Massachusetts

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Coordinates: 42°18′N 72°00′W / 42.3°N 72.0°W / 42.3; -72.0 (Commonwealth of Massachusetts)
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This article is about the U.S. state. For the Indigenous people, see Massachusett. For other uses, see Massachusetts (disambiguation).

Massachusetts
State
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Flag of Massachusetts
Flag
Official seal of Massachusetts
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Bay State (official)
The Pilgrim State; The Puritan State
The Old Colony State
The Baked Bean State[1]
Motto(s): 
Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem (Latin)
By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty
Anthem: "All Hail to Massachusetts"
Map of the United States with Massachusetts highlighted
Map of the United States with Massachusetts highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodProvince of Massachusetts Bay
Admitted to the UnionFebruary 6, 1788 (6th)
Capital
(and largest city)		Boston
Largest county or equivalentMiddlesex
Largest metro and urban areasGreater Boston
Government
 • GovernorMaura Healey (D)
 • Lieutenant GovernorKim Driscoll (D)
LegislatureGeneral Court
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
U.S. senatorsElizabeth Warren (D)
Ed Markey (D)
U.S. House delegation9 Democrats (list)
Area
 • Total10,565[2] sq mi (27,363 km2)
 • Land7,800[3] sq mi (20,202 km2)
 • Water2,715 sq mi (7,032 km2)  26.1%
 • Rank44th
Dimensions
 • Length190 mi (296 km)
 • Width115 mi (184 km)
Elevation
508 ft (150 m)
Highest elevation
(Mount Greylock[4][a])
3,489 ft (1,063.4 m)
Lowest elevation
(Atlantic Ocean)
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2023)
 • TotalNeutral increase 7,001,399 [5]
 • Rank16th
 • Density891/sq mi (344/km2)
  • Rank3rd
 • Median household income
$89,026[6]
 • Income rank
2nd
DemonymBay Stater (official)[7]

Massachusite (traditional)[8][9]

Massachusettsan (recommended by the
U.S. GPO)[10]
Language
 • Official languageEnglish[11]
 • Spoken language
EDT)
USPS abbreviation
MA
ISO 3166 codeUS-MA
Traditional abbreviationMass.
Latitude41°14′ N to 42°53′ N
Longitude69°56′ W to 73°30′ W
Websitemass.gov
State symbols of Massachusetts
Schooner Ernestina[13]
SoilPaxton[13]
SportBasketball[41]
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Massachusetts quarter dollar coin
Released in 2000[42]
Lists of United States state symbols

Massachusetts (/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ⓘ, /-zɪts/; Massachusett: Muhsachuweesut [məhswatʃəwiːsət]), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,[b] is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to its east, Connecticut and Rhode Island to its south, New Hampshire and Vermont to its north, and New York to its west. Massachusetts is the sixth-smallest state by land area. With over seven million residents as of 2020,[note 1] it is the most populous state in New England, the 16th-most-populous in the country, and the third-most densely populated, after New Jersey and Rhode Island.

The state's capital and

maritime trade.[49]

Massachusetts was a site of early

mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials.[50] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[51] for the agitation there that later led to the American Revolution. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which, during the Industrial Revolution, catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts.[52] In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention.[53] In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards.[54]

Massachusetts has played a powerful scientific, commercial, and cultural role in U.S. history. Before the

activism in the United States. Prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy
families.

Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States,[62] with the largest financial endowment of any university in the world.[63] The university has educated eight U.S. Presidents, while Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court.[64] Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" for producing high concentrations of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality innovations since 2010.[65][66] Both Harvard and MIT, also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.[67] Massachusetts's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.[68]

Massachusetts is the most educated

standard Human Development Index, first in per capita income, and as of 2023, first in median income.[69] Consequently, Massachusetts typically ranks as the top U.S. state, as well as the most expensive state, for residents to live in.[70]

Etymology

The

Patuxet band of the Wamponoag people, who have since died off due to contagious diseases brought by colonizers) met Chief Chickatawbut in 1621.[75][76]

Although the designation "Commonwealth" forms part of the state's official name, it has no practical implications in modern times

Massachusetts Constitution; unlike the word "state", the word "commonwealth" had the connotation of a republic at the time. This was in contrast to the monarchy the former colonies were fighting against during the American Revolutionary War. The name "State of Massachusetts Bay" appeared in the first draft, which was ultimately rejected. It was also chosen to include the "Cape Islands" in reference to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket—from 1780 to 1844, they were seen as additional and separate entities confined within the Commonwealth.[79]

History

Main articles: History of Massachusetts and Native American tribes in Massachusetts

Pre-colonization

Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the

Mahican, and Massachusett.[80][81] While cultivation of crops like squash and corn were an important part of their diet, the people of these tribes hunted, fished, and searched the forest for most of their food.[80] Villagers lived in lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses.[81] Tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems.[82]

Colonial period

Main articles: Mayflower Compact, Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony, New England Confederation, Dominion of New England, and Province of Massachusetts Bay

In the early 1600s,

Pilgrims founded Plymouth
in 1620.

The first English colonizers in Massachusetts Bay Colony landed with Richard Vines and spent the winter in Biddeford Pool near Cape Porpoise (after 1820 the State of Maine) in 1616. The Puritans, arrived at Plymouth in 1620. This was the second permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, after the Jamestown Colony. The "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Puritans after their first harvest in the "New World" and lasted for three days. They were soon followed by other Puritans, who colonized the Massachusetts Bay Colony—now known as Boston—in 1630.[86]

The Puritans believed the

Calvinist lines, and experienced harassment due to the religious policies of King Charles I and high-ranking churchmen such as William Laud, who would become Charles's Archbishop of Canterbury, whom they feared were re-introducing "Romish" elements to the national church.[87] They decided to colonize to Massachusetts, intending to establish what they considered an "ideal" religious society.[88] The Massachusetts Bay Colony was colonized under a royal charter, unlike the Plymouth colony, in 1629.[89] Both religious dissent and expansionism resulted in several new colonies being founded, shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, elsewhere in New England. The Massachusetts Bay banished dissenters such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams due to religious and political conflict. In 1636, Williams colonized what is now known as Rhode Island, and Hutchinson joined him there several years later. Religious intolerance continued, and among those who objected to this later that century were the English Quaker preachers Alice and Thomas Curwen, who were publicly flogged and imprisoned in Boston in 1676.[90][91]

By 1641, Massachusetts had expanded inland significantly. The Commonwealth acquired the

Southwick Jog.[94]

Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God (cover page shown), also called the Eliot Indian Bible
, was the first Bible printed in British North America.

