Comma

The comma , is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark (’) in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text. Some typefaces render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight, but inclined from the vertical. Other fonts give it the appearance of a miniature filled-in figure 9 on the baseline.

The comma is used in many contexts and languages, mainly to separate parts of a sentence such as clauses, and items in lists mainly when there are three or more items listed. The word comma comes from the Greek κόμμα (kómma), which originally meant a cut-off piece, specifically in grammar, a short clause.^[1][2]

A comma-shaped mark is used as a

In spoken language, a common rule of thumb is that the function of a comma is generally performed by a pause.^[3]

In this article, ⟨x⟩ denotes a grapheme (writing) and /x/ denotes a phoneme (sound).

History

The development of punctuation is much more recent than the alphabet.

In the 3rd century BC,

The mark used today is descended from a /, a diagonal slash known as virgula suspensiva, used from the 13th to 17th centuries to represent a pause. The modern comma was first used by Aldus Manutius.^[5][6]

Uses in English

In general, the comma shows that the words immediately before the comma are less closely or exclusively linked grammatically to those immediately after the comma than they might be otherwise. The comma performs a number of functions in English writing. It is used in generally similar ways in other languages, particularly European ones, although the rules on comma usage – and their rigidity – vary from language to language.

List separator and the serial (Oxford) comma

Commas are placed between items in lists, as in They own a cat, a dog, two rabbits, and seven mice.

Whether the final conjunction, most frequently and, should be preceded by a comma, called the serial comma, is one of the most disputed linguistic or stylistic questions in English:

• They served apples, peaches, and bananas. (serial comma used)
• We cleaned up cores, pits and skins. (serial comma omitted)

The serial comma is used much more often, usually routinely, in the United States. A majority of American style guides mandate its use, including

The serial comma is also known as the Oxford comma, Harvard comma, or series comma. Although less common in British English, its usage occurs within both American and British English. It is called the Oxford comma because of its long history of use by Oxford University Press.[7]

According to New Hart's Rules, "house style will dictate" whether to use the serial comma. "The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently." No association with region or dialect is suggested, other than that its use has been strongly advocated by Oxford University Press.

Use of a comma may prevent ambiguity:

• The sentence I spoke to the boys, Sam and Tom could mean either I spoke to the boys and Sam and Tom (I spoke to more than three people) or I spoke to the boys, who are Sam and Tom (I spoke to two people);
• I spoke to the boys, Sam, and Tom – must be the boys and Sam and Tom (I spoke to more than three people).

The serial comma does not eliminate all confusion. Consider the following sentence:

• I thank my mother, Anne Smith, and Thomas. This could mean either my mother and Anne Smith and Thomas (three people) or my mother, who is Anne Smith; and Thomas (two people). This sentence might be recast as "my mother (Anne Smith) and Thomas" for clarity.
• I thank my mother, Anne Smith and Thomas. Because the comma after "mother" is conventionally used to prepare the reader for an apposite phrase – that is, a renaming of or further information about a noun – this construction formally suggests that my mother's name is "Anne Smith and Thomas". Because that is implausible, it is relatively clear that the construction refers to two separate people. Compare "I thank my friend, Smith and Wesson", in which the ambiguity is obvious to those who recognise Smith and Wesson as a business name.

As a rule of thumb, The Guardian Style Guide^[9] suggests that straightforward lists (he ate ham, eggs and chips) do not need a comma before the final "and", but sometimes it can help the reader (he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea). The Chicago Manual of Style and other academic writing guides require the serial comma: all lists must have a comma before the "and" prefacing the last item in a series (see Differences between American and British usage below).

If the individual items of a list are long, complex, affixed with description, or themselves contain commas, semicolons may be preferred as separators, and the list may be introduced with a colon.

In news headlines, a comma might replace the word "and", even if there are only two items, in order to save space, as in this headline from Reuters:^[10]

• Trump, Macron engage in a little handshake diplomacy.

Separation of clauses

Commas are often used to separate

In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is a dependent clause (because it does not contain an explicit subject), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted:

• Mary walked to the party but was unable to walk home.
• I think designer clothes are silly and can't afford them anyway.

However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an imperative,^[11][12] as in:

• Sit down and shut up.

The above guidance is not universally accepted or applied. Long

In some languages, such as German and Polish, stricter rules apply on comma use between clauses, with dependent clauses always being set off with commas, and commas being generally proscribed before certain coordinating conjunctions.

