Communication
Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether unintentional or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits meaning but also creates it. Models of communication are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a coding system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a channel to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called communication studies.
A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between
Non-human forms of communication include animal and plant communication. Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like courtship and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example, maple trees release so-called volatile organic compounds into the air to warn other plants of a herbivore attack. Most communication takes place between members of the same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species. Interspecies communication happens mainly in cases of symbiotic relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where nectar is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with pets and working animals.
Human communication has a long history and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems, the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet. The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the exchange of data between computers.
Definitions
The word communication has its root in the Latin verb communicare, which means 'to share' or 'to make common'.[1] Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information:[2] a message is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity.[3] Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves. In some cases, sender and receiver are not individuals but groups like organizations, social classes, or nations.[4] In a different sense, the term communication refers to the message that is being communicated or to the field of inquiry studying communicational phenomena.[5]
The precise characterization of communication is disputed. Many scholars have raised doubts that any single definition can capture the term accurately. These difficulties come from the fact that the term is applied to diverse phenomena in different contexts, often with slightly different meanings.
Some definitions are broad and encompass unconscious and non-human
According to a broad definition by literary critic I. A. Richards, communication happens when one mind acts upon its environment to transmit its own experience to another mind.[16] Another interpretation is given by communication theorists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, who characterize communication as a transmission of information brought about by the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver.[17] The transmission view is rejected by transactional and constitutive views, which hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about the creation of meaning. Transactional and constitutive perspectives hold that communication shapes the participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves.[18] Researchers studying animal and plant communication focus less on meaning-making. Instead, they often define communicative behavior as having other features, such as playing a beneficial role in survival and reproduction, or having an observable response.[19]
Models of communication
Models of communication are conceptual representations of the process of communication.[20] Their goal is to provide a simplified overview of its main components. This makes it easier for researchers to formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test predictions.[21] Due to their simplified presentation, they may lack the conceptual complexity needed for a comprehensive understanding of all the essential aspects of communication. They are usually presented visually in the form of diagrams showing the basic components and their interaction.[22]
Models of communication are often categorized based on their intended applications and how they conceptualize communication. Some models are general in the sense that they are intended for all forms of communication. Specialized models aim to describe specific forms, such as models of mass communication.[23]
One influential way to classify communication is to distinguish between linear transmission, interaction, and transaction models.
All the early models, developed in the middle of the 20th century, are linear transmission models.
The
The earliest interaction model was developed by communication theorist
The first transactional model was proposed by communication theorist Dean Barnlund in 1970.[39] He understands communication as "the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages".[40] Its goal is to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared understanding.[41] This happens in response to external and internal cues. Decoding is the process of ascribing meaning to them and encoding consists in producing new behavioral cues as a response.[42]
Human
There are many forms of human communication. A central distinction is whether language is used, as in the contrast between verbal and non-verbal communication. A further distinction concerns whether one communicates with others or with oneself, as in the contrast between interpersonal and intrapersonal communication.[43] Forms of human communication are also categorized by their channel or the medium used to transmit messages.[44] The field studying human communication is known as anthroposemiotics.[45]
Verbal
Verbal communication is the exchange of messages in
One hallmark of human language, in contrast to animal communication, lies in its complexity and expressive power. Human language can be used to refer not just to
A central contrast among languages is between
Verbal communication serves various functions. One key function is to exchange information, i.e. an attempt by the speaker to make the audience aware of something, usually of an external event. But language can also be used to express the speaker's feelings and attitudes. A closely related role is to establish and maintain social relations with other people. Verbal communication is also utilized to coordinate one's behavior with others and influence them. In some cases, language is not employed for an external purpose but only for
Non-verbal
Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information through non-linguistic modes, like facial expressions,
Non-verbal communication often happens unintentionally and unconsciously, like
There are many forms of non-verbal communication. They include
Proxemics studies how personal space is used in communication. The distance between the speakers reflects their degree of familiarity and intimacy with each other as well as their social status.[70] Haptics examines how information is conveyed using touching behavior, like handshakes, holding hands, kissing, or slapping. Meanings linked to haptics include care, concern, anger, and violence. For instance, handshaking is often seen as a symbol of equality and fairness, while refusing to shake hands can indicate aggressiveness. Kissing is another form often used to show affection and erotic closeness.[71]
Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, encompasses non-verbal elements in speech that convey information. Paralanguage is often used to express the feelings and emotions that the speaker has but does not explicitly stated in the verbal part of the message. It is not concerned with the words used but with how they are expressed. This includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness.[72] For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch conveys a different meaning on the non-verbal level than whispering the same words. Paralanguage is mainly concerned with spoken language but also includes aspects of written language, like the use of colors and fonts as well as spatial arrangement in paragraphs and tables.[73] Non-linguistic sounds may also convey information; crying indicates that an infant is distressed, and babbling conveys information about infant health and well-being.[74]
Chronemics concerns the use of time, such as what messages are sent by being on time versus late for a meeting.[75] The physical appearance of the communicator, such as height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, clothing, tattooing, and piercing, also carries information.[76] Appearance is an important factor for first impressions but is more limited as a mode of communication since it is less changeable.[77] Some forms of non-verbal communication happen using such artifacts as drums, smoke, batons, traffic lights, and flags.[78]
Non-verbal communication can also happen through visual media like paintings and drawings. They can express what a person or an object looks like and can also convey other ideas and emotions. In some cases, this type of non-verbal communication is used in combination with verbal communication, for example, when diagrams or maps employ labels to include additional linguistic information.[79]
Traditionally, most research focused on verbal communication. However, this paradigm began to shift in the 1950s when research interest in non-verbal communication increased and emphasized its influence.[80] For example, many judgments about the nature and behavior of other people are based on non-verbal cues.[81] It is further present in almost every communicative act to some extent and certain parts of it are universally understood.[82] These considerations have prompted some communication theorists, like Ray Birdwhistell, to claim that the majority of ideas and information is conveyed this way.[83] It has also been suggested that human communication is at its core non-verbal and that words can only acquire meaning because of non-verbal communication.[84] The earliest forms of human communication, such as crying and babbling, are non-verbal.[85] Some basic forms of communication happen even before birth between mother and embryo and include information about nutrition and emotions.[86] Non-verbal communication is studied in various fields besides communication studies, like linguistics, semiotics, anthropology, and social psychology.[87]
Interpersonal
Interpersonal communication is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is
Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication, the parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time.[93] This happens when one person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said.[94] Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express the speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants.[95]
Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act the way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly.
Intrapersonal
Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself.
