Committee
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A committee or commission is a body of one or more persons subordinate to a deliberative assembly. A committee is not itself considered to be a form of assembly. Usually, the assembly sends matters into a committee as a way to explore them more fully than would be possible if the assembly itself were considering them. Committees may have different functions and their types of work differ depending on the type of the organization and its needs.
A member of a legislature may be delegated a committee assignment, which gives them the right to serve on a certain committee.[1]
Purpose
A deliberative assembly may form a committee (or "commission") consisting of one or more persons to assist with the work of the assembly.[2] For larger organizations, much work is done in committees.[3] Committees can be a way to formally draw together people of relevant expertise from different parts of an organization who otherwise would not have a good way to share information and coordinate actions. They may have the advantage of widening viewpoints and sharing out responsibilities. They can also be appointed with experts to recommend actions in matters that require specialized knowledge or technical judgment.
Functions
Committees can serve several different functions:
- Governance
- In organizations considered too large for all the members to participate in decisions affecting the organization as a whole, a smaller body, such as a board of directors, is given the power to make decisions, spend money, or take actions. A governance committee is formed as a separate committee to review the performance of the board and board policy as well as nominate candidates for the board.[4]
- Coordination and administration
- A large body may have smaller committees with more specialized functions. Examples are an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising committee, and a program committee. Large conventions or academic conferences are usually organized by a coordinating committee drawn from the membership of the organization.
- Research and recommendations
- Committees may be formed to do research and make recommendations on a potential or planned project or change. For example, an organization considering a major capital investmentmight create a temporary working committee of several people to review options and make recommendations to upper management or the board of directors.
- Discipline
- A committee on discipline may be used to handle disciplinary procedures on members of the organization.[5]
- As a tactic for indecision
- As a means of dilatory tactic.[6]
Power and authority
Generally, committees are required to report to their parent body. Committees do not usually have the power to act independently unless the body that created it gives it such power.[3]
Procedures
When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for the committee.
The chairman is responsible for running meetings. Duties include keeping the discussion on the appropriate subject, recognizing members to speak, and confirming what the committee has decided (through voting or by
Minutes are a record of the decisions at meetings. They can be taken by a person designated as the secretary. For most organizations, committees are not required to keep formal minutes.[9] However, some bodies require that committees take minutes, especially if the committees are public ones subject to open meeting laws.
Committees may meet on a regular basis, such as weekly or more often, or meetings may be called irregularly as the need arises. The frequency of the meetings depends on the work of the committee and the needs of the parent body.
When the committee completes its work, it provides the results in a report to its parent body. The report may include the methods used, the facts uncovered, the conclusions reached, and any recommendations.
Commit (motion)
Vote required | Majority |
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In parliamentary procedure, the motion to commit (or refer) is used to refer another motion—usually a main motion—to a committee.
A motion to commit should specify to which committee the matter is to be referred, and if the committee is a special committee appointed specifically for purposes of the referred motion, it should also specify the number of committee members and the method of their selection, unless that is specified in the bylaws.[12]
Any proposed amendments to the main motion that are pending at the time the motion is referred to a committee go to the committee as well.[11]
Once referred, but before the committee reports its recommendations back to the assembly, the referred motion may be removed from the committee's consideration by the motion to discharge a committee.
Recommit
In the United States House of Representatives, a motion to recommit can be made with or without instructions. If the motion is made without instructions, the bill or resolution is simply sent back to the committee. If the motion is made with instructions and the motion is agreed to, the chairman of the committee in question will immediately report the bill or resolution back to the whole House with the new language. In this sense, a motion to recommit with instructions is effectively an amendment.[13]
Variations for full assembly consideration
In Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), the motion to commit has three variations which do not turn a question over to a smaller group, but simply permit the assembly's full meeting body to consider it with the greater freedom of debate that is allowed to committees. These forms are to go into a committee of the whole, to go into a quasi-committee of the whole, and to consider informally. Passing any of these motions removes the limitations on the number of times a member can speak.[14] The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure has informal consideration, but does not have "committee of the whole" and "quasi committee of the whole".[15]
Discharge a committee
In order when another has the floor? | No |
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Requires second? | Yes |
Debatable? | Yes; debate can go into question in hands of the committee |
May be reconsidered? | Negative vote only |
Amendable? | Yes |
In Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the motion to discharge a committee is used to take a matter out of a committee's hands before the committee has made a final report on it. A committee can use this motion to discharge a subcommittee.[16]
The vote required is a
Under The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, the assembly that has referred a motion or a matter to a committee may, by a majority vote, withdraw it at any time from the committee, refer it to another committee, or decide the question itself.[18]
Types
Executive committee
Organizations with a large board of directors (such as international labor unions, large corporations with thousands of stock holders or national and international organizations) may have a smaller body of the board, called an executive committee, handle its business. The executive committee may function more like a board than an actual committee.
