Common wheat
Common wheat | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Pooideae |
Genus: | Triticum |
Species: | T. aestivum
|
Binomial name | |
Triticum aestivum | |
Synonyms | |
|
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species.[1][2][3][4][5] About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat;[6] it is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield.[7]
Taxonomy
Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics.
List of common cultivars
Phylogeny
Bread wheat is an
Free-threshing wheat is closely related to spelt. As with spelt, genes contributed from Ae. tauschii give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.[citation needed]
Cultivation
History
Common wheat was first domesticated in
Wheat first reached
Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking, and has displaced many of the other wheat, barley, and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making, particularly in Europe.[citation needed]
Plant breeding
Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes[14] that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.[citation needed]
Other forms of common wheat
References
- PMID 23192148.
- ) Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding.
- )
- )
- ISBN 978-0-19-850356-9. Standard reference for evolution and early history.
- ^ S2CID 206555738.
- ^ "Triticum aestivum (bread wheat)". Kew Gardens. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ .
- PMID 27458472.
- S2CID 206554636.
- PMID 33014014.
- PMID 21317146.
- S2CID 128545750.
- S2CID 22854512.