In 1652 the Massachusetts General Court authorized Boston silversmith John Hull to produce local coinage in shilling, sixpence and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony.[95] Before that point, the colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and counterfeit coins.[96] In 1661, shortly after the restoration of the British monarchy, the British government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous.[97] However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease operations until at least 1682, when Hull's contract as mintmaster expired, and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mintmaster.[98] The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684.[99]

In 1691, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were united (along with present-day Maine, which had previously been divided between Massachusetts and New York) into the Province of Massachusetts Bay.[100] Shortly after, the new province's first governor, William Phips, arrived. The Salem witch trials also took place, where a number of men and women were hanged for alleged witchcraft.[101]

The most destructive earthquake known to date in New England occurred on November 18, 1755, causing considerable damage across Massachusetts.[102][103]

The Revolutionary War

Main articles: American Revolutionary War, Boston campaign, Lee Resolution, United States Declaration of Independence, Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga, Articles of Confederation § Ratification, and Treaty of Paris (1783)
Battle of Lexington

Massachusetts was a center of the movement for independence from Great Britain. Colonists in Massachusetts had long had uneasy relations with the British monarchy, including open rebellion under the Dominion of New England in the 1680s.[100] Protests against British attempts to tax the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763 led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, and the 1773 Boston Tea Party escalated tensions.[104] In 1774, the Intolerable Acts targeted Massachusetts with punishments for the Boston Tea Party and further decreased local autonomy, increasing local dissent.[105] Anti-Parliamentary activity by men such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock, followed by reprisals by the British government, were a primary reason for the unity of the Thirteen Colonies and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775.[106]

The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought in Massachusetts in 1775, initiated the American Revolutionary War.[107] George Washington, later the first president of the future country, took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle. His first victory was the siege of Boston in the winter of 1775–76, after which the British were forced to evacuate the city.[108] The event is still celebrated in Suffolk County only every March 17 as Evacuation Day.[109]

On the coast, Salem became a center for privateering. Although the documentation is incomplete, about 1,700 letters of marque, issued on a per-voyage basis, were granted during the American Revolution. Nearly 800 vessels were commissioned as privateers, which were credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships.[110]

John Adams, 2nd President of the United States (1797–1801)
A 1779 five-shilling note issued by Massachusetts with the inscription: "FIVE SHILLINGS. shall be paid to the Bearer of this Bill, by the 1st Day of Decmr. 1782 agreeable to an Act of the Genl, Court of said STATE."; Within print of sun: "RISING".
A 1779 five-shilling note issued by Massachusetts.

Federal period

Main articles: Constitutional Convention (United States), Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

Bostonian John Adams, known as the "Atlas of Independence",[111] was highly involved in both separation from Britain and the Constitution of Massachusetts, which effectively (the Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker cases as interpreted by William Cushing) made Massachusetts the first state to abolish slavery. David McCullough points out that an equally important feature was its placing for the first time the courts as a co-equal branch separate from the executive.[112] (The Constitution of Vermont, adopted in 1777, represented the first partial ban on slavery among the states. Vermont became a state in 1791 but did not fully ban slavery until 1858 with the Vermont Personal Liberty Law. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780[113] made Pennsylvania the first state to abolish slavery by statute - the second English colony to do so; the first having been the Colony of Georgia in 1735.) Later, Adams was active in early American foreign affairs and succeeded Washington as the second president of the United States. His son, John Quincy Adams, also from Massachusetts,[114] would go on to become the nation's sixth president.

From 1786 to 1787, an armed uprising led by Revolutionary War veteran

United States Constitution.[115]

19th century

Main articles: Missouri Compromise and Massachusetts in the American Civil War

In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state due to the ratification of the Missouri Compromise.[116]

Textile mills, such as the one depicted here in Lowell, made Massachusetts a leader in the Industrial Revolution.

During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American Industrial Revolution, with factories around cities such as Lowell and Boston producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing tools, paper, and textiles.[117][118] The state's economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of water-power and later the steam engine to power factories. Canals and railroads were being used in the state for transporting raw materials and finished goods.[119] At first, the new industries drew labor from Yankees on nearby subsistence farms, though they later relied upon immigrant labor from Europe and Canada.[120][121]

Although Massachusetts was the first slave-holding colony with slavery dating back to the early 1600s, the state became a center of

philosophers and writers from the state, also made major contributions to American philosophy.[123] Furthermore, members of the transcendentalist movement within the state emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.[123]

Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,[124] abolitionist views there gradually increased throughout the next few decades.[125][126] Abolitionists John Brown and Sojourner Truth lived in Springfield and Northampton, respectively, while Frederick Douglass lived in Boston and Susan B. Anthony in Adams. The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts's actions during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a Black regiment with White officers, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.[127] In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory education laws.[128]

20th century

Although the

Tuesday, October 29 is remembered as the beginning of the Great Depression. The Boston Stock Exchange, drawn into the whirlpool of panic selling that beset the New York Stock Exchange, lost over 25 percent of its value in two days of frenzied trading. The BSE, nearly 100 years old at the time, had helped raise the capital that had funded many of the Commonwealth's factories, railroads, and businesses. "[129] Governor of Massachusetts Frank G. Allen appointed John C. Hull the first Securities Director of Massachusetts.[130][131][132] Hull would assume office in January 1930, and his term would end in 1936.[133]

With the departure of several manufacturing companies, the state's industrial economy began to decline during the early 20th century. By the 1920s, competition from the

Midwest, followed by the Great Depression, led to the collapse of the three main industries in Massachusetts: textiles, shoemaking, and precision mechanics.[134] This decline would continue into the latter half of the 20th century. Between 1950 and 1979, the number of Massachusetts residents involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264,000 to 63,000.[135] The 1969 closure of the Springfield Armory, in particular, spurred an exodus of high-paying jobs from Western Massachusetts, which suffered greatly as it de-industrialized during the century's last 40 years.[136]

Massachusetts manufactured 3.4 percent of total United States military armaments produced during

service-based economy.[138] Government contracts, private investment, and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate, with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. Suburbanization flourished, and by the 1970s, the Route 128/Interstate 95 corridor was dotted with high-tech companies who recruited graduates of the area's many elite institutions of higher education.[139]