Conference committee
Governments at the national level may have a conference committee. A conference committee in a
A conference committee in the United States Congress is a temporary panel of negotiators from the House of Representatives and the Senate. Unless one chamber decides to accept the other's original bill, the compromise version must pass both chambers after leaving the conference committee. The committee is usually composed of the senior members of the standing committees that originally considered the legislation in each chamber.
Other countries that use conference committees include France, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland.
Different use of term
In organizations, the term "conference committee" may have a different meaning. This meaning may be associated with the conferences, or conventions, that the organization puts together. These committees that are responsible for organizing such events may be called "conference committees".
Standing committee
A standing committee is a subunit of a political or deliberative body established in a permanent fashion to aid the parent assembly in accomplishing its duties, for example by meeting on a specific, permanent policy domain (e.g. defence, health, or trade and industry). A standing committee is granted its scope and powers over a particular area of business by the governing documents.[24] Standing committees meet on a regular or irregular basis depending on their function, and retain any power or oversight originally given them until subsequent official actions of the governing body (through changes to law or by-laws) disbands the committee.
Legislatures
Most governmental legislative committees are standing committees. The phrase is used in the legislatures of the following countries:
- Armenia
- Australia
- Canada
- List of committees of the Canadian House of Commons
- Standing committee (Canada)
- China
- Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
- Special committee of the National People's Congress
- Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Hong Kong
- India
- Malaysia
- New Zealand
- United Kingdom
- United States
Under the laws of the United States of America, a standing committee is a
Examples in organizations
Examples of standing committees in organizations are an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising committee, a governance committee, and a program committee. Typically, the standing committees perform their work throughout the year and present their reports at an annual meeting of the organization.[25] These committees continue to exist after presenting their reports, although the membership in the committees may change.
Nominating committee
A nominating committee (or nominations committee) is a group formed for the purpose of nominating candidates for office or the board in an organization.[26] It may consist of members from inside the organization. Sometimes a governance committee takes the role of a nominating committee. Depending on the organization, this committee may be empowered to actively seek out candidates or may only have the power to receive nominations from members and verify that the candidates are eligible.
A nominating committee works similarly to an electoral college, the main difference being that the available candidates, either nominated or "written in" outside of the committee's choices, are then voted into office by the membership. It is a part of governance methods often employed by corporate bodies, business entities, and social and sporting groups, especially clubs. The intention is that they be made up of qualified and knowledgeable people representing the best interests of the membership. In the case of business entities, their directors will often be brought in from outside, and receive a benefit for their expertise.
In the context of nominations for awards, a nominating committee can also be formed for the purpose of nominating persons or things held up for judgment by others as to their comparative quality or value, especially for the purpose of bestowing awards in the arts, or in application to industry's products and services. The objective being to update, set, and maintain high and possibly new standards.
Steering committee
A steering committee is a committee that provides guidance, direction and control to a project within an organization.[27] The term is derived from the steering mechanism that changes the steering angle of a vehicle's wheels.
Project steering committees are frequently used for guiding and monitoring IT projects in large organizations, as part of project governance. The functions of the committee might include building a business case for the project, planning, providing assistance and guidance, monitoring the progress, controlling the project scope and resolving conflicts.
As with other committees, the specific duties and role of the steering committee vary among organizations.
Special committee
A special committee (also working, select, or ad hoc committee) is established to accomplish a particular task or to oversee a specific area in need of control or oversight.
Subcommittee
A committee that is a subset of a larger committee is called a subcommittee. Committees that have a large workload may form subcommittees to further divide the work. Subcommittees report to the parent committee and not to the general assembly.[9][29]
Committee of the whole
When the entire assembly meets as a committee to discuss or debate, this is called a "committee of the whole". This is not an actual committee but a procedural device that is more commonly used in legislative bodies.
Central Committee
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See also
- Caucus
- List of IEC technical committees
- List of the Czech Republic Senate committees
- Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)
- Parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom
- Popular Committees (disambiguation)
- Revolutionary committee (disambiguation)
- Standing Committees of the European Parliament
- United States congressional committee
References
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 489
- ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
- ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 490
- GuideStar. Archived from the originalon 25 June 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 669
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 172
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 175
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 176
- ^ ISBN 978-0-306-82019-9. Archived from the originalon 16 August 2017.
- ^ Robert III 2011, p. 164
- ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 177
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 171
- ^ Lynch, Megan S. (6 January 2016). The Motion to Recommit in the House of Representatives (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 168
- ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th ed., p. 232, 233, 236
- ^ Robert 2011, pp. 310–311
- ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 312
- ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th ed., p. 57
- ^ a b c Robert 2011, p. 485
- ^ Robert III 2011, p. 157
- ISBN 9780521589727.
- ^ Hays, Hon. Dan (Autumn 2008). "Reviving Conference Committees". revparl.ca. Canadian Parliamentary Review. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^ Crump, Rick (2007). "Why the Conference Procedure Remains the Preferred Method for Resolving Disputes Between the Two Houses of the South Australian Parliament" (PDF). Australasian Parliamentary Review. 22 (2): 120–136. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 491
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 502
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 433
- ISBN 978-81-317-1949-7.
- ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 492
- ^ Robert 2011, p. 497