Intrapersonal communication can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. It may happen in the form of articulating a phrase before expressing it externally. Other forms are to make plans for the future and to attempt to process emotions to calm oneself down in stressful situations.[104] It can help regulate one's own mental activity and outward behavior as well as internalize cultural norms and ways of thinking.[105] External forms of intrapersonal communication can aid one's memory. This happens, for example, when making a shopping list. Another use is to unravel difficult problems, as when solving a complex mathematical equation line by line. New knowledge can also be internalized this way, like when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking."[106]
Based on its role in self-regulation, some theorists have suggested that intrapersonal communication is more basic than interpersonal communication. Young children sometimes use egocentric speech while playing in an attempt to direct their own behavior. In this view, interpersonal communication only develops later when the child moves from their early egocentric perspective to a more social perspective.[107] A different explanation holds that interpersonal communication is more basic since it is first used by parents to regulate what their child does. Once the child has learned this, they can apply the same technique to themselves to get more control over their own behavior.[108]
Channels
For communication to be successful, the message has to travel from the sender to the receiver. The channel is the way this is accomplished. It is not concerned with the meaning of the message but only with the technical means of how the meaning is conveyed.
The physical characteristics of a channel have an impact on the code and cues that can be used to express information. For example, typical telephone calls are restricted to the use of verbal language and paralanguage but exclude facial expressions. It is often possible to translate messages from one code into another to make them available to a different channel. An example is writing down a spoken message or expressing it using sign language.[113]
The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines the auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions. Employing multiple channels can enhance the effectiveness of communication by helping the receiver better understand the subject matter.[114] The choice of channels often matters since the receiver's ability to understand may vary depending on the chosen channel. For instance, a teacher may decide to present some information orally and other information visually, depending on the content and the student's preferred learning style.[115]
Communicative competence
Communicative competence is the ability to communicate effectively or to choose the appropriate communicative behavior in a given situation.[116] It concerns what to say, when to say it, and how to say it.[117] It further includes the ability to receive and understand messages.[118] Competence is often contrasted with performance since competence can be present even if it is not exercised, while performance consists in the realization of this competence.[119] However, some theorists reject a stark contrast and hold that performance is the observable part and is used to infer competence in relation to future performances.[120]
Two central components of communicative competence are effectiveness and appropriateness.[121] Effectiveness is the degree to which the speaker achieves their desired outcomes or the degree to which preferred alternatives are realized.[122] This means that whether a communicative behavior is effective does not just depend on the actual outcome but also on the speaker's intention, i.e. whether this outcome was what they intended to achieve. Because of this, some theorists additionally require that the speaker be able to give an explanation of why they engaged in one behavior rather than another.[123] Effectiveness is closely related to efficiency, the difference being that effectiveness is about achieving goals while efficiency is about using few resources (such as time, effort, and money) in the process.[124]
Appropriateness means that the communicative behavior meets social standards and expectations.[125] Communication theorist Brian H. Spitzberg defines it as "the perceived legitimacy or acceptability of behavior or enactments in a given context".[126] This means that the speaker is aware of the social and cultural context in order to adapt and express the message in a way that is considered acceptable in the given situation.[127] For example, to bid farewell to their teacher, a student may use the expression "Goodbye, sir" but not the expression "I gotta split, man", which they may use when talking to a peer.[128] To be both effective and appropriate means to achieve one's preferred outcomes in a way that follows social standards and expectations.[129] Some definitions of communicative competence put their main emphasis on either effectiveness or appropriateness while others combine both features.[130]
Many additional components of communicative competence have been suggested, such as empathy, control, flexibility, sensitivity, and knowledge.[131] It is often discussed in terms of the individual skills employed in the process, i.e. the specific behavioral components that make up communicative competence.[132] Message production skills include reading and writing. They are correlated with the reception skills of listening and reading.[133] There are both verbal and non-verbal communication skills.[134] For example, verbal communication skills involve the proper understanding of a language, including its phonology, orthography, syntax, lexicon, and semantics.[135]
Many aspects of human life depend on successful communication, from ensuring basic necessities of survival to building and maintaining relationships.[136] Communicative competence is a key factor regarding whether a person is able to reach their goals in social life, like having a successful career and finding a suitable spouse.[137] Because of this, it can have a large impact on the individual's well-being.[138] The lack of communicative competence can cause problems both on the individual and the societal level, including professional, academic, and health problems.[139]
Barriers to effective communication can distort the message. They may result in failed communication and cause undesirable effects. This can happen if the message is poorly expressed because it uses terms with which the receiver is not familiar, or because it is not relevant to the receiver's needs, or because it contains too little or too much information. Distraction,
Other species
Besides human communication, there are many other forms of communication found in the animal kingdom and among plants. They are studied in fields like biocommunication and biosemiotics.[144] There are additional obstacles in this area for judging whether communication has taken place between two individuals. Acoustic signals are often easy to notice and analyze for scientists, but it is more difficult to judge whether tactile or chemical changes should be understood as communicative signals rather than as other biological processes.[145]
For this reason, researchers often use slightly altered definitions of communication to facilitate their work. A common assumption in this regard comes from evolutionary biology and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of natural selection.[146] The biologists Rumsaïs Blatrix and Veronika Mayer define communication as "the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both the signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange".[147] According to this view, the sender benefits by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver benefits by responding to the signal. These benefits should exist on average but not necessarily in every single case. This way, deceptive signaling can also be understood as a form of communication. One problem with the evolutionary approach is that it is often difficult to assess the impact of such behavior on natural selection.[148] Another common pragmatic constraint is to hold that it is necessary to observe a response by the receiver following the signal when judging whether communication has occurred.[149]
Animals
Animal communication is the process of giving and taking information among animals.
Animal communication can take a variety of forms, including visual, auditory, tactile,
There are large differences between species concerning what functions communication plays, how much it is realized, and the behavior used to communicate.
Two competing theories in the study of animal communication are nature theory and nurture theory. Their conflict concerns to what extent animal communication is programmed into the genes as a form of adaptation rather than learned from previous experience as a form of conditioning.[169] To the degree that it is learned, it usually happens through imprinting, i.e. as a form of learning that only occurs in a certain phase and is then mostly irreversible.[170]
Plants, fungi, and bacteria
In plants, the term behavior is usually not defined in terms of physical movement, as is the case for animals, but as a biochemical response to a stimulus. This response has to be short relative to the plant's lifespan. Communication is a special form of behavior that involves conveying information from a sender to a receiver. It is distinguished from other types of behavior, like defensive reactions and mere sensing.[178] Like in the field of animal communication, plant communication researchers often require as additional criteria that there is some form of response in the receiver and that the communicative behavior is beneficial to sender and receiver.[179] Biologist Richard Karban distinguishes three steps of plant communication: the emission of a cue by a sender, the perception of the cue by a receiver, and the receiver's response.[180] For plant communication, it is not relevant to what extent the emission of a cue is intentional. However, it should be possible for the receiver to ignore the signal. This criterion can be used to distinguish a response to a signal from a defense mechanism against an unwanted change like intense heat.[181]
Plant communication happens in various forms. It includes communication within plants, i.e. within
Communication can also be observed for fungi and bacteria. Some fungal species communicate by releasing pheromones into the external environment. For instance, they are used to promote sexual interaction in several aquatic fungal species.[185] One form of communication between bacteria is called quorum sensing. It happens by releasing hormone-like molecules, which other bacteria detect and respond to. This process is used to monitor the environment for other bacteria and to coordinate population-wide responses, for example, by sensing the density of bacteria and regulating gene expression accordingly. Other possible responses include the induction of bioluminescence and the formation of biofilms.[186]
Interspecies
Most communication happens between members within a species as intraspecies communication. This is because the purpose of communication is usually some form of cooperation. Cooperation happens mostly within a species while different species are often in conflict with each other by competing over resources.