The joining of two independent sentences with a comma and no conjunction (as in "It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.") is known as a comma splice and is sometimes considered an error in English;^[14] in most cases a semicolon should be used instead. A comma splice should not be confused, though, with the literary device called asyndeton, in which coordinating conjunctions are purposely omitted for a specific stylistic effect.

A much debated comma is the one in the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which says "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." but ratified by several states as "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed." which has caused much debate on its interpretation.

Certain adverbs

Commas are always used to set off certain adverbs at the beginning of a sentence, including however, in fact, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, and still.

• Therefore, a comma would be appropriate in this sentence.
• Nevertheless, I will not use one.

If these adverbs appear in the middle of a sentence, they are followed and preceded by a comma. As in the second of the two examples below, if a semicolon separates the two sentences and the second sentence starts with an adverb, this adverb is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.

• In this sentence, furthermore, commas would also be called for.
• This sentence is a bit different; however, a comma is necessary as well.

Using commas to offset certain adverbs is optional, including then, so, yet, instead, and too (meaning also).

• So, that's it for this rule. or
• So that's it for this rule.
• A comma would be appropriate in this sentence, too. or
• A comma would be appropriate in this sentence too.

Parenthetical phrases

Commas are often used to enclose parenthetical words and phrases within a sentence (i.e., information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence). Such phrases are both preceded and followed by a comma, unless that would result in a doubling of punctuation marks or the parenthetical is at the start or end of the sentence. The following are examples of types of parenthetical phrases:

• Introductory phrase: Once upon a time, my father ate a muffin.^[15]
• Interjection: My father ate the muffin, gosh darn it!
• Aside: My father, if you don't mind me telling you this, ate the muffin.
• Appositive: My father, a jaded and bitter man, ate the muffin.
• Absolute phrase: My father, his eyes flashing with rage, ate the muffin.
• Free modifier: My father, chewing with unbridled fury, ate the muffin.
• Resumptive modifier: My father ate the muffin, a muffin which no man had yet chewed.
• Summative modifier: My father ate the muffin, a feat which no man had attempted.

The parenthesization of phrases may change the connotation, reducing or eliminating ambiguity. In the following example, the thing in the first sentence that is relaxing is the cool day, whereas in the second sentence, it is the walk since the introduction of commas makes "on a cool day" parenthetical:

They took a walk on a cool day that was relaxing.

They took a walk, on a cool day, that was relaxing.

As more phrases are introduced, ambiguity accumulates, but when commas separate each phrase, the phrases clearly become modifiers of just one thing. In the second sentence below, that thing is the walk:

They took a walk in the park on a cool day that was relaxing.

They took a walk, in the park, on a cool day, that was relaxing.

Between adjectives

A comma is used to separate coordinate adjectives (i.e., adjectives that directly and equally modify the following noun). Adjectives are considered coordinate if the meaning would be the same if their order were reversed or if and were placed between them. For example:

• The dull, incessant droning but the cute little cottage.
• The devious lazy red frog suggests there are lazy red frogs (one of which is devious), while the devious, lazy red frog does not carry this connotation.

Before quotations

Some writers precede quoted material that is the grammatical object of an active verb of speaking or writing with a comma, as in Mr. Kershner says, "You should know how to use a comma." Quotations that follow and support an assertion are often preceded by a colon rather than a comma.

Other writers do not put a comma before quotations unless one would occur anyway. Thus, they would write Mr. Kershner says, "You should know how to use a comma."

In dates

Month day, year

When a date is written as a month followed by a day followed by a year, a comma separates the day from the year: December 19, 1941. This style is common in American English. The comma is used to avoid confusing consecutive numbers: December 19 1941. Most style manuals, including The Chicago Manual of Style^[16] and the AP Stylebook,^[17] also recommend that the year be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after it: "Feb. 14, 1987, was the target date."

If just the month and year are given, no commas are used:^[18] "Her daughter may return in June 2009 for the reunion."

Day month year

When the day precedes the month, the month name separates the numeric day and year, so commas are not necessary to separate them: "The Raid on Alexandria was carried out on 19 December 1941."

