Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM;
The
In the past, CHOGMs have attempted to orchestrate common policies on certain contentious issues and current events, with a special focus on issues affecting member nations. CHOGMs have discussed the continuation of
History
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The meetings originated with the leaders of the self-governing colonies of the
From the ashes of the
The 1960s saw an overhaul of the Commonwealth. The swift expansion of the Commonwealth after
Structure
The core of the CHOGM are the executive sessions, which are the formal gatherings of the heads of government to do business. However, the majority of the important decisions are held not in the main meetings themselves, but at the informal 'retreats': introduced at
The 'fringe' of
As the scope of the CHOGM has expanded beyond the meetings of the heads of governments themselves, the CHOGMs have become progressively shorter, and their business compacted into less time.
Issues
During the 1980s, CHOGMs were dominated by calls for the Commonwealth to impose sanctions on South Africa to pressure the country to end apartheid. The division between Britain, during the government of Margaret Thatcher which resisted the call for sanctions and African Commonwealth countries, and the rest of the Commonwealth was intense at times and led to speculation that the organisation might collapse. According to one of Margaret Thatcher's former aides, Mrs. Thatcher, very privately, used to say that CHOGM stood for "Compulsory Handouts to Greedy Mendicants."[10] According to his daughter, Denis Thatcher also referred to CHOGM as standing for 'Coons Holidaying on Government Money'.[11]
In 2011, British Prime Minister David Cameron informed the British House of Commons that his proposals to reform the rules governing royal succession, a change which would require the approval of all sixteen Commonwealth realms, was approved at the 28–30 October CHOGM in Perth, subsequently referred to as the Perth Agreement.[12]
Rwanda joined the Commonwealth in 2009 despite the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative's (CHRI) finding that "the state of governance and human rights in Rwanda does not satisfy Commonwealth standards", and that it "does not therefore qualify for admission".[13] Both the CHRI[14] and Human Rights Watch[15] have found that respect for democracy and human rights in Rwanda has declined since the country joined the Commonwealth. There have been calls[16][17][18] for the Commonwealth to stand up for democracy and human rights in Rwanda at the 2022 CHOGM.
Agenda
Under the Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, each CHOGM is responsible for renewing the remit of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group, whose responsibility it is to uphold the Harare Declaration on the core political principles of the Commonwealth.[19]
Incidents
A bomb exploded at the Sydney Hilton Hotel, the venue for the February 1978 Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting. Twelve foreign heads of government were staying in the hotel at the time. Most delegates were evacuated by Royal Australian Air Force helicopters and the meeting was moved to Bowral, protected by 800 soldiers of the Australian Army.
As the convocation of heads of governments and permanent Commonwealth staff and experts, CHOGMs are the highest institution of action in the Commonwealth, and rare occasions on which Commonwealth leaders all come together. CHOGMs have been the venues of many of the Commonwealth's most dramatic events.
It has also been the trigger of a number of events that have shaken participating countries domestically. The departure of
Participating countries
Current member states
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Australia
- Bahamas
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belize
- Brunei
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Cyprus
- Dominica
- Eswatini
- Fiji
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Grenada
- Guyana
- India
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Lesotho
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Malta
- Mauritius
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Nauru
- New Zealand
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Papua New Guinea
- Rwanda
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Samoa
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Solomon Islands
- South Africa
- Sri Lanka
- Tanzania
- Togo
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- United Kingdom
- Vanuatu
- Zambia
Former member states
- Zimbabwe (1980-2003)
List of meetings
* The 1986 and 2023 meetings were special sessions that fell outside the usual timetable. The 1986 CHOGM convened to discuss the issue of apartheid and only involved a handful of heads of government. The 2023 meeting (billed as 'Commonwealth Leaders' Summit') was an extraordinary session on the occasion of the
The
Notes
- Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013, for example, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa, instead of Sri Lankan Prime Minister D. M. Jayaratne, was the meeting chairman.
References
- ^ a b "Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting for first time since 1973" The Guardian, 7 May 2013
- S2CID 219625486.
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth II wraps up nostalgic Malta trip". The Himalayan Times. 29 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ a b Rajeev Syal, "Commonwealth leaders head to Rwanda for first summit since 2018", The Guardian, 20 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022
- .
- ^ S2CID 154616079.
- S2CID 154230912.
- JSTOR 40203725.
- ^ S2CID 154737836.
- ^ PBS Video, The Windsors: A Royal Family (1994)
- ISBN 978-1408704233.
- ^ "Commonwealth to discuss changing royal succession". Agence France Presse. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ "Rwanda's application for membership, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "Rwanda, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative". Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch, Rwanda country page". Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "The Commonwealth must call for reforms in Rwanda, African Arguments". 6 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- TheGuardian.com. June 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "The dictator who fooled us, Ian Birrell". Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "The Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme on the Harare Declaration, 1995". Commonwealth Secretariat. 12 November 1995. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- S2CID 219624427.
- ^ "Commonwealth leaders pledge continued unity and to empower youth".
- ^ "Commonwealth Heads of Government to meet in Samoa in 2024". Commonwealth. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ "Commonwealth leaders pledge continued unity and to empower youth".
- ^ "Commonwealth dream looms in Brexit campaign". BBC News. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^ "David Cameron: Commonwealth must fight corruption and extremism". BBC News. 28 November 2015.
- Global Post. Agence France-Presse. 28 November 2015. Archived from the originalon 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ "Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Communiqué (CHOGM Malta 2015)" (PDF). The Commonwealth. Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
External links
- Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting page on the Commonwealth Secretariat web site
- Kampala' 2007 Archived 23 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, CHOGM 2007 Official page
- CHOGM count Down, CHOGM News
- CHOGM 2007, CHOGM 2007 Kampala Uganda, Updates and information
- CHOGM 2007 Highlights & News, CHOGM 2007 Highlights
- CHOGM 2011, Australian Government
- CHOGM 2013, CHOGM 2013 Official website