden Age (1938–1955)Superhero". Comics.ha.com. 14 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  39. ^ Batman comic book beats Superman at auction, sets record Archived 3 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine CNN Money 2-26-10
  40. ^ Superman comic sells for record $3.2 million Archived 27 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine (CNN Money) – 25 August 2014
  41. ^ Whitney, Lance. "Superman's Action Comics No. 1 sells for record $3.2 million on eBay". Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  42. ^ Johnston, Rich (23 May 2005). "Alan's Previous Problems With DC (sidebar)". Lying in the Gutters. Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2006.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Woodall, Lowery Anderson (2010). The Secret Identity of Race: Exploring Ethnic and Racial Portrayals in Superhero Comic Books (PhD dissertation). University of Southern Mississippi.
  44. ^ "The Coon Caricature - Anti-black Imagery - Jim Crow Museum - Ferris State University". www.ferris.edu. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  45. ^
    JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2014.83.3.448
    .
  46. ^ Mizoguchi Akiko (2003). "Male-Male Romance by and for Women in Japan: A History and the Subgenres of Yaoi Fictions". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal, 25: 49–75.
  47. ^ "La véritable histoire des mots « bande dessinée »". Comixtrip (in French). 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  48. ^ Birch, Dinah (24 September 2009). The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240.
  49. ^ "Top hats off to Marie Duval, a lost Victorian cartoonist sensation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  50. ^ John Sringhall (July 1994). "Horror Comics: The Nasties of the 1950s". History Today. 44 (7). Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  51. ^ "Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  52. ^ a b Armstrong, Stephen. "Was Pixar's Inside Out inspired by The Beano?" Archived 12 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Telegraph. 27 July 2015
  53. ^ "Dandy owner DC Thomson to end comic's printed edition", BBC News, 16 August 2012, archived from the original on 16 August 2012, retrieved 16 August 2012
  54. ^ a b "Dennis the Menace at 60". BBC. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  55. ^ Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2000), "Golden Boys and Golden Memories: Fiction, Ideology, and Reality in Roy of the Rovers and the Death of the Hero", in Jones, Dudley; Watkins, Tony, A Necessary Fantasy?: the Heroic Figure in Children's Popular Culture: Vol 18, Garland Publishing. pp. 190–191
  56. ^ "Comics Unmasked: The British invasion". Art Fund. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  57. ^ Peter Sanderson. "The British Invasion, Part 3: Neil Gaiman & Swamp Thing". Sequart Organization. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014. 29 May 2013
  58. ^ Please, Sir, I Want Some Moore / How Alan Moore transformed American comics Archived 3 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, by Douglas Wolk in Slate, December, 2003
  59. ^ "The Writers of Hellblazer: Interviews with Jamie Delano and Garth Ennis". Tabula Rasa. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  60. ISBN 0-9520864-3-3
    .
  61. ^ a b "Beano's Dennis the Menace on Royal Mail comic stamps". BBC News. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  62. ^ "Quanto vendono i fumetti Bonelli: I dati 2014". 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  63. ^ Gregory Schmidt (21 July 2013). "Embracing Tablets, Comic Book Publishers Cash in on a Digital Revolution". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  64. ^ "Avenging Spider-Man #1 Makes Digital History". 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  65. ^ "Integrating Comics into Your Exhibits and Collections". ccgclibraries.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  66. ^ Rachel Swatman (26 June 2015). "Japanese manga One Piece sets record for most printed comic series by one author ever". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  67. ^ "Largest comic book published". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  68. ^ "「ゴルゴ13」がギネス世界記録に認定、ちばてつやや高橋留美子らもお祝い". Natalie (in Japanese). 18 July 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  69. ^ "Golgo 13 Author Saito Discusses Manga's Hypothetical Ending". Anime News Network. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  70. ^ "Artists Celebrate 45 Years of Golgo 13". Anime News Network. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2021.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comic books.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comic_book&oldid=1219076735"