Interspecies communication plays a key role for plants that depend on external agents for reproduction.[190] For example, flowers need insects for pollination and provide resources like nectar and other rewards in return.[191] They use communication to signal their benefits and attract visitors by using distinctive colors and symmetrical shapes to stand out from their surroundings.[192] This form of advertisement is necessary since flowers compete with each other for visitors.[193] Many fruit-bearing plants rely on plant-to-animal communication to disperse their seeds and move them to a favorable location.[194] This happens by providing nutritious fruits to animals. The seeds are eaten together with the fruit and are later excreted at a different location.[195] Communication makes animals aware of where the fruits are and whether they are ripe. For many fruits, this happens through their color: they have an inconspicuous green color until they ripen and take on a new color that stands in visual contrast to the environment.[196] Another example of interspecies communication is found in the ant-plant relation.[197] It concerns, for instance, the selection of seeds by ants for their ant gardens and the pruning of exogenous vegetation as well as plant protection by ants.[198]
Some animal species also engage in interspecies communication, like apes, whales, dolphins, elephants, and dogs.
Computer
Computer communication concerns the exchange of data between computers and similar devices.
There are many forms of
For computer communication to be successful, the involved devices have to follow a common set of conventions governing their exchange. These conventions are known as the
Human-computer communication is a closely related field that concerns topics like how
Communication studies
Communication studies, also referred to as communication science, is the academic discipline studying communication. It is closely related to semiotics, with one difference being that communication studies focuses more on technical questions of how messages are sent, received, and processed. Semiotics, on the other hand, tackles more abstract questions in relation to meaning and how signs acquire it.[223] Communication studies covers a wide area overlapping with many other disciplines, such as biology, anthropology, psychology, sociology, linguistics, media studies, and journalism.[224]
Many contributions in the field of communication studies focus on developing models and theories of communication. Models of communication aim to give a simplified overview of the main components involved in communication. Theories of communication try to provide conceptual frameworks to accurately present communication in all its complexity.[225] Some theories focus on communication as a practical art of discourse while others explore the roles of signs, experience, information processing, and the goal of building a social order through coordinated interaction.[226] Communication studies is also interested in the functions and effects of communication. It covers issues like how communication satisfies physiological and psychological needs, helps build relationships, and assists in gathering information about the environment, other individuals, and oneself.[227] A further topic concerns the question of how communication systems change over time and how these changes correlate with other societal changes.[228] A related topic focuses on psychological principles underlying those changes and the effects they have on how people exchange ideas.[229]
Communication was studied as early as Ancient Greece. Early influential theories were created by Plato and Aristotle, who stressed public speaking and the understanding of rhetoric. According to Aristotle, for example, the goal of communication is to persuade the audience.[230] The field of communication studies only became a separate research discipline in the 20th century, especially starting in the 1940s.[231] The development of new communication technologies, such as telephone, radio, newspapers, television, and the internet, has had a big impact on communication and communication studies.[232]
Today, communication studies is a wide discipline. Some works in it try to provide a general characterization of communication in the widest sense. Others attempt to give a precise analysis of one specific form of communication. Communication studies includes many subfields. Some focus on wide topics like interpersonal communication, intrapersonal communication, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication. Others investigate communication within a specific area.
History
Communication history studies how communicative processes evolved and interacted with society, culture, and technology.[242] Human communication has a long history and the way people communicate has changed considerably over time. Many of these changes were triggered by the development of new communication technologies and had various effects on how people exchanged ideas.[243] New communication technologies usually require new skills that people need to learn to use them effectively.[244]
In the academic literature, the history of communication is usually divided into ages based on the dominant form of communication in that age. The number of ages and the precise periodization are disputed. They usually include ages for speaking, writing, and print as well as electronic mass communication and the internet.[245] According to communication theorist Marshall Poe, the dominant media for each age can be characterized in relation to several factors. They include the amount of information a medium can store, how long it persists, how much time it takes to transmit it, and how costly it is to use the medium. Poe argues that subsequent ages usually involve some form of improvement of one or more of the factors.[246]
According to some scientific estimates, language developed around 40,000 years ago while others consider it to be much older. Before this development, human communication resembled animal communication and happened through a combination of grunts, cries, gestures, and facial expressions. Language helped early humans to organize themselves and plan ahead more efficiently.[247] In early societies, spoken language was the primary form of communication.[248] Most knowledge was passed on through it, often in the form of stories or wise sayings. This form does not produce stable knowledge since it depends on imperfect human memory. Because of this, many details differ from one telling to the next and are presented differently by distinct storytellers.[249] As people started to settle and form agricultural communities, societies grew and there was an increased need for stable records of ownership of land and commercial transactions. This triggered the invention of writing, which is able to solve many problems that arose from using exclusively oral communication.[250] It is much more efficient at preserving knowledge and passing it on between generations since it does not depend on human memory.[251] Before the invention of writing, certain forms of proto-writing had already developed. Proto-writing encompasses long-lasting visible marks used to store information, like decorations on pottery items, knots in a cord to track goods, or seals to mark property.[252]
Most early written communication happened through
Until the 1400s, almost all written communication required writing by hand. Because of this, the spread of written communication within society was still rather limited since copying books by hand was costly. The introduction and popularization of mass printing in the middle of the 15th century by