In geographical names

Commas are used to separate parts of geographical references, such as city and state (Dallas, Texas) or city and country (Kampala, Uganda). Additionally, most style manuals, including The Chicago Manual of Style^[19] and the AP Stylebook,^[20] recommend that the second element be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after: "The plane landed in Kampala, Uganda, that evening."^[21]

The United States Postal Service^[22] and Royal Mail^[23] recommend leaving out punctuation when writing addresses on actual letters and packages, as the marks hinder optical character recognition. Canada Post has similar guidelines, only making very limited use of hyphens.^[24]

In mathematics

Similar to the case in natural languages, commas are often used to delineate the boundary between multiple mathematical objects in a list (e.g., ${\displaystyle (3,5,12)}$). Commas are also used to indicate the

In representing large numbers, from the right side to the left, English texts usually use commas to separate each group of three digits in front of the decimal.^[26] This is almost always done for numbers of six or more digits, and often for four or five digits but not in front of the number itself. However, in much of Europe, Southern Africa and Latin America, periods or spaces are used instead; the comma is used as a decimal separator, equivalent to the use in English of the decimal point.^[27] In India, the groups are two digits, except for the rightmost group, which is of three digits. In some styles, the comma may not be used for this purpose at all (e.g. in the SI writing style^[28]); a space may be used to separate groups of three digits instead.

In names

Commas are used when rewriting names to present the surname first, generally in instances of alphabetization by surname: Smith, John. They are also used before many titles that follow a name: John Smith, Ph.D.

It can also be used in regnal names followed by their occupation: Louis XIII, king of France and Navarre.

Similarly in lists that are presented with an inversion: socks, green: 3 pairs; socks, red: 2 pairs; tie, regimental: 1.

Ellipsis

Commas may be used to indicate that a word, or a group of words, has been omitted,^[29] as in The cat was white; the dog, brown. (Here the comma replaces was.)

Vocative

Commas are placed before, after, or around a noun or pronoun used independently in speaking to some person, place, or thing:

• I hope, John, that you will read this.

Between the subject and predicate

In his 1785 essay An Essay on Punctuation,

• The good taste of the present age, has not allowed us to neglect the cultivation of the English language.
• Whoever is capable of forgetting a benefit, is an enemy to society.

Differences between American and British usage in placement of commas and quotation marks

The comma and the quotation mark can be paired in several ways.

In Great Britain and many other parts of the world, punctuation is usually placed within quotation marks only if it is part of what is being quoted or referred to:^[30][31][32]

• My mother gave me the nickname "Bobby Bobby Bob Bob Boy", which really made me angry.

In American English, the comma was commonly included inside a quotation mark:^[30][31]

• My mother gave me the nickname "Bobby Bobby Bob Bob Boy," which really made me angry.

During the

This section contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

The basic comma is defined in Unicode as U+002C , COMMA (,), and many variants by typography or language are also defined.

Character	Unicode point	Unicode name	Notes
,	U+002C	COMMA	Prose in European languages Decimal separator in Continental Europe, Brazil, and most other Latin American countries
،	U+060C	ARABIC COMMA	Used in all languages using Arabic alphabet Also used in other languages, including Syriac and Thaana
⸲	U+2E32	TURNED COMMA	Palaeotype transliteration symbol – indicates nasalization
⸴	U+2E34	RAISED COMMA
⹁	U+2E41	REVERSED COMMA	Used in Sindhi, among other languages
⹉	U+2E49	DOUBLE STACKED COMMA	Used in the Eastern Orthodox liturgical book Typikon
、	U+3001	IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA	Used in Chinese and Japanese writing systems (see § Languages other than Western European, below)
︐	U+FE10	PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL COMMA	Used in vertical writing
︑	U+FE11	PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA	Used in vertical writing
﹐	U+FE50	SMALL COMMA
﹑	U+FE51	SMALL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
，	U+FF0C	FULLWIDTH COMMA
､	U+FF64	HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA

Some languages use a completely different sort of character for the purpose of the comma.

Character	Unicode point	Unicode name	Notes
·	U+00B7	MIDDLE DOT	Used as a comma in Georgian
∘	U+2218	RING OPERATOR	Used as a comma in Malayalam
՝	U+055D	ARMENIAN COMMA
߸	U+07F8	NKO COMMA
፣	U+1363	ETHIOPIC COMMA
᠂	U+1802	MONGOLIAN COMMA
᠈	U+1808	MONGOLIAN MANCHU COMMA
⹌	U+2E4C	MEDIEVAL COMMA
꓾	U+A4FE	LISU PUNCTUATION COMMA
꘍	U+A60D	VAI COMMA
꛵	U+A6F5	BAMUM COMMA
𑑍	U+1144D	NEWA COMMA
𑑚	U+1145A	NEWA DOUBLE COMMA
𖺗	U+16E97	MEDEFAIDRIN COMMA
𝪇	U+1DA87	SIGNWRITING COMMA

There are also a number of comma-like diacritics with "COMMA" in their Unicode names that are not intended for use as punctuation. A comma-like low quotation mark is also available (shown below; corresponding sets of raised single quotation marks and double-quotation marks are not shown).