In 1987, the state received federal funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Commonly known as "the Big Dig", it was, at the time, the biggest federal highway project ever approved.[140] The project included making the Central Artery, part of Interstate 93, into a tunnel under downtown Boston, in addition to the re-routing of several other major highways.[141][failed verification] The project was often controversial, with numerous claims of graft and mismanagement, and with its initial price tag of $2.5 billion increasing to a final tally of over $15 billion. Nonetheless, the Big Dig nonetheless changed the face of Downtown Boston[140] and connected areas that were once divided by elevated highway. Much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway. The project also improved traffic conditions along several routes.[140][141]

Notable 20th century politicians

John F. Kennedy, Massachusetts native and 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)

The Kennedy family was prominent in 20th-century Massachusetts politics. The children of businessman and ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. included John F. Kennedy, who was a senator and U.S. president before his assassination in 1963; Ted Kennedy, a senator from 1962 until his death in 2009;[142] and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, a co-founder of the Special Olympics.[143] In 1966, Massachusetts became the first state to directly elect an African American to the U.S. senate with Edward Brooke.[144] George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (1989–1993) was born in Milton in 1924.[145]

Other notable Massachusetts politicians on the national level included

Joseph W. Martin, Jr., Speaker of the House (from 1947 to 1949 and then again from 1953 to 1955) and leader of House Republicans from 1939 until 1959 (where he was the only Republican to serve as Speaker between 1931 and 1995),[146] John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House in the 1960s, and Tip O'Neill, whose service as Speaker of the House from 1977 to 1987 was the longest continuous tenure in United States history.[147]

21st century

On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state in the U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage. This followed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court's decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health in November 2003, which determined that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the right to a civil marriage was unconstitutional.[61]

In 2004, Massachusetts senator John Kerry, who won the Democratic nomination for President of the United States, lost to incumbent George W. Bush. Eight years later, former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney (the Republican nominee) lost to incumbent Barack Obama in 2012. Another eight years later, Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren became a frontrunner in the Democratic primaries for the 2020 presidential election. However, she later suspended her campaign and endorsed presumptive nominee Joe Biden.[148]

Boston Marathon bombing

Two

pressure cooker bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, at around 2:49 pm local time (EDT). The explosions killed three people and injured an estimated 264 others.[149] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) later identified the suspects as brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. The ensuing manhunt ended on April 19 when thousands of law enforcement officers searched a 20-block area of nearby Watertown. Dzhokhar later said he was motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from Inspire, the online magazine of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.[150]

On November 8, 2016, Massachusetts voted in favor of the Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as Question 4.[151]

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Massachusetts and Geology of New England
A portion of the north-central Pioneer Valley in South Deerfield

Massachusetts is the seventh-smallest state in the United States. It is located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of 10,555 square miles (27,340 km2), 25.7% of which is water. Several large bays distinctly shape its coast. Boston is the largest city, at the inmost point of Massachusetts Bay, and the mouth of the Charles River.[citation needed]

Despite its small size, Massachusetts features numerous

the Berkshires, forming a portion of the northern terminus of the Appalachian Mountains.[citation needed
]

The U.S.

sites in Massachusetts.[152] Along with twelve national historic sites, areas, and corridors, the National Park Service also manages the Cape Cod National Seashore and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.[152] In addition, the Department of Conservation and Recreation maintains a number of parks, trails, and beaches throughout Massachusetts.[153]

Ecology

The primary biome of inland Massachusetts is temperate deciduous forest.[154] Although much of Massachusetts had been cleared for agriculture, leaving only traces of old-growth forest in isolated pockets, secondary growth has regenerated in many rural areas as farms have been abandoned.[155] Forests cover around 62% of Massachusetts.[156] The areas most affected by human development include the Greater Boston area in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west, although the latter includes agricultural areas throughout the Connecticut River Valley.[157] There are 219 endangered species in Massachusetts.[158]

A number of species are doing well in the increasingly urbanized Massachusetts. Peregrine falcons utilize office towers in larger cities as nesting areas,[159] and the population of coyotes, whose diet may include garbage and roadkill, has been increasing in recent decades.[160] White-tailed deer, raccoons, wild turkeys, and eastern gray squirrels are also found throughout Massachusetts. In more rural areas in the western part of Massachusetts, larger mammals such as moose and black bears have returned, largely due to reforestation following the regional decline in agriculture.[161]

Massachusetts is located along the

waterfowl along the eastern coast.[162] Lakes in central Massachusetts provide habitat for many species of fish and waterfowl, but some species such as the common loon are becoming rare.[163] A significant population of long-tailed ducks winter off Nantucket. Small offshore islands and beaches are home to roseate terns and are important breeding areas for the locally threatened piping plover.[164] Protected areas such as the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge provide critical breeding habitat for shorebirds and a variety of marine wildlife including a large population of grey seals. Since 2009, there has been a significant increase in the number of Great white sharks spotted and tagged in the coastal waters off of Cape Cod.[165][166][167]

Freshwater fish species in Massachusetts include

carp, catfish, and trout, while saltwater species such as Atlantic cod, haddock, and American lobster populate offshore waters.[168] Other marine species include Harbor seals, the endangered North Atlantic right whales, as well as humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, and Atlantic white-sided dolphins.[169]

The European corn borer, a significant agricultural pest, was first found in North America near Boston, Massachusetts in 1917.[170]

Climate

Main article:
Humid Subtropical climates. The warm to hot summers render the oceanic climate rare in this transition, only applying to exposed coastal areas such as on the peninsula of Barnstable County. The climate of Boston
is quite representative for the commonwealth, characterized by summer highs of around 81 °F (27 °C) and winter highs of 35 °F (2 °C), and is quite wet. Frosts are frequent all winter, even in coastal areas due to prevailing inland winds. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine a year.