Scientific discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries caused many further developments in the history of communication. They include the invention of telegraphs and telephones, which made it even easier and faster to transmit information from one location to another without the need to transport written documents.[259] These communication forms were initially limited to cable connections, which had to be established first. Later developments found ways of wireless transmission using radio signals. They made it possible to reach wide audiences and radio soon became one of the central forms of mass communication.[260] Various innovations in the field of photography enabled the recording of images on film, which led to the development of cinema and television.[261] The reach of wireless communication was further enhanced with the development of satellites, which made it possible to broadcast radio and television signals to stations all over the world. This way, information could be shared almost instantly everywhere around the globe.[262] The development of the internet constitutes a further milestone in the history of communication. It made it easier than ever before for people to exchange ideas, collaborate, and access information from anywhere in the world by using a variety of means, such as websites, e-mail, social media, and video conferences.[263]
See also
- Agricultural communication
- Augmentative and alternative communication
- Aviation communication
- Bias-free communication
- Communication rights
- Data transmission
- Defensive communication
- Environmental communication
- Information engineering
- Interdepartmental communication
- International communication
- Ishin-denshin
- Linguistic rights
- Military communication
- Nonviolent Communication
- Proactive communications
- Risk communication
- Scientific communication
- Small talk
- Upward communication
References
Citations
- ^
- Rosengren 2000, pp. 1–2, 1.1 On communication
- Cobley 2008, pp. 660–666
- Meinel & Sack 2014, p. 89
- ^
- ^
- Rosengren 2000, pp. 1–2, 1.1 On communication
- Munodawafa 2008, pp. 369–370
- Blackburn 1996a, Meaning and communication
- ^ Rosengren 2000, pp. 1–2, 1.1 On communication
- ^
- ^
- Dance 1970, pp. 201–202
- Craig 1999, pp. 119, 121–122, 133–134
- ^ Dance 1970, pp. 201–203
- ^ Dance 1970, pp. 207–210
- ^
- Rosengren 2000, pp. 1–2, 1.1 On communication
- Ketcham 2020, p. 100
- ^
- Dance 1970, pp. 207–209
- Rosengren 2000, pp. 1–2, 1.1 On communication
- ^
- Dance 1970, pp. 207–209
- Miller 1966, pp. 92–93
- ^ Blackburn 1996, Intention and communication
- ^ Dance 1970, pp. 208–209
- ^ Munodawafa 2008, pp. 369–370
- ^ Dance 1970, p. 209
- ^
- ^
- ^
- Barnlund 2013, p. 48
- Nicotera 2009, pp. 176, 179
- ISU staff 2016, 3.4: Functions of Verbal Communication
- Reisinger 2010, pp. 166–167
- National Communication Association 2016
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 438, transmission models
- ^
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, pp. 1, 3
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 7
- Karban 2015, p. 5
- ^ Ruben 2001, pp. 607–608, Models Of Communication
- ^
- McQuail 2008, pp. 3143–3149, Models of communication
- Narula 2006, p. 23, 1. Basic Communication Models
- ^
- McQuail 2008, pp. 3143–3149, Models of communication
- UMN staff 2016a, 1.2 The Communication Process
- Cobley & Schulz 2013, pp. 7–8, Introduction
- ^ Fiske 2011a, pp. 24, 30, 2. Other models
- ^
- McQuail 2008, pp. 3143–3149, Models of communication
- Narula 2006, p. 15, 1. Basic Communication Models
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 438, transmission models
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- Fiske 2011a, pp. 30–31, 2. Other models
- Watson & Hill 2012, p. 154, Lasswell's model of communication
- Wenxiu 2015, pp. 245–249
- ^
- Steinberg 2007, pp. 52–53
- Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021, p. 110
- Berger 1995, pp. 12–13
- ^
- Sapienza, Iyer & Veenstra 2015, §Misconception 1: it's a static model with fixed categories
- Feicheng 2022, p. 24
- Braddock 1958, pp. 88–93
- ^
- McQuail 2008, pp. 3143–3149, Models of communication
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 387, Shannon and Weaver's model
- Li 2007, pp. 5439–5442
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 387, Shannon and Weaver's model
- Fiske 2011, pp. 6–10, 1. Communication theory
- Shannon 1948, pp. 380–382
- ^
- Fiske 2011, pp. 10–15, 1. Communication theory
- Weaver 1998, pp. 4–9, 18–19, Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication
- Januszewski 2001, p. 29
- ^
- ^
- Nicotera 2009, p. 176
- Steinberg 1995, p. 18
- Bowman & Targowski 1987, pp. 25–26
- ^
- Nicotera 2009, p. 176
- Wisely 1994, pp. 90–91
- Schramm 1954, pp. 3–5, How communication works
- ^
- Schramm 1954, pp. 3–5, How communication works
- Blythe 2009, p. 188
- ^
- Wisely 1994, pp. 90–91
- Meng 2020, p. 120
- Schramm 1954, pp. 5–7, How communication works
- ^ Hamilton, Kroll & Creel 2023, p. 46
- ^
- Nicotera 2009, p. 176
- Barnlund 2013, p. 48
- ^
- Barnlund 2013, p. 47
- Watson & Hill 2015, pp. 20–22
- Lawson et al. 2019, pp. 76–77
- ^
- Watson & Hill 2015, pp. 20–22
- Dwyer 2012, p. 12
- Barnlund 2013, pp. 57–60
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 58
- Burton & Dimbleby 2002, p. 126
- Sinding & Waldstrom 2014, p. 153
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 44, channels
- Fiske 2011, pp. 17–18, 1. Communication theory
- ^
- Beynon-Davies 2010, p. 52
- Bussmann 2006, pp. 65–66
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 448
- Danesi 2000, pp. 58–59
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 448
- Kyle et al. 1988, p. 59
- Butterfield 2016, pp. 2–3
- ^
- Lyons 1981, pp. 3, 6
- Harley 2014, pp. 5–6
- ^
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, pp. 11, 13–14
- Kiggins, Comins & Gentner 2013
- ^
- Meisel 2011, p. 1
- Montrul 2004, p. 20
- ^ Harley 2014, pp. 5–6
- ^ Thomason 2006, pp. 342–345, Artificial And Natural Languages
- ^
- Champoux 2016, pp. 327–328
- Berlo 1960, pp. 41–42
- ^
- Champoux 2016, pp. 327–328
- Danesi 2009, p. 306
- Kyle et al. 1988, p. 59
- ^
- Champoux 2016, pp. 327–328
- Kyle et al. 1988, p. 59
- ^
- Danesi 2000, pp. 58–59
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 6
- Berlo 1960, pp. 7–8
- ^
- ^ Danesi 2013a, p. 492
- ^ Giri 2009, p. 690
- ^
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 107
- Giri 2009, p. 690
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 297
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 297
- Giri 2009, p. 690
- Danesi 2013a, p. 493
- ^ Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 107
- ^
- Giri 2009, p. 691
- Taylor 1962, pp. 8–10
- ^ Danesi 2013a, p. 493
- ^
- Giri 2009, pp. 692–694
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 297
- ^
- Giri 2009, p. 690
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 297
- Danesi 2013a, pp. 493–495
- ^ Giri 2009, p. 693
- ^ Giri 2009, p. 692
- ^ Danesi 2013a, p. 493
- ^ Giri 2009, p. 692
- ^
- Giri 2009, p. 692
- Danesi 2013a, p. 494
- ^
- Giri 2009, p. 694
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 297
- Papa, Daniels & Spiker 2008, p. 27
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 310
- Papa, Daniels & Spiker 2008, p. 27
- ^
- ^ Giri 2009, pp. 692–693
- ^
- Giri 2009, pp. 693–694
- Danesi 2013a, p. 492
- ^ Giri 2009, pp. 693–694
- ^
- Givens & White 2021, pp. 28, 55
- Chan 2020, p. 180
- ^
- Krémer & Quijano 2017, pp. 121–122
- du Plessis et al. 2007, pp. 124–216
- Ongaro 2020, p. 216
- Jeanrond 1991, pp. 7–8
- ^
- Clough & Duff 2020, p. 323
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 244, Logocentrism
- Mills 2015, pp. 132–133
- ^ Giri 2009, p. 690
- ^ Burgoon, Manusov & Guerrero 2016, pp. 3–4
- ^
- Danesi 2013a, pp. 492–493
- Giri 2009, pp. 690–961
- ^ Giri 2009, p. 691
- ^
- ^
- Bowman, Arany & Wolfgang 2021, pp. 1455–1456