Character	Unicode point	Unicode name	Notes
ʻ	U+02BB	MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA	Used as ʻokina in Hawaiian
ʽ	U+02BD	MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA	Indicates weak aspiration
‍̒	U+0312	COMBINING TURNED COMMA ABOVE	Latvian diacritic cedilla above
‍̓	U+0313	COMBINING COMMA ABOVE	Greek psili (smooth breathing mark)
‍̔	U+0314	COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE	Greek dasia (rough breathing mark)
‍̕	U+0315	COMBINING COMMA ABOVE RIGHT
‍̦	U+0326	COMBINING COMMA BELOW	Diacritical mark in Romanian, Latvian, Livonian
‚	U+201A	SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK	Opening single quotation mark in some languages

There are various other Unicode characters that include commas or comma-like figures with other characters or marks, that are not shown in these tables.

Greece

Modern Greek uses the same Unicode comma for its kómma (κόμμα)^[34] and it is officially romanized as a Latin comma,^[35] but it has additional roles owing to its conflation with the former hypodiastole, a curved interpunct used to disambiguate certain homonyms. As such, the comma functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι (ó,ti, 'whatever') from ότι (óti, 'that').^[34]

East Asia

The enumeration or ideographic comma (U+3001 、 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA) is used in Chinese, Japanese punctuation, and somewhat in Korean punctuation. In China and Korea, this comma (顿号; 頓號; dùnhào) is usually only used to separate items in lists, while it is the more common form of comma in Japan (読点, tōten, lit. 'clause mark').

In documents that mix

Korean punctuation uses both commas and interpuncts for lists.

In Unicode 5.2.0, "numbers with commas" (U+1F101 🄁 DIGIT ZERO COMMA through U+1F10A 🄊 DIGIT NINE COMMA) were added to the Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement block for compatibility with the ARIB STD B24 character set.^[36][37]

West Asia

The comma in the

Reversed comma (U+2E41 ⹁ REVERSED COMMA) is used in Sindhi when written in Arabic script. It is distinct from the standard Arabic comma.

Dravidian languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam also use the punctuation mark in similar usage to that of European languages with similar spacing.^{[39][circular reference]}

Computing

In the common character encoding systems Unicode and ASCII, character 44 (0x2C) corresponds to the comma symbol. The HTML numeric character reference is ,.

In many computer languages commas are used as a field delimiter to separate arguments to a

In the

In Smalltalk and APL, the comma operator is used to concatenate collections, including strings. In APL, it is also used monadically to rearrange the items of an array into a list.

In

The comma-separated values (CSV) format is very commonly used in exchanging text data between database and spreadsheet formats.

Diacritical usage

The comma is used as a diacritic mark in Romanian under ⟨s⟩ (⟨Ș⟩, ⟨ș⟩), and under ⟨t⟩ (⟨Ț⟩, ⟨ț⟩). A cedilla is occasionally used instead of it, but this is technically incorrect. The symbol ⟨d̦⟩ ('d with comma below') was used as part of the Romanian transitional alphabet (19th century) to indicate the sounds denoted by the Latin letter ⟨z⟩ or letters ⟨dz⟩, where derived from a Cyrillic ѕ (⟨ѕ⟩, /dz/). The comma and the cedilla are both derivative of ⟨ʒ⟩ (a small cursive ⟨z⟩) placed below the letter. From this standpoint alone, ⟨ș⟩, ⟨ț⟩, and ⟨d̦⟩ could potentially be regarded as stand-ins for /sz/, /tz/, and /dz/ respectively.

In

In 16th-century Guatemala, the archaic letter cuatrillo with a comma (⟨Ꜯ⟩ and ⟨ꜯ⟩) was used to write Mayan languages.^[42]

See also

• Copy editing
• English punctuation
• Latin-script alphabet
• List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks
• Ogonek
• Part of speech
• Sentence clause structure
• Traditional grammar

Related history

• Global spread of the printing press
• History of printing in East Asia
• History of sentence spacing
• History of Western typography

References

External links

Look up comma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to commas.

• Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalization – a comprehensive online guide by NASA
• The Oxford Comma: A Solution – a satirical suggestion to settle the problem of the Oxford Comma once and for all
• The Quotta and the Quottiod – another satirical compromise between the American and British traditions relating to quotes and commas.