Koppen climate types of Massachusetts
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Massachusetts[171]
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Boston 81/65 27/18 36/22 2/−5
Worcester 79/61 26/16 31/17 0/−8
Springfield 84/62 27/17 34/17 1/−8
New Bedford 80/65 26/18 37/23 3/−4
Quincy 80/61 26/16 33/18 1/−7
Plymouth 80/61 27/16 38/20 3/−6

Environmental issues

Climate change

Main article: Climate change in Massachusetts

Climate change in Massachusetts will affect both urban and rural environments, including forestry, fisheries, agriculture, and coastal development.[172][173][174] The Northeast is projected to warm faster than global average temperatures; by 2035, according to the U. S. Global Change Research Program, the Northeast is "projected to be more than 3.6°F (2°C) warmer on average than during the preindustrial era".[174] As of August 2016, the EPA reports that Massachusetts has warmed by over two degrees Fahrenheit, or 1.1 degrees Celsius.[175]

Shifting temperatures also result in the shifting of rainfall patterns and the intensification of precipitation events. To that end, average precipitation in the Northeast United States has risen by ten percent from 1895 to 2011, and the number of heavy precipitation events has increased by seventy percent during that time.[175] These increased precipitation patterns are focused in the winter and spring. Increasing temperatures coupled with increasing precipitation will result in earlier snow melts and subsequent drier soil in the summer months.[176]

The shifting climate in Massachusetts will result in a significant change to the state's built environment and ecosystems. In Boston alone, costs of climate change-related storms will result in $5 to $100 billion in damage.[175]

Warmer temperatures will also disrupt bird migration and flora blooming. With these changes, deer populations are expected to increase, resulting in a decrease in underbrush which smaller fauna use as camouflage. Additionally, rising temperatures will increase the number of reported

Asian tiger mosquitoes, which often carry the West Nile virus.[175]

To fight this change, the

net-zero emissions, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85 percent overall.[177]

Power Initiatives

Main articles: Solar power in Massachusetts and Wind power in Massachusetts
See also: Plug-in electric vehicles in Massachusetts

The State of Massachusetts has developed a plethora of incentives to encourage the implementation of

retrofit their homes with efficient HVAC equipment and other household appliances. Appliances such as water heaters, air conditioners, washers and driers, and heat pumps are eligible for rebates in order to incentivize change.[178]

The concept of Mass Save was created in 2008 by the passing of the Green Communities Act of 2008, during

MA Department of Energy Resources (DOER) and the Energy Efficiency Advisory Council (EEAC).[179]

The State Revenue Service provides incentives for the installation of solar panels. In addition to the Federal Residential Renewable energy credit, Massachusetts residents may be eligible for a tax credit of up to 15 percent of the project.[180] Once installed, arrays are eligible for net metering.[181] Certain municipalities will offer up to $1.20 per watt, up to 50 percent of the system's cost on PV arrays 25 kW or less.[182] The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources also offered low-interest, fixed-rate financing with loan support for low-income residents until December 31, 2020.[183]

As a part of the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources' effort to incentivize the usage of renewable energy, the Massachusetts Offers Rebates for Electric Vehicles (MOR-EV) initiative was created. With this incentive, residents may qualify for a state-provided incentive of up to $2,500 for the purchase or lease of an electric vehicle, or $1,500 for the purchase or lease of a plug-in hybrid vehicle.[184] This rebate is available in addition to the tax credits offered by the United States Department of Energy for the purchase of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.[185]

For income-eligible residents, Mass Save has partnered with Massachusetts Community Action Program Agencies and Low-Income Energy Affordability Network (LEAN) to offer residents assistance with upgrades to their homes that will result in more efficient energy usage. Residents may qualify for a replacement of their heating system, insulation installation, appliances, and thermostats if they meet the income qualifications provided on Mass Save's website. For residents of 5+ family residential buildings, there are additional income-restricted benefits available through LEAN. If at least 50 percent of the residents of the building qualify as low income, energy efficiency improvements like those available through Mass Save are available. Residential structures operated by non-profit organizations, for profit operations, or housing authorities may take advantage of these programs.[186]

In late 2020, the administration of Massachusetts governor

hydrogen powered) by 2035.[187][188]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Massachusetts and List of people from Massachusetts
Massachusetts population density map. The centers of high-density settlement, from east to west, are Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Pittsfield, respectively.
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1790378,787—
1800422,84511.6%
1810472,04011.6%
1820523,28710.9%
1830610,40816.6%
1840737,69920.9%
1850994,51434.8%
18601,231,06623.8%
18701,457,35118.4%
18801,783,08522.4%
18902,238,94725.6%
19002,805,34625.3%
19103,366,41620.0%
19203,852,35614.4%
19304,249,61410.3%
19404,316,7211.6%
19504,690,5148.7%
19605,148,5789.8%
19705,689,17010.5%
19805,737,0370.8%
19906,016,4254.9%
20006,349,0975.5%
20106,547,6293.1%
20207,029,9177.4%
2023 (est.)7,001,399−0.4%
[189][190]

At the

2010 United States Census.[191][192] As of 2015, Massachusetts was estimated to be the third-most densely populated U.S. state, with 871.0 people per square mile,[193] behind New Jersey and Rhode Island. In 2014, Massachusetts had 1,011,811 foreign-born residents or 15% of the population.[193] As of July 2022, the population is estimated to have fallen to 6.98 million.[5]

Most Massachusetts residents live within the Boston metropolitan area, also known as Greater Boston, which includes Boston and its proximate surroundings but also extending to Greater Lowell and to Worcester. The Springfield metropolitan area, also known as Greater Springfield, is also a major center of population. Demographically, the center of population of Massachusetts is located in the town of Natick.[194][195]

Like the rest of the Northeastern United States, the population of Massachusetts has continued to grow in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Massachusetts is the fastest-growing state in New England and the 25th fastest-growing state in the United States.[196] Population growth has been driven primarily by the relatively high quality of life and a large higher education system.[196]

Foreign immigration is also a factor in the state's population growth, causing the state's population to continue to grow as of the

2010 census.[198] In 2018, The top countries of origin for Massachusetts' immigrants were China, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, India and Haiti.[199]

By sex, 48.4% were male, and 51.6% were female in 2014. In terms of age, 79.2% were over 18 and 14.8% were over 65.[193]

According to

homeless people in Massachusetts.[200][201]

Race and ancestry

Saint Patrick's Day parade in Scituate, the municipality with the highest percentage identifying Irish ancestry in the United States, at 47.5% in 2010.[202] Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Massachusetts.
Ethnic origins in Massachusetts
Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and Ethnicity[203] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic)
 67.6% 67.6
 
 71.4% 71.4
 
Hispanic or Latino[c] — 12.6% 12.6
 
African American (non-Hispanic) 6.5% 6.5
 
 8.2% 8.2
 
Asian 7.2% 7.2
 
 8.2% 8.2
 
Native American 0.1% 0.1
 
 0.9% 0.9
 
Pacific Islander 0.02% 0.02
 
 0.1% 0.1
 
Other 1.3% 1.3
 
 3.6% 3.6
 

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.4% in 1970 to 67.6% in 2020.[193][204] As of 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 63.6% of all the births,[205] while 36.4% of the population of Massachusetts younger than age 1 was minorities (at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).[206] One major reason for this is that non-Hispanic whites in Massachusetts recorded a total fertility rate of 1.36 in 2017, the second-lowest in the country after neighboring Rhode Island.[207]

As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of English ancestry.