- Bornstein, Suwalsky & Breakstone 2012, pp. 113–116
- ^ Giri 2009, p. 690
- ^
- ^
- ^ McDermott 2009, p. 547
- ^ McDermott 2009, pp. 547–548
- ^
- UMN staff 2016, 1.1 Communication: History and Forms
- Danesi 2013, p. 168
- McDermott 2009, pp. 547–548
- ^ Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 221
- ^ UMN staff 2016a, 1.2 The Communication Process
- ^ Trenholm & Jensen 2013, pp. 36, 361
- ^ McDermott 2009, pp. 548–549
- ^ McDermott 2009, p. 549
- ^
- McDermott 2009, p. 549
- Gamble & Gamble 2019, pp. 14–16
- ^ McDermott 2009, p. 546
- ^ McDermott 2009, pp. 546–547
- ^
- Ezhilarasu 2016, p. 178
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 225
- Lantolf 2009, p. 566
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 225
- Honeycutt 2014, p. 317
- ^ Vocate 2012, p. 196
- ^
- ^ Lantolf 2009, pp. 567–568
- ^ Lantolf 2009, pp. 568–569
- ^
- Lantolf 2009, p. 567
- Kreps 2012, p. 239
- ^
- Lantolf 2009, pp. 567–568
- Vocate 2012, p. 14
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 44, channels
- Fiske 2011, pp. 17–18, 1. Communication theory
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 44, channels
- Berlo 1960, pp. 63–9
- Gill & Adams 1998, pp. 35–36
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 44, channels
- Danesi 2013, p. 168
- ^ Danesi 2013, p. 168
- ^ Fiske 2011, p. 20
- ^
- Taylor 1962, pp. 8–10
- Turkington & Harris 2006, p. 140
- von Kriegstein 2011, p. 683
- ^
- Berlo 1960, p. 67
- Turkington & Harris 2006, p. 140
- ^ Backlund & Morreale 2015, pp. 20–21
- ^ McArthur, McArthur & McArthur 2005, pp. 232–233
- ^ Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 25
- ^
- Genesee 1984, p. 139
- Peterwagner 2005, p. 9
- McQuail 2008, p. 3029, Models of communication
- ^ Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, pp. 17–18
- ^
- Backlund & Morreale 2015, pp. 20–21
- Spitzberg 2015, p. 241
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, pp. 18, 25
- ^
- Backlund & Morreale 2015, p. 23
- Spitzberg 2015, p. 241
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 25
- ^ Backlund & Morreale 2015, p. 23
- ^ Spitzberg 2015, p. 241
- ^
- Backlund & Morreale 2015, p. 23
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, pp. 18, 25
- ^ Spitzberg 2015, p. 241
- ^
- Backlund & Morreale 2015, p. 23
- Spitzberg 2015, p. 238
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 18
- Danesi 2009, p. 70
- ^
- Danesi 2000, pp. 59–60
- McArthur, McArthur & McArthur 2005, pp. 232–233
- ^ Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 26
- ^ Backlund & Morreale 2015, pp. 20–22
- ^
- Backlund & Morreale 2015, p. 24
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, pp. 19, 24
- ^
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 24
- Spitzberg 2015, p. 242
- ^
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 25
- Berlo 1960, pp. 41–42
- ^ Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 25
- ^ McArthur, McArthur & McArthur 2005, pp. 232–233
- ^ Spitzberg 2015, pp. 238–239
- ^ Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 15
- ^
- Spitzberg 2015, pp. 238–239
- Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 24
- ^ Rickheit, Strohner & Vorwerg 2008, p. 24
- ^
- Buchanan & Huczynski 2017, pp. 218–219
- Fielding 2006, pp. 20–21
- ^
- ^
- van Trijp 2018, pp. 289–290
- Winner 2017, p. 29
- ^
- ^
- ^ Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 45
- ^
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, pp. 1, 3
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 7
- ^ Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 128
- ^
- Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 128
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, p. 3
- ^ Schenk & Seabloom 2010, p. 6
- ^ Ruben 2002, pp. 25–26
- ^ Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 15
- ^ Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 107
- ^
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 15
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 1
- ^
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 13
- Hebb & Donderi 2013, p. 269
- ^
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 14
- Luuk & Luuk 2008, p. 206
- ^ Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 5
- ^
- Houston 2019, pp. 266, 279
- Baker & Hengeveld 2012, p. 25
- ^
- Ruben 2002, p. 26
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 15
- ^
- Danesi 2000, pp. 58–59
- Hebb & Donderi 2013, p. 269
- ^
- Ruben 2002, p. 26
- Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 15
- ^ Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 2
- ^ Ruben 2002, pp. 26–29
- ^
- Ruben 2002, pp. 26–27
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 2
- ^
- Ruben 2002, p. 27
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, pp. 19–20
- ^ Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 3
- ^ Ruben 2002, pp. 27–28
- ^
- Ruben 2002, p. 28
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, p. 5
- ^ Ruben 2002, pp. 28–29
- ^
- Danesi 2000, pp. 58–59
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 7
- ^ Håkansson & Westander 2013, pp. 14–15
- ^ Karban 2015, pp. 4–5
- ^ Sebeok 1991, p. 111
- ^
- Karban 2015, pp. 1–4
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, pp. 2, 7
- Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 128
- ^ Schenk & Seabloom 2010, p. 6
- ^ Karban 2015, pp. 1–2
- ^ Karban 2015, p. 2
- ^
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, p. 7
- Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 128
- ^ Karban 2015, pp. 2–4
- ^
- Karban 2015, p. 5
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, p. 1
- Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 128
- ^ Karban 2015, p. 7
- ^ Karban 2015, p. 45
- ^ Baluska et al. 2006, 2. Neurobiological View of Plants and Their Body Plan
- ^
- Arimura & Pearse 2017, pp. 4–5
- Schenk & Seabloom 2010, p. 1
- Baldwin & Schultz 1983, pp. 277–279
- ^ Gilbert & Johnson 2017, pp. 84, 94
- ^
- O'Day 2012, pp. 8–9, 1. Modes of cellular communication and sexual interactions in eukaryotic microbes
- Davey 1992, pp. 951–960
- Akada et al. 1989, pp. 3491–3498
- ^
- Waters & Bassler 2005, pp. 319–320
- Demuth & Lamont 2006, p. xiii
- Berea 2017, p. 59
- ^ Berea 2017, p. 56
- ^
- Danesi 2013, pp. 167–168
- Berea 2017, p. 56
- ^
- Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 129
- Berea 2017, p. 61
- ^ Karban 2015, p. 109
- ^ Karban 2015, p. 110
- ^
- Karban 2015, pp. 110–112, 128
- Ketcham 2020, p. 100
- ^ Karban 2015, p. 111
- ^ Karban 2015, p. 122
- ^ Karban 2015, pp. 122–124
- ^ Karban 2015, pp. 125–126, 128
- ^
- Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 129
- Berea 2017, p. 56
- ^ Blatrix & Mayer 2010, p. 127
- ^ Berea 2017, pp. 56–57
- ^ Berea 2017, p. 61
- ^
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 157
- Berea 2017, p. 59
- Novak & Day 2018, pp. 202–203
- ^
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, pp. 157–158
- Coren 2012, p. 42
- ^ Stallings 2014, p. 40
- ^
- Stallings 2014, p. 39
- Wittmann & Zitterbart 2000, p. 1
- ^
- Stallings 2014, pp. 39–40
- Hura & Singhal 2001, pp. 49, 175
- ^ Stallings 2014, p. 44
- ^
- Hura & Singhal 2001, pp. 49–50
- Hura & Singhal 2001, pp. 142, 175
- McGuire & Jenkins 2008, p. 373
- ^
- Hura & Singhal 2001, pp. 4–5, 14
- Stallings 2014, pp. 46–48
- ^
- Nawrocki 2016, p. 340
- Grigorik 2013, p. 93
- ^
- Hura & Singhal 2001, pp. 4–5, 14
- Shinder 2001, p. 37
- Stallings 2014, pp. 46–48
- ^
- Stallings 2014, p. 295
- Hura & Singhal 2001, p. 542
- ^
- Palmer 2012, p. 33
- Hura & Singhal 2001, pp. 4–5
- ^
- Stallings 2014, pp. 29, 41–42
- Meinel & Sack 2014, p. 129
- ^ Hura & Singhal 2001, p. 142
- ^ Hura & Singhal 2001, p. 143
- ^ Stallings 2014, pp. 41–42
- ^
- ^
- ^
- Twidale 2002, p. 414
- Riekert 1990, p. 42, What Does Knowledge Look Like?
