Common quail

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Common quail
Male (nominate subsp.) in Germany, and the advertising call in England

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
(Global)

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
(Europe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Genus: Coturnix
Species:
C. coturnix
Binomial name
Coturnix coturnix
Range of C. coturnix
  Breeding
  Resident
  Non-breeding
  Possible extinct & Introduced
  Extant & Introduced (resident)
Synonyms
  • Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus, 1758

The common quail (Coturnix coturnix), or European quail, is a small ground-nesting

Palearctic
and wintering in Africa and southern India.

With its characteristic call of three repeated chirps (repeated three times in quick succession), this species of quail is more often heard than seen. It is widespread in Europe and North Africa, and is categorised by the IUCN as "least concern". It should not be confused with the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), native to Asia, which, although visually similar, has a call that is very distinct from that of the common quail. Like the Japanese quail, common quails are sometimes kept as poultry.

Taxonomy

The common quail was

conspecific with the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).[7] The ranges of the two species meet in Mongolia and near Lake Baikal without apparent interbreeding and in captivity the offspring of crosses show reduced fertility.[8][9] The Japanese quail is therefore now treated as a separate species.[6]

Five subspecies are recognised:[6]

  • C. c. coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeding in Europe and northwest Africa to Mongolia and north India, wintering in Africa and central, south India
  • C. c. conturbans Hartert, 1917 – Azores
  • C. c. inopinata Hartert, 1917 –
    Cape Verde Islands
  • C. c. africana Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 – sub-Saharan Africa and the three islands
  • C. c. erlangeri Zedlitz, 1912 – east and northeast Africa

Description

The common quail is a small compact

gallinaceous bird 16–18 cm (6+1⁄2–7 in) in length with a wingspan of 32–35 cm (12+1⁄2–14 in).[10] The weight is 70 to 140 g (2+1⁄2 to 5 oz). It is greatest before migration at the end of the breeding season. The female is generally slightly heavier than the male.[9] It is streaked brown with a white eyestripe, and, in the male, a white chin. As befits its migratory nature, it has long wings, unlike the typically short-winged gamebirds. According to Online Etymology Dictionary, "small migratory game bird of the Old World, late 14c. (early 14c. as a surname, Quayle), from Old French quaille (Modern French caille), perhaps via Medieval Latin quaccula (source also of Provençal calha, Italian quaglia, Portuguese calha, Old Spanish coalla), or directly from a Germanic source (compare Dutch kwakkel, Old High German quahtala, German Wachtel, Old English wihtel), imitative of the bird's cry. Or the English word might have come up indigenously from Proto-Germanic."[11]

Distribution and habitat

This is a terrestrial species, feeding on

game birds
.

The common quail has been introduced onto the island of Mauritius on several occasions but has failed to establish itself and is now probably extinct.[12]

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Eggs

Males generally arrive in the breeding area before the females. In northern Europe laying begins from the middle of May, and with repeat laying can continue to the end of August. The female forms a shallow

precocial and shortly after hatching leave the nest and can feed themselves. They are cared for by the female who broods them while they are small. The young fledge when around 19 days of age but stay in the family group for 30–50 days. They generally first breed when one year old and only have a single brood.[13]

Relationship to humans

See also: Quail as food

The common quail is heavily hunted as

Mediterranean area. Very large numbers are caught in nets along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. It is estimated that in 2012, during the autumn migration, 3.4 million birds were caught in northern Sinai and perhaps as many as 12.9 million in the whole of Egypt.[14]

This species over recent years has seen an increase in its

hobbyists
. It is declining in parts of its range such as Ireland.

In 1537, Queen Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII, then pregnant with the future King Edward VI, developed an insatiable craving for quail, and courtiers and diplomats abroad were ordered to find sufficient supplies for the Queen.

Poisoning

If common quails have eaten certain plants, although which plant is still in debate, the meat from quail can be poisonous, with one in four who consume poisonous flesh becoming ill with coturnism, which is characterized by muscle soreness, and which may lead to kidney failure.[15][16][17]

In culture

In the Bible, the Book of Numbers chapter 11 describes a story of a huge mass of quails that were blown by a wind and were taken as meat by the Israelites in the wilderness.[18]

Gallery

  • Head of female of the nominate subspecies
    Head of female of the nominate subspecies
  • Female
    Female
  • ID composite
    ID composite
  • Head of nominate subspecies
    Head of nominate subspecies
  • Head of Coturnix coturnix africana
    Head of Coturnix coturnix africana

See also

  • Quails in cookery

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678944A131904485.en
    . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 161.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  4. ^ Garsault, François Alexandre Pierre de (1764). Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, décrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Geoffroy Medecin (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Desprez. Plate 686.
  5. doi:10.21805/bzn.v66i3.a1
    .
  6. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  7. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 92.
  8. ^ Moreau, R.E.; Wayre, P. (1968). "On the Palaearctic quails". Ardea. 56 (3–4): 209–227.
  9. ^ a b Cramp 1980, p. 503.
  10. ^ Cramp 1980, p. 496.
  11. ^ Hume, A.O.; Marshall, C.H.T. (1880). Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Vol. II. Calcutta: A.O. Hume and C.H.T. Marshall. p. 148.
  12. doi:10.5962/p.309797
    .
  13. ^ Cramp 1980, pp. 501–502.
  14. doi:10.1017/S0959270915000180
    .
  15. PMID 18963719
    .
  16. PMID 15313988
    .
  17. PMID 4904256
    .
  18. ^ Numbers 11:31-35

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coturnix coturnix.
Wikispecies has information related to Coturnix coturnix.
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