Brazilian populations.[213] Boston's South End and Jamaica Plain are both gay villages, as is nearby Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.[214]

Boston's Chinatown, with its paifang gate, is home to many Chinese and also Vietnamese restaurants.
gay pride march, held annually in June. In 2004 Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage
.

The largest ancestry group in Massachusetts are the

Wampanoag tribe maintains reservations at Aquinnah on Martha's Vineyard and at Mashpee on Cape Cod—with an ongoing native language revival project underway since 1993, while the Nipmuc maintain two state-recognized reservations in the central part of the state, including one at Grafton.[220]

Massachusetts has avoided many forms of racial strife seen elsewhere in the US, but examples such as the successful electoral showings of the

desegregation busing in the 1970s.[223]

Languages

The most common varieties of

General American, are the cot-caught distinct, rhotic, western Massachusetts dialect and the cot-caught merged, non-rhotic, eastern Massachusetts dialect (popularly known as a "Boston accent").[224]

Top 11 Non-English Languages Spoken in Massachusetts
Language Percentage of population
(as of 2010)[225]
Spanish 7.50%
Portuguese 2.97%
Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) 1.59%
French (including New England French) 1.11%
French Creole 0.89%
Italian 0.72%
Russian 0.62%
Vietnamese 0.58%
Greek 0.41%
Arabic and Khmer (Cambodian) (including all Austroasiatic languages) (tied) 0.37%

As of 2010, 78.93% (4,823,127) of Massachusetts residents 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 7.50% (458,256) spoke Spanish, 2.97% (181,437) Portuguese, 1.59% (96,690) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.11% (67,788) French, 0.89% (54,456) French Creole, 0.72% (43,798) Italian, 0.62% (37,865) Russian, and Vietnamese was spoken as a primary language by 0.58% (35,283) of the population over 5. In total, 21.07% (1,287,419) of Massachusetts's population 5 and older spoke a first language other than English.[193][225]

Religion

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[226]

  
Judaism (3%)
  Hinduism (2%)
  Buddhism (1%)
  New Age
(1%)
  Other (1%)

Massachusetts was founded and settled by

Congregational churches, the United Church of Christ and congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Association. The headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association, long located on Beacon Hill, is now located in South Boston.[228][229] Many Puritan descendants also dispersed to other Protestant denominations. Some disaffiliated along with Roman Catholics and other Christian groups in the wake of modern secularization.[230]

As of the 2014 Pew study, Christians made up 57% of the state's population, with

Muslims, and Mormons may also be found. The Satanic Temple has its headquarters in Salem. Kripalu Center in Stockbridge, the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield, and the Insight Meditation Center in Barre are examples of non-Abrahamic religious centers in Massachusetts. According to 2010 data from The Association of Religion Data Archives, (ARDA) the largest single denominations are the Catholic Church with 2,940,199 adherents; the United Church of Christ with 86,639 adherents; and the Episcopal Church with 81,999 adherents.[232]

In 2014, 32% of the population identified as having no religion;[233] in a separate 2020 study, 23% of the population identified as irreligious, and 67% of the population identified as Christians (including 26% as white Protestants and 20% as white Catholics).[231] As of 2022, a plurality of Massachusettsans were irreligious,[231] and the state is considered to be a part of the Unchurched Belt.[234]

Education

MIT Building 10
.)
Further information: List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts, List of engineering schools in Massachusetts, List of high schools in Massachusetts, List of school districts in Massachusetts, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Massachusetts Department of Higher Education, University of Massachusetts, and History of education in Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts by combined mean SAT of their public high school district for the 2015–2016 academic year[235]

In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by

The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639),[240] its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635),[241] its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763),[242] its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636),[243] and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).[244] Massachusetts is also home to the highest ranked private high school in the United States, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, which was founded in 1778.[245]

Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844.[246] In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.[247] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.[68]

Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.[248] Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general.[249] In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U.S. News & World Report: Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U.S. News & World Report's best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4).[250] It is also home to the oldest Catholic liberal arts college, College of the Holy Cross (#33).[251] Boston Architectural College is New England's largest private college of spatial design. The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst, which enrolls more than 25,000.[252][253]

Economy

See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income and Category:Economy of Massachusetts

The United States

gross state product in 2020 was $584 billion.[254] The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third-highest state in the nation.[255] As of January 2023, Massachusetts state general minimum wage is $15.00 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $6.75 an hour, with a guarantee that employers will pay the difference should a tipped employee's hourly wage not meet or exceed the general minimum wage.[256] This wage was set to increase to a general minimum of $15.00 per hour and a tipped worker minimum of $6.75 per hour in January 2023, as part of a series of minimum wage amendments passed in 2018 that saw the minimum wage increase slowly every January up to 2023.[257]

In 2015, twelve

Continental Cablevision.[262]

Massachusetts has three foreign-trade zones, the Massachusetts Port Authority of Boston, the Port of New Bedford, and the City of Holyoke.[263] Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4 million total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.[264]

Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education,

the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth-most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers.[267] In 2010, the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published '1,000 Great Places in Massachusetts' that identified 1,000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic, cultural, and natural attractions.[268]

Sunset at Brewster, on Cape Cod Bay.

While manufacturing comprised less than 10% of Massachusetts's gross state product in 2016, the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States.[269] This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components.[270][271]

The more than 33,000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one-sixth of the state's workforce.[272] In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day.[273]

In February 2017,

metrics including healthcare, education, crime, infrastructure, opportunity, economy, and government. Massachusetts ranked number one in education, number two in healthcare, and number five in the handling of the economy.[274]

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Massachusetts

As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres (27.3 hectares) apiece.[275] Greenhouse, floriculture, and sod products – including the ornamental market – make up more than one third of the state's agricultural output.[276][277] Particular agricultural products of note also include cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production.[277] Fruit cultivation is an important part of the state's agricultural revenues,[278] and Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state after Wisconsin.[279]

Taxation

Depending on how it is calculated, state and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st-highest (11.44% or $6,163 per year for a household with nationwide median income)

Proposition 2½.[282]

As of January 1, 2020, Massachusetts has a flat-rate personal income tax of 5.00%,[283] after a 2002 voter referendum to eventually lower the rate to 5.0%[284] as amended by the legislature.[285] There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%,[286] and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%.[287] An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year.[288]