- ^ Rao, Wang & Zhou 1996, p. 57
- ^
- Twidale 2002, p. 411
- Green, Jiang & Isaacs 2023, p. 16
- ^ Twidale 2002, pp. 411–413
- ^ Danesi 2000, pp. 58–59
- ^
- Danesi 2013, p. 181
- Håkansson & Westander 2013, p. 6
- Ruben 2002a, p. 156
- Gill & Adams 1998, p. vii
- ^
- Danesi 2013, p. 181
- Cobley & Schulz 2013, pp. 7–10, Introduction
- Berger, Roloff & Ewoldsen 2010, p. 10
- ^ Cobley & Schulz 2013, pp. 31, 41–42
- ^
- Steinberg 2007, p. 18
- Gamble & Gamble 2019, pp. 14–16
- ^ Danesi 2013, p. 184
- ^ Danesi 2013, pp. 184–185
- ^ Ruben 2002a, p. 155
- ^
- Ruben 2002a, pp. 155–156
- Berger, Roloff & Ewoldsen 2010, pp. 3–4
- ^
- Ruben 2002a, pp. 155–156
- Steinberg 2007, p. 3
- Bernabo 2017, pp. 201–202, Communication History
- ^
- Ruben 2002a, pp. 155–156
- Steinberg 2007, p. 286
- Jenkins & Chen 2016, p. 506
- ^
- ^
- Hartley & Bruckmann 2008, pp. 1–2
- Mullany 2020, p. 2
- Dixon 2017, p. 204
- ^
- Sierra 2006, p. 392
- Brønn 2016, p. 360
- ^ McClelland 2008, Communication, Political
- ^ Hillstrom, Northern Lights & Magee, ECDI 2006, pp. 609–610, Intercultural communication
- ^
- Blythe 2009, pp. 177–180
- Meng 2020, p. 120
- ^
- Melkote 2003, p. 129
- Steinberg 2007, p. 301
- ^
- Steinberg 2007, p. 307
- Kreps 2002, p. 395
- ^
- Simonson et al. 2013, p. 1
- Sonderling 1995, p. 89
- ^
- Peters 2012, pp. 356–359
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 2–3
- Innis 1950, pp. 6–7
- ^
- Rowitz 2014, p. 459
- Calabrese & Sparks 2003, p. 85
- Tompkins 2023, p. 141
- ^
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 2–5
- Simonson et al. 2013, p. 1
- Simonson et al. 2013a, p. 14
- Poe 2011, p. V
- Blondheim 2016, pp. 927–928
- ^
- Poe 2011, pp. 12–13
- Peters 2012, pp. 356–359
- ^
- Steinberg 1995, p. 3
- Capstick 2020, pp. 5–6
- ^
- Danesi 2013, p. 168
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 2–3
- ^ Danesi 2013, p. 168
- ^
- Poe 2011, p. 67
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 3–4
- ^
- Danesi 2013, pp. 168–169
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 3–4
- ^
- Robinson 2009, pp. 4–5
- Aitchison 2007, p. 33
- ^
- Danesi 2013, pp. 168–169
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 3–4
- Poe 2011, p. 68
- Bernabo 2017, p. 199
- ^ Danesi 2013, pp. 168–169
- ^
- Danesi 2013, pp. 168–169
- Poe 2011, pp. 69–70
- Steinberg 1995, p. 4
- ^
- Yule 2010, pp. 212–214
- Haarmann 2020, pp. 157–158
- ^
- Steinberg 1995, p. 4
- Danesi 2013, p. 169
- ^
- Danesi 2013, pp. 169–170
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 4–5
- Poe 2011, pp. 104–105, 112
- ^
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 5–7
- Danesi 2013, pp. 171–172
- ^
- Danesi 2013, p. 171
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 5–7
- ^
- Danesi 2013, pp. 172–173
- Steinberg 1995, pp. 5–6
- ^ Steinberg 1995, p. 7
- ^
- Danesi 2013, pp. 178–181
- Poe 2011, pp. 223–224
Sources
- Aitchison, Jean (31 May 2007). The Word Weavers: Newshounds and Wordsmiths. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83245-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- Akada, Rinji; Minomi, Kenjiro; Kai, Jingo; Yamashita, Ichiro; Miyakawa, Tokichi; Fukui, Sakuzo (August 1989). "Multiple Genes Coding for Precursors of Rhodotorucine A, a Farnesyl Peptide Mating Pheromone of the Basidiomycetous Yeast Rhodosporidium Toruloides". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 9 (8): 3491–3498. PMID 2571924.
- Arimura, G.; Pearse, I. S. (17 March 2017). "From the Lab Bench to the Forest: Ecology and Defence Mechanisms of Volatile-Mediated 'Talking Trees'". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.). How Plants Communicate With Their Biotic Environment. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-801620-6. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Backlund, Philip M.; Morreale, Sherwyn P. (16 October 2015). "Communication competence: Historical synopsis, definitions, applications, and looking to the future". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.). Communication Competence. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-031745-9. Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- Baker, Anne E.; Hengeveld, Kees (5 March 2012). Linguistics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-631-23036-6. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Baldwin, Ian T.; Schultz, Jack C. (1983). "Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced by Damage: Evidence for Communication Between Plants". Science. 221 (4607): 277–279. S2CID 31818182.
