Spanish comics

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Spanish comics
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Spanish comics are the comics of Spain. Comics in Spain are usually called historietas or cómics, with tebeos primarily denoting the magazines containing the medium. Tebeo is a phonetic adaptation of TBO, a long-running (1917–1983) Spanish comic magazine, and sounds like "te veo" ("I see you").

Two publishing houses —

Editorial Bruguera and Editorial Valenciana
— dominated the Spanish comics market for most of its history.

Spanish artists have traditionally worked in other markets reaching great success, either in the American (e.g., Eisner Award winners Sergio Aragonés, Salvador Larroca, Gabriel Hernández Walta, Marcos Martín or David Aja), the British (e.g., Carlos Ezquerra, co-creator of Judge Dredd) or the Franco-Belgian one (e.g., first Fauve d'Or winner Julio Ribera or Blacksad authors Juan Díaz Canales and Juanjo Guarnido).

The Spanish market is also known for its many studios, which for a long time have had material produced mainly for other European countries.

History

Origins

First issue of Dominguín (1915)

It has been stated that the 13th century Cantigas de Santa María could be considered as the first Spanish "comic", although comics made their official debut around 1857 at the Spanish colonies.[1] Among the first comic magazines in peninsular Spain were the satirical La Flaca (1869-1876) or El Mundo Cómico (1873). After them, TBO was specially influential in popularizing the medium.[2] One of the magazine's recurring features was Los grandes inventos del TBO ("the great inventions of TBO") which depicted humorous Rube Goldberg-like machines.

Other important early humorous comic magazines were Pulgarcito (1921–1986) and Lily (the latter for girls).

Golden age despite censorship (1940–1975)

After the

Miguel Ambrosio Zaragoza
.

Despite Franco's controls, the 1940s and 1950s are considered a golden age of Spanish comics, and many titles were at the height of their popularity.

Mortadelo y Filemón was first published, a series that soon became the most popular comic media in Spain, together with some of his other creations (e.g., 13. Rue del Percebe
).

Editorial Valenciana published adventures comics such as Roberto Alcázar y Pedrín (debuting in 1940), Miguel Quesada's La Pandilla de los Siete and El Guerrero del Antifaz. Editorial Valenciana's humor series were not as slapstick, with more absurd and harmless comedy; they featured synthetic drawing and, in academic terms, were more finished, with an "abundance of backgrounds, change of perspective, depth of field" and some statism.[clarification needed][4]

In the 1960s Spanish comics had to adapt to changing times and more restrictive censorship. Editorial Bruguera was the leader of juvenile comics during those years, with authors such as

Jan, Joan March, Nicolás, Jaume Ribera, and Jaume Rovira. In 1969 the magazine Gran Pulgarcito
serialized the first long strip (44 pages) of Mortadelo y Filemón.

The adult market produced horror comics such as Dossier Negro (1968), Vampus (1971) or Rufus (1973), or satirical comics such as El Papus (1973). Humor comics of the 1970s became more absurdist, with characters such as Sir Tim O'Theo (1970) or Superlópez (1975). One of the authors who adapted well to this more surreal style was Vázquez with his strip Anacleto, agente secreto.

Post-Franco era (1975–1980s)

After the death of

El Víbora, and works such as Paracuellos by Carlos Giménez. However, successful humor comics continued to appear at children-oriented media, such as Goomer
(1988). In 1989 the annual comic book convention of Barcelona was inaugurated.

Hard times (1990s–2000s)

Market saturation became evident in 1983 with the closure of the magazines of Ediciones Metropol. Things during this era were complicated by a crisis that increased the price of paper,[5] as well as the rise of video games.

Editorial Bruguera filed for bankruptcy on 7 June 1982. In 1986 it was acquired by Grupo Z and transformed into Ediciones B. In the 1990s most adult comic magazines (Cairo, Zona 84, Cimoc
) ceased publishing. El Víbora closed in 2005. The most notable survivor of that era was El Jueves.

Mortadelo and all Ediciones B comic magazines disappeared in 1996.

Mortadelo y Filemón and Superlópez
were still published directly in album format until 2022 and 2023 respectively.

Present

Among the notable Spanish

¡Eh, tío!, El joven Lovecraft, El Listo[6] and ¡Universo!
.

Since 2007, a

Spanish Ministry of Culture
.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Cómic" (JPG). www.tebeosfera.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  2. ^ Martín (01/1968), pp. 9 a 10.
  3. ^ Porcel (2002), 69-70.
  4. ^ Porcel (2002), 308-311.
  5. ^ Beá, Josep María in an interview in "Entrecomics" at 10/06/08 located here.
  6. Prisa
    . Retrieved 29 March 2020.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comics of Spain.
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