The state imposes a 6.25%

estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.[287]

Energy

Further information: Solar power in Massachusetts, Wind power in Massachusetts, and Category:Energy in Massachusetts

Massachusetts's

BTU,[291] making it the seventh-lowest state in terms of consumption of energy per capita, and 31 percent of that energy came from natural gas.[291] In 2014 and 2015, Massachusetts was ranked as the most energy efficient state the United States[292][293] while Boston is the most efficient city,[294] but it had the fourth-highest average residential retail electricity prices of any state.[291] In 2018, renewable energy was about 7.2 percent of total energy consumed in the state, ranking 34th.[291]

Transportation

Main pages: Massachusetts Department of Transportation, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, and Category:Transportation in Massachusetts
See also: Plug-in electric vehicles in Massachusetts
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, serving Greater Boston

Massachusetts has 10 regional metropolitan planning organizations and three non-metropolitan planning organizations covering the remainder of the state;[295] statewide planning is handled by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector in Massachusetts.[296]

Regional public transportation

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), also known as "The T",[297] operates public transportation in the form of subway,[298] bus,[299] and ferry[300] systems in the Metro Boston area.

Fifteen other regional transit authorities provide public transportation in the form of bus services in the rest of the state.[301] Four heritage railways are also in operation:

Long-distance rail and bus

Chicago.[306][307] Boston's other major station, North Station, serves as the southern terminus for Amtrak's Downeaster, which connects to Portland and Brunswick in Maine.[306]

Outside of Boston, Amtrak connects several cities across Massachusetts, along the aforementioned Acela, Northeast Regional, Lake Shore Limited, and Downeaster lines, as well as other routes in central and western Massachusetts. The Hartford Line connects Springfield to New Haven, operated in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation, and the Valley Flyer runs a similar route but continues further north to Greenfield. Several stations in western Massachusetts are also served by the Vermonter, which connects St. Albans, Vermont to Washington DC.[306]

Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012),

Plymouth and Brockton Street Railway. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in Boston.[309]

CapeFLYER providing passenger rail service between Boston and Cape Cod.[311][312]

Ferry

Most ports north of Cape Cod are served by Boston Harbor Cruises, which operates

Provincetown.[313]

On the southern shore of the state, several different passenger ferry lines connect

The Steamship Authority, the latter of which regulates all passenger services in the region and is also the only company permitted to offer freight ferry services to the islands.[316]

Other ferry connections in the state include a line between

Cuttyhunk.[319]

Rail freight

See also: List of Massachusetts railroads

As of 2018, a number of

Norfolk Southern serving the state via its Pan Am Southern joint partnership. Several regional and short line railroads also provide service and connect with other railroads.[320] Massachusetts has a total of 1,110 miles (1,790 km) of freight trackage in operation.[321][322]

Air service

Further information: List of airports in Massachusetts
Logan International Airport in Boston is the largest airport in New England in terms of passenger volume

Massport, an independent state transportation agency.[324] Massachusetts has 39 public-use airfields[325] and more than 200 private landing spots.[326] Some airports receive funding from the Aeronautics Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration; the FAA is also the primary regulator of Massachusetts air travel.[327]

Roads

Prominent roads and cities in Massachusetts

There are a total of 36,800 miles (59,200 km) of

loop concurrent with Route 128 around the more urbanized areas before continuing north along the coast into New Hampshire.[330]

Francis W. Sargent issued a general prohibition on most further freeway construction within the I-95/Route 128 loop in the Boston area.[331] A massive undertaking to bring I-93 underground in downtown Boston, called the Big Dig, brought the city's highway system under public scrutiny for its high cost and construction quality.[140]

Government and politics

The Massachusetts State House, topped by its golden dome, faces Boston Common on Beacon Hill.

Massachusetts has a long political history; earlier political structures included the

United States Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788. Drafted by John Adams, the Massachusetts Constitution is the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world.[332][333][334] It has been amended 121 times, most recently in 2022.[335]

Massachusetts politics since the second half of the 20th century have generally been dominated by the

the first openly lesbian or gay candidate elected to a state legislature in US history.[337] The state's 12th congressional district elected the first openly gay member of the United States House of Representatives, Gerry Studds, in 1972[338] and in 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to allow same-sex marriage.[61] In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to approve a law that provided for nearly universal healthcare.[339][340] Massachusetts has a pro-sanctuary city law.[341]

In a 2020 study, Massachusetts was ranked as the 11th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[342]

Government

Main article: Government of Massachusetts
See also: Commonwealth (U.S. state)
D), the 73rd Governor of Massachusetts

The

Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch, while legislative authority vests in a separate but coequal legislature. Meanwhile, judicial power is constitutionally guaranteed to the independent judicial branch.[343]

Executive branch

As chief executive, the governor is responsible for signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard.[344] Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency.[344] The governor is Maura Healey and the incumbent lieutenant governor is Kim Driscoll. The governor conducts the affairs of state alongside a separate Governor's Council made up of the lieutenant governor and eight separately elected councilors.[344] The council is charged by the state constitution with reviewing and confirming gubernatorial appointments and pardons, approving disbursements out of the state treasury, and certifying elections, among other duties.[344]

Aside from the governor and Governor's Council, the executive branch also includes four independently elected constitutional officers: a

secretary of the commonwealth, an attorney general, a state treasurer, and a state auditor. The commonwealth's incumbent constitutional officers are respectively William F. Galvin, Andrea Campbell, Deb Goldberg and Diana DiZoglio, all Democrats. In accordance with state statute, the secretary of the commonwealth administers elections, regulates lobbyists and the securities industry, registers corporations, serves as register of deeds for the entire state, and preserves public records as keeper of the state seal.[345] Meanwhile, the attorney general provides legal services to state agencies, combats fraud and corruption, investigates and prosecutes crimes, and enforces consumer protection, environment, labor, and civil rights laws as Massachusetts chief lawyer and law enforcement officer.[346] At the same time, the state treasurer manages the state's cash flow, debt, and investments as chief financial officer, whereas the state auditor conducts audits, investigations, and studies as chief audit executive in order to promote government accountability and transparency and improve state agency financial management, legal compliance, and performance.[347][348]

Legislative branch

The Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts General Court.[344] The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members.[344] Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President.[344] Each branch consists of several committees.[344] Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms.[349]

Judicial branch

The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (a chief justice and six associates) are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Governor's Council, as are all other judges in the state.[344]

Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.[350]

Federal representation

The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is entirely

Jim McGovern (2nd), Lori Trahan (3rd), Jake Auchincloss (4th), Katherine Clark (5th), Seth Moulton (6th), Ayanna Pressley (7th), Stephen Lynch (8th), and Bill Keating (9th).[352]

In U.S. presidential elections since 2012, Massachusetts has been allotted 11 votes in the electoral college, out of a total of 538.[353] Like most states, Massachusetts's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.[354]

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Massachusetts and Political party strength in Massachusetts
See also: United States presidential elections in Massachusetts
Two older men and an older woman stand in a crowd with signs reading "Joe Kennedy for Congress".
Boston Pride Parade, 2012. From left: Representative Joe Kennedy III, Senator Elizabeth Warren, and former representative Barney Frank.