- Baluska, F.; Volkmann, Dieter; Hlavacka, Andrej; Mancuso, Stefano; Barlow, Peter W. (2006). "2. Neurobiological View of Plants and Their Body Plan". In Baluska, F.; Marcuso, Stefano; Volkmann, Dieter (eds.). Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 978-3-540-28475-8. Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
...the emergence of plant neurobiology as the most recent area of plant sciences.
- Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013) [1970]. "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. ISBN 978-3-11-087875-2. Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Berea, Anamaria (16 December 2017). Emergence of Communication in Socio-Biological Networks. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-64565-0. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Berger, Arthur Asa (5 July 1995). Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-8039-7357-2. Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (2010). "1. What Is Communication Science?". In Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (eds.). The Handbook of Communication Science. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-1813-8. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. OCLC 3901269929. Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Bernabo, Lawrance M. (11 April 2017). "Communication History". In Allen, Mike (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-8142-8. Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- Beynon-Davies, P. (30 November 2010). Significance: Exploring the Nature of Information, Systems and Technology. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-29502-5. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Blackburn, Simon (1996). "Intention and communication". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Blackburn, Simon (1996a). "Meaning and communication". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Blatrix, Rumsaïs; Mayer, Veronika (5 August 2010). "Communication in Ant-Plant Symbioses". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.). Plant Communication From an Ecological Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-12162-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Blondheim, Menahem (31 October 2016). "Innis, Harold A.". In Pooley, Jefferson D.; Rothenbuhler, Eric W. (eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, 4 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-29073-6. Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-84787-498-6. Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Bornstein, Marc H. (1 February 2013). "6. Origins of Communication in Infancy". In Velichkovsky, Boris M.; Rumbaugh, Duane M. (eds.). Communicating Meaning: The Evolution and Development of Language. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-134-79877-3. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Bornstein, Marc H.; Suwalsky, Joan T. D.; Breakstone, Dana A. (February 2012). "Emotional relationships between mothers and infants: Knowns, unknowns, and unknown unknowns". Development and Psychopathology. 24 (1): 113–123. PMID 22292998.
- Bowman, Caitlyn E.; Arany, Zoltan; Wolfgang, Michael J. (February 2021). "Regulation of maternal–fetal metabolic communication". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 78 (4): 1455–1486. PMID 33084944.
- Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map Is Not the Territory". Journal of Business Communication. 24 (4): 21–34. S2CID 145236749.
- Braddock, Richard (1958). "An Extension of the 'Lasswell Formula'". Journal of Communication. 8 (2): 88–93. .
- Bruen, Aiden A.; Forcinito, Mario A.; McQuillan, James M. (21 July 2021). Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction: A Handbook for the 21st Century. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-58242-7. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- Brønn, Peggy Simcic (4 May 2016). "Corporate Communication". In Carroll, Craig E. (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-7653-0. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- Buchanan, David A.; Huczynski, Andrzej (2017). Organizational behaviour (Ninth ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-1-292-11749-2.
- Burgoon, Judee K.; Manusov, Valerie; Guerrero, Laura K. (8 January 2016). Nonverbal Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-34607-4. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Burton, Graeme; Dimbleby, Richard (4 January 2002). Teaching Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-97045-2. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Bussmann, Hadumod (20 February 2006). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-63038-7. Archivedfrom the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- Butterfield, Jeff (29 April 2016). Illustrated Course Guides : Verbal Communication - Soft Skills for a Digital Workplace. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-337-34213-1. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Calabrese, Andrew; Sparks, Colin (22 November 2003). Toward a Political Economy of Culture: Capitalism and Communication in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4617-0035-7. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Cambridge Dictionary staff (2022). "Communication". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- Capstick, Tony (9 September 2020). Language and Migration. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-20770-6. Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- Champoux, Joseph E. (22 July 2016). Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-36371-2. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Chan, Mable (6 January 2020). English for Business Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06002-8. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-956875-8. Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Clough, Sharice; Duff, Melissa C. (2020). "The Role of Gesture in Communication and Cognition: Implications for Understanding and Treating Neurogenic Communication Disorders". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 14: 323. PMID 32903691.
- Cobley, Paul (5 June 2008). "Communication: Definitions and Concepts". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4051-8640-7. Archivedfrom the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). "Introduction". In Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (eds.). Theories and Models of Communication. De Gruyter Mouton. from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Coren, Stanley (11 December 2012). How To Speak Dog. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4711-0941-6. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Craig, Robert T. (1999). "Communication Theory as a Field". Communication Theory. 9 (2): 119–161. from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- Dance, Frank E. X. (1 June 1970). "The 'Concept' of Communication". Journal of Communication. 20 (2): 201–210. .
- Danesi, Marcel (2009). Dictionary of Media and Communications. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3938-7. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Danesi, Marcel (17 June 2013). "Communication". In Danesi, Marcel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Media and Communication. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9553-5. Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Danesi, Marcel (17 June 2013a). "Non-verbal Communication". In Danesi, Marcel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Media and Communication. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9553-5. Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Danesi, Marcel (1 January 2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, Media, and Communications. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8329-6. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Davey, J. (March 1992). "Mating Pheromones of the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Purification and Structural Characterization of M-Factor and Isolation and Analysis of Two Genes Encoding the Pheromone". The EMBO Journal. 11 (3): 951–960. PMID 1547790.
- Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (23 February 2006). "Preface". In Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (eds.). Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication: Role in Virulence and Pathogenesis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44797-3. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Dixon, Maria A. (6 March 2017). "Careers/Jobs in Organizational Communication". In Scott, Craig; Lewis, Laurie (eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, 4 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-95560-4. Archivedfrom the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- du Plessis, Neeltje; Lowe, Nicky; Smith, Ailsa Stewart; Sykes, Pam; Wright, Bianca (2007). Fresh Perspectives: Professional Communication for Business. Pearson South Africa. ISBN 978-1-86891-593-4.
- Dwyer, Judith (15 October 2012). Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. Pearson Higher Education AU. ISBN 978-1-4425-5055-1. Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Emmeche, Claus (2003). Huyssteen, Jacobus Wentzel Van (ed.). Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-865704-2. Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- Ezhilarasu, Punitha (1 January 2016). Educational Technology: Integrating Innovations in Nursing Education. Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-93-5129-722-2. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Feicheng, Ma (31 May 2022). Information Communication. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-031-02293-7. Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Fielding, Michael (2006). Effective Communication in Organisations. Juta and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7021-6650-1. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- Fiske, John (2011). "1. Communication theory". Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-13431-3. Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Fiske, John (2011a). "2. Other models". Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-13431-3. Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Gamble, Teri Kwal; Gamble, Michael W. (2 January 2019). The Interpersonal Communication Playbook. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5443-3279-6. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Genesee, Fred (1984). "Psycholinguistic aspects". In Rivera, Charlene (ed.). Communicative Competence Approaches to Language Proficiency Assessment: Research and Application. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-0-905028-21-7. Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- Gilbert, L.; Johnson, D. (17 March 2017). "Plant-Plant Communication Through Common Mycorrhizal Networks". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.). How Plants Communicate With Their Biotic Environment. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-801620-6. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Gill, David; Adams, Bridget (1998). ABC of Communication Studies. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 978-0-17-438743-5. Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Giri, Vijai N. (18 August 2009). "Nonverbal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7.
