Commercial use of space
Commercial use of space is the provision of goods or services of commercial value by using equipment sent into Earth orbit or outer space.
Commercial satellite use began in 1962 with
The commercial spaceflight sector primarily generates revenue by launching satellites into Earth's orbit, facilitated by providers deploying satellites into
Commercial satellite manufacturing encompasses non-military, civilian, governmental, and non-profit satellite production along with ground equipment manufacturing, supporting satellite operations, and transponder leasing providing satellite access. Satellite subscription services offer access to a variety of television channels (such as
Space commerce regulation has historically faced challenges regarding property rights in space, but legislation like the
History
The first commercial use of satellites may have been the
Between 1960 and 1966, the
On April 6, 1965, the
In 1980, Europe's
Beginning in 1997,
Spaceflight
The commercial
The
Between 1996 and 2002, 245 launches were made for commercial ventures while government (non-classified) launches only totaled 167 for the same period.[citation needed] Commercial space flight has spurred investment into the development of an efficient reusable launch vehicle (RLV) which can place larger payloads into orbit. Several companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin are currently developing new RLV designs.
In the
Satellites and equipment
- Satellite manufacturing
Commercial satellite manufacturing is defined by the United States government as satellites manufactured for civilian, government, or
- Ground equipment manufacturing
Operating satellites communicate via receivers and transmitters on Earth. The manufacturing of satellite
- Transponder leasing
Businesses that operate satellites often lease or sell access to their satellites to data relay and
Subscription satellite services
In 1994,
Satellite radio was pioneered by XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio. XM's first satellite was launched on March 18, 2001 and its second on May 8, 2001.[22] Its first broadcast occurred on September 25, 2001, nearly four months before Sirius.[23] Sirius launched the initial phase of its service in four cities on February 14, 2002,[24] expanding to the rest of the contiguous United States on July 1, 2002.[23] The two companies spent over $3 billion combined to develop satellite radio technology, build and launch the satellites, and for various other business expenses.[25]
Satellite imagery
Satellite imagery (also Earth observation imagery or spaceborne photography) are images of Earth or other planets collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell images by licensing them to governments and businesses such as Apple Maps and Google Maps.
Satellite telecommunications
Satellites can be used to transmit and receive Internet services from space to any place in the planet Earth.[26]
A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few centimeters to metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to high precision, which allows time synchronization. These uses are collectively known as Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.
Space tourism
Space tourism is human space travel for recreational purposes.[27] There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism. Work also continues towards developing suborbital space tourism vehicles. This is being done by aerospace companies like Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic. In addition, SpaceX (an aerospace manufacturer) announced in 2018 that they are planning on sending space tourists, including Yusaku Maezawa, on a free-return trajectory around the Moon on the Starship.[28][29]
Commercial recovery of space resources
Commercial recovery of space resources is the exploitation of raw materials from
There are several commercial enterprises working in this field, including Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries.
The first in-space transaction of resources is contracted by NASA to four companies to sell NASA collected lunar regolith on the Moon.[31]
Regulation
Beyond the many technological factors that could make space commercialization more widespread, it has been suggested that the lack of
Since the advent of
On November 25, 2015, President Obama signed the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (H.R. 2262) into law. The law recognizes the right of U.S. citizens to own space resources they obtain and encourages the commercial exploration and utilization of resources from asteroids. According to the law under 51 U.S.C. § 51303:[33]
A United States citizen engaged in commercial recovery of an asteroid resource or a space resource under this chapter shall be entitled to any asteroid resource or space resource obtained, including to possess, own, transport, use, and sell the asteroid resource or space resource obtained in accordance with applicable law, including the international obligations of the United States
See also
References
- ^ Romano, Anthony F. (2005). "SPACE A Report on the Industry" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
- ^ "Space: The $1.8 Trillion Opportunity for Global Economic Growth" (PDF).
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ NASA (26 April 2011). "Telstar 1". NASA. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958–1964" (PDF). NASA-SP-93. NASA. 1966. pp. 30–32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
- ^ "Syncom 3". NASA. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ "TIROS". NASA. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Hastings, David A.; William J. Emery (1992). "The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR): A Brief Reference Guide". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Whalen, David J. (30 November 2010). "Communications Satellites: Making the Global Village Possible". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ "Intelsat's Satellite Communication Highlights from the 60's". Intelsat. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-884989-09-4.
- ^ Putkov, Vladimir (April 2007). "Sputnik and Russia's Outer Space Activities" (PDF). United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- Boeing Company. 2011. Archived from the originalon 8 January 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ "ANIK The World's First Domestic Synchronous Communication Satellite". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^
Jaeger, Ralph-W.; Claudon, Jean-Louis (May 1986). Ariane — The first commercial space transportation system. Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science. Vol. 2. Tokyo, Japan: AGNE Publishing, Inc. (published 1986). Bibcode:1986spte.conf.1431J. A87-32276 13–12.
- ^ "Arianespace was founded in 1980 as the world's first launch services company". arianespace.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ "Iridium – the satellite phone always rings twice". Wired. 7 March 1999. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ "Commercial Space Transportation QUARTERLY LAUNCH REPORT" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 1997. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ "FAA – Office of Commercial Space Transportation". FAA. Archived from the original on 2019-08-30. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
- ^ a b Foust, Jeff (2023-02-21). "FAA forecasts surging commercial launch activity". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- ^ Kevin Bonsor, "How Satellite Radio Works," Archived 2016-01-26 at the Wayback Machine HowStuffWorks. Accessed May 1, 2013.
- ^ Huffington Post, July 24, 2008.
- ^ "Sirius Begins Satellite Service," Archived 2017-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Radio, February 14, 2002.
- ^ "Satellite Radio Technology," Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine spacefoundation.org, 2002. Accessed May 1, 2013.
- ^ Lieutenant General Steve Kwast. China is building a Space Fleet (Not Clickbait) – China space program. YouTube. Hillsdale College: Elite One. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. (at minute 3:00)
- from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
- ^ Eric Ralph (September 14, 2018). "SpaceX has signed a private passenger for the first BFR launch around the Moon". Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
- ^ Grush, Loren (September 14, 2018). "SpaceX says it will send someone around the Moon on its future monster rocket". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- ^ "Plans for asteroid mining emerge". BBC News. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ "Behind the Scenes - Building Sustainable Stewardship of Lunar Resources Through a Trust". Breaking Ground. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 12 Jul 2023.
- ^ a b Simberg, Rand (Fall 2012). "Property Rights in Space". The New Atlantis (37): 20–31. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
- ^ "President Obama Signs Bill Recognizing Asteroid Resource Property Rights into Law | Planetary Resources". Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
- Futron Corporation (2001) "Trends in Space Commerce". Retrieved January 24, 2006
External links
- Ethical Issues
- Lunar Land Grab
- Office of Space Commercialization
- Property Rights
- Government Policy
- Mir Space Station Privatization