Massachusetts has shifted from a previously

1952 victory of John F. Kennedy over incumbent Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation. His younger brother Edward M. Kennedy held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009.[355] Since the 1950s, Massachusetts has gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of modern liberalism, hence the phrase "Massachusetts liberal".[356]

Massachusetts is one of the most Democratic states in the country. Democratic core concentrations are everywhere, except for a handful of Republican leaning towns in the Central and Southern parts of the state. Until recently, Republicans were dominant in the Western and Northern suburbs of Boston, however both areas heavily swung Democratic in the Trump era. The state as a whole has not given its

1972 presidential election. In 2020, Biden received 65.6% of the vote, the best performance in over 50 years for a Democrat.[359]

Democrats have an absolute grip on the Massachusetts congressional delegation; there are no Republicans elected to serve at the federal level. Both Senators and all nine Representatives are Democrats; only one Republican (former Senator Scott Brown) has been elected to either house of Congress from Massachusetts since 1994. Massachusetts is the most populous state to be represented in the United States Congress entirely by a single party.[360]

As of the 2018 elections, the Democratic Party holds a super-majority over the Republican Party in

state senate (92.5%) belong to the Democratic Party compared to the Republican Party's three seats (7.5%).[362] Both houses of the legislature have had Democratic majorities since the 1950s.[363]

Party registration as of October 2022[364]
Party Total voters Percentage
Unenrolled 2,951,863 60.44%
Democratic 1,438,607 29.46%
Republican 437,211 8.95%
Other 56,395 1.15%
Total 4,884,076 100.00%

Despite the state's Democratic-leaning tendency, Massachusetts has generally elected Republicans as Governor: only two Democrats (Deval Patrick and Maura Healey) have served as governor since 1991, and among gubernatorial election results from 2002 to 2022, Republican nominees garnered 48.4% of the vote compared to 45.7% for Democratic nominees.[365] These have been considered to be among the most moderate Republican leaders in the nation;[366][367] they have received higher net favorability ratings from the state's Democrats than Republicans.[368]

A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in Massachusetts, such as the decision in 2003 by the state Supreme Judicial Court

marijuana.[370] Voters in Massachusetts also approved a ballot measure in 2012 that legalized the medical use of marijuana.[371] Following the approval of a ballot question endorsing legalization in 2016, Massachusetts began issuing licenses for the regulated sale of recreational marijuana in June 2018. The licensed sale of recreational marijuana became legal on July 1, 2018; however, the lack of state-approved testing facilities prevented the sale of any product for several weeks.[372] However, in 2020, a ballot initiative to implement Ranked-Choice Voting failed, despite being championed by many progressives.[373]

Massachusetts is one of the most pro-choice states in the Union. A 2014 Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Massachusetts residents supported the right to an abortion in all/most cases, making Massachusetts the most pro-choice state in the United States.[374]

In 2020, the state legislature overrode Governor Charlie Baker's veto of the ROE Act, a controversial law that codified existing abortion laws in case the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, dropped the age of parental consent for those seeking an abortion from 18 to 16, and legalized abortion after 24 weeks, if a fetus had fatal anomalies, or "to preserve the patient's physical or mental health."[375]

The 2023 American Values Atlas by Public Religion Research Institute found that same-sex marriage is supported near-universally by Massachusettsans.[376]

Cities, towns, and counties

Main articles: Government of Massachusetts § County Government, and Government of Massachusetts § Municipal Government

There are

Nantucket. Eleven communities which call themselves "towns" are, by law, cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form.[378]

Boston is the state capital in Massachusetts. The population of the city proper is 692,600,[379] and Greater Boston, with a population of 4,873,019, is the 11th largest metropolitan area in the nation.[380] Other cities with a population over 100,000 include Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, Cambridge, Brockton, Quincy, New Bedford, and Lynn. Plymouth is the largest municipality in the state by land area, followed by Middleborough.[377]

Massachusetts, along with the five other New England states, features the local governmental structure known as the New England town.[381] In this structure, incorporated towns—as opposed to townships or counties—hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government.[381] Most of the county governments were abolished by the state of Massachusetts beginning in 1997 including Middlesex County,[382] the largest county in the state by population.[383][384] The voters of these now-defunct counties elect only Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds, who are part of the state government. Other counties have been reorganized, and a few still retain county councils.[385]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Massachusetts
Source:[386][387]
Rank
Name
County
 Pop. Rank
Name
County
 Pop.
Boston
Worcester
Worcester
 1
Boston
 Suffolk 654,776 11 Lawrence Essex 88,508 Springfield
Springfield
Cambridge
Cambridge
2 Worcester Worcester 205,918 12 Newton Middlesex 87,453
3 Springfield Hampden 154,789 13 Somerville Middlesex 79,815
4 Cambridge Middlesex 117,090 14 Framingham Middlesex 71,265
5 Lowell Middlesex 113,994 15 Haverhill Essex 67,361
6 Brockton Plymouth 105,994 16 Malden Middlesex 65,074
7 Quincy Norfolk 101,119 17 Waltham Middlesex 64,015
8 New Bedford Bristol 100,941 18 Brookline Norfolk 62,726
9 Lynn Essex 100,843 19 Plymouth Plymouth 62,131
10 Fall River Bristol 93,884 20 Medford Middlesex 62,098

Arts, culture, and recreation

The site of Henry David Thoreau's cabin at Walden Pond in Concord
Massachusetts is home to many of the worlds' most prestigious art museums, such as the Clark Art Institute (pictured above)

Massachusetts has contributed to American arts and culture. Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots, along with later immigrant groups, Massachusetts has produced several writers, artists, and musicians. Some major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage.[388]

Massachusetts was an early center of the

Walden; or, Life in the Woods.[389]

Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include

Khalil Gibran, Mary Higgins Clark, Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, Jack Kerouac and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as "Dr. Seuss".[390][391][392] Famous painters from Massachusetts include Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell;[392] many of the latter's works are on display at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge.[393]

Jacob's Pillow in Becket

Massachusetts is also an important center for the performing arts. Both the

Boston Pops Orchestra are based in Massachusetts.[394] Other orchestras in Massachusetts include the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra in Barnstable, the New Bedford Symphony Orchestra,[395] and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra.[396][397] Tanglewood, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[398]

Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the

Springfield, Lawrence, and Cape Cod respectively.[400][401][402] Film events in the state include the Boston Film Festival, the Boston International Film Festival, and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout Massachusetts.[403]

USS Constitution fires a salute during its annual Fourth of July turnaround cruise
Built in 1681, the Old Ship Church in Hingham is the oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use.[404] Massachusetts has since become one of the most irreligious states in the U.S.[405]

Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The

Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony
in December 1620.

Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village are two open-air or "living" museums in Massachusetts, recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively.[410][411]

Massachusetts has the largest population of the New England states. New Englander culture and identity remains strong in Massachusetts (Flag of New England pictured above).[412]

Boston's annual

Fourth of July celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by the USS Constitution, are popular events.[413] The New England Summer Nationals, an auto show in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year.[414] The Boston Marathon is also a popular event in the state drawing more than 30,000 runners and tens of thousands of spectators annually.[415]

Long-distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the Appalachian Trail, the New England National Scenic Trail, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail.[416] Other outdoor recreational activities in Massachusetts include sailing and yachting, freshwater and deep-sea fishing,[417] whale watching,[418] downhill and cross-country skiing,[419] and hunting.[420]

Massachusetts is one of the states with the largest percentage of

Catholics. It has many sanctuaries such as the National Shrine of The Divine Mercy (Stockbridge, Massachusetts).[421]

Media

See also: List of television stations in Massachusetts, List of newspapers in Massachusetts, and List of radio stations in Massachusetts

There are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts. The Boston/Manchester market is the fifth-largest in the United States.

Frontline, and American Experience.[424][425]

news wire the State House News Service feeds coverage of state government to other Massachusetts media outlets. There are a number of major AM and FM stations which serve Massachusetts,[427] along with many more regional and community-based stations. Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations, and print their own newspapers.[428][429][430]

Health

See also: List of hospitals in Massachusetts, Massachusetts health care reform, and Governorship of Mitt Romney § Health care
Map showing the average Medicare reimbursement per enrollee for the counties in Massachusetts.[431]

Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. In 2015, the

infant mortality rate (3.8),[435][436] and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents (children as well as the total population).[437][438][439] According to Business Insider, commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 80.41 years, the fifth-longest in the country.[440][441] 36.1% of the population is overweight and 24.4% is obese,[442] and Massachusetts ranks sixth-highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight (39.5%).[442] Massachusetts also ranks above average in the prevalence of binge drinking, which is the 20th-highest in the country.[443][444]

The nation's first Marine Hospital was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799.[445][446] There are currently a total of 143 hospitals in the state.[447] According to 2015 rankings by U.S. News & World Report, Massachusetts General Hospital is ranked in the top three in two health care specialties.[448] Massachusetts General Hospital was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby Harvard University.[449]

The state of Massachusetts is a center for medical education and research including Harvard affiliates

University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School is located in Worcester.[452] The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester.[453]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Massachusetts
Gillette Stadium in Foxborough is the home venue for the New England Patriots (NFL) and the New England Revolution (MLS)

Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics,[454] nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox,[455] six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins,[456] six-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots,[457] and five-time MLS Cup finalists New England Revolution.[458]

In the late 19th century, the

Basketball Hall of Fame is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke.[59] The American Hockey League (AHL), the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield.[459]

Several universities in Massachusetts are notable for their collegiate athletics. The state is home to two

MIT, Tufts University, Amherst College, Williams College, and others field competitive teams.[462]

Massachusetts is also the home of rowing events such as the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond and the Head of the Charles Regatta.[463] A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts, including nine U.S. Opens and two Ryder Cups.[464][465]

Massachusetts has produced several successful Olympians including

track & field); Butch Johnson (archery); Nancy Kerrigan (figure skating); Todd Richards (snowboarding); Albina Osipowich (swimming); Aly Raisman (gymnastics); Patrick Ewing (basketball); as well as Jim Craig, Mike Eruzione, Bill Cleary, Keith Tkachuk (ice hockey).[466][467]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ Massachusetts is one of only four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Kentucky, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
  3. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
  1. ^ Per the 2020 United States census, its highest decennial count ever.

References

  1. ^ Herman, Jennifer (2008). Massachusetts Encyclopedia. State History Publications, LLC. p. 7. Various nicknames have been given to describe Massachusetts, including the Bay State, the Old Bay State, the Pilgrim State, the Puritan State, the Old Colony State and, less often, the Baked Bean State
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Bibliography

Further reading

Overviews and surveys

Secondary sources

  • Abrams, Richard M. Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics, 1900–1912 (1964)
  • Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923)
  • Adams, James Truslow. New England in the Republic, 1776–1850 (1926)
  • Andrews, Charles M. The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths (1919), short survey
  • Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001)
  • Cumbler, John T. Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England, 1790–1930 (1930), environmental history
  • Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere's Ride (1994), 1775 in depth
  • Flagg, Charles Allcott, A Guide to Massachusetts local history, Salem : Salem Press Company, 1907.
  • Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions (1996)
  • Huthmacher, J. Joseph. Massachusetts People and Politics, 1919–1933 (1958)
  • Labaree, Benjamin Woods. Colonial Massachusetts: A History (1979)
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860 (1921)
  • Peirce, Neal R. The New England States: People, Politics, and Power in the Six New England States (1976), 1960–75 era
  • Porter, Susan L. Women of the Commonwealth: Work, Family, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (1996)
  • Sletcher, Michael. New England (2004).
  • Starkey, Marion L. The Devil in Massachusetts (1949), Salem witches
  • Tager, Jack, and John W. Ifkovic, eds. Massachusetts in the Gilded Age: Selected Essays (1985), ethnic groups
  • Zimmerman, Joseph F. The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action Archived November 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (1999)

External links

Preceded by
Constitution
on February 6, 1788 (6th) 		Succeeded by

42°18′N 72°00′W / 42.3°N 72.0°W / 42.3; -72.0 (Commonwealth of Massachusetts)

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