- Givens, David B.; White, John (26 May 2021). The Routledge Dictionary of Nonverbal Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-39140-4. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Green, Corrie; Jiang, Yang; Isaacs, John (8 July 2023). "Modular 3D Interface Design for Accessible VR Applications". In Chen, Jessie Y. C.; Fragomeni, Gino (eds.). Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: 15th International Conference, VAMR 2023, Held as Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023, Proceedings. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-031-35634-6.
- Grigorik, Ilya (11 September 2013). High Performance Browser Networking: What Every Web Developer Should Know about Networking and Web Performance. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4493-4474-0. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Guzman, Andrea L. (2018). "Introduction: 'What Is HumanMachine Communication, Anyway?'". In Guzman, Andrea L. (ed.). Human-Machine Communication: Rethinking Communication, Technology, and Ourselves. Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4331-4251-2. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Haarmann, Harald (18 September 2020). Advancement in Ancient Civilizations: Life, Culture, Science and Thought. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-7989-1. Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- Håkansson, Gisela; Westander, Jennie (2013). Communication in Humans and Other Animals. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-0458-5. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Hamilton, Cheryl R.; Kroll, Tony L.; Creel, Bonnie (28 February 2023). Communicating for Success. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-81663-1. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- Harley, Trevor A. (2014). The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84872-089-3. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- HarperCollins staff (2022). "Communication". www.ahdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- Hartley, Peter; Bruckmann, Clive (28 January 2008). Business Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-64572-5. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Hebb, D. O.; Donderi, D. C. (19 December 2013). Textbook of Psychology (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-317-81973-8. Archivedfrom the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- Hillstrom, Northern Lights; Magee, ECDI (17 October 2006). "Intercultural communication". In Darnay, Arsen; Magee, Monique D. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Small Business. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-9112-7. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Honeycutt, James M. (28 July 2014). "11. Imagined interactions". In Berger, Charles R. (ed.). Interpersonal Communication. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-037387-5. Archivedfrom the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- Houston, Susan H. (14 January 2019). A Survey of Psycholinguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-087968-1. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Hura, Gurdeep S.; Singhal, Mukesh (28 March 2001). Data and Computer Communications: Networking and Internetworking. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0928-1. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Innis, Harold Adams (1950). Empire and Communications. Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ISU staff (2016). "3.4: Functions of Verbal Communication". Introduction to Public Communication. Indiana State University Press. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Januszewski, Alan (2001). Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 978-1-56308-749-3. Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Jeanrond, Werner G. (18 June 1991). Theological Hermeneutics: Development and Significance. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-09597-1.
- Jenkins, J. Jacob; Chen, Nien-Tsu Nancy (15 June 2016). "Communication Studies". In Arrigo, Bruce A. (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security, and Privacy. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-5995-3. Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- Karban, Richard (18 June 2015). Plant Sensing and Communication. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-26484-4. Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Kastberg, Peter (13 December 2019). Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda. Frank & Timme GmbH. ISBN 978-3-7329-0432-7. Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Ketcham, Christopher (11 May 2020). Flowers and Honeybees: A Study of Morality in Nature. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-42854-6. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Kiggins, Justin T.; Comins, Jordan A.; Gentner, Timothy Q. (2013). "Targets for a Comparative Neurobiology of Language". In Scharff, Constance; Friederici, Angela D.; Petrides, Michael (eds.). Neurobiology of Human Language and Its Evolution: Primate and Nonprimate Perspectives. Frontiers Media SA. ISBN 978-2-88919-111-6. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Krémer, Benoît; Quijano, Claudia Mejía (14 December 2017). "Non-verbal Communication and Interpreting". In Malmkjaer, Kirsten (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies and Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-43451-1.
- Kreps, Gary L. (23 May 2012). "The Pervasive Role of Information in Health and Health Care: Implications for Health Communication Policy". In Anderson, James A. (ed.). Communication Yearbook 11. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-14844-7. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Kreps, Gary L. (2002). "Health Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865385-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Kyle, Jim G.; Kyle, James; Woll, Bencie; Pullen, G.; Maddix, F. (26 February 1988). Sign Language: The Study of Deaf People and Their Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35717-3. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Lantolf, James P. (18 August 2009). "Intrapersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7.
- Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019). Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-59441-7. Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Li, Hong Ling (September 2007). "From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model". 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. IEEE. pp. 5434–5437. S2CID 15690224.
- Luuk, Erkki; Luuk, Hendrik (2008). "Evolutionary Framework for the Language Faculty". In Smith, Andrew D. M.; Smith, Kenny (eds.). The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference (EVOLANG7), Barcelona, Spain, 12–15 March 2008. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-277-611-2. Archivedfrom the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- Lyon, Arabella (8 September 1998). Intentions: Negotiated, Contested, and Ignored. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-07583-9. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Lyons, John (29 May 1981). Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29775-2. Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- McArthur, Thomas Burns; McArthur, Tom; McArthur, Roshan (2005). Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280637-6. Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- McClelland, Charles A. (2008). "Communication, Political". In Darity, William A. (ed.). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865966-4. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- McCormack, Jane; McLeod, Sharynne; Harrison, Linda (September 2017). "4. Communication development". In Garvis, Susanne; Pendergast, Donna (eds.). Health and Wellbeing in Childhood. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-62300-8. Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- McDermott, Virginia M. (18 August 2009). "Interpersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7.
- McGuire, Morgan; Jenkins, Odest Chadwicke (23 December 2008). Creating Games: Mechanics, Content, and Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56881-305-9. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3199-5. Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (21 February 2014). Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-54331-9. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Meisel, Jürgen M. (7 July 2011). First and Second Language Acquisition: Parallels and Differences. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49637-7. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Melkote, Srinivas R.; Steeves, H. Leslie (14 December 2001). Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-9476-3. Archivedfrom the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Melkote, Srinivas R. (29 April 2003). "Theories of Development Communication". In Mody, Bella (ed.). International and Development Communication: A 21st-Century Perspective. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-2901-7. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Meng, Xiangfei (12 March 2020). National Image: China's Communication of Cultural Symbols. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-15-3147-7. Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Merriam-Webster staff (2022). "Communication". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- Miller, Gerald R. (1 June 1966). "On Defining Communication: Another Stab". Journal of Communication. 16 (2): 88–98. from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- Mills, Kathy A. (3 December 2015). Literacy Theories for the Digital Age: Social, Critical, Multimodal, Spatial, Material and Sensory Lenses. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-78309-464-6. Archivedfrom the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- Montrul, Silvina (1 January 2004). The Acquisition of Spanish: Morphosyntactic Development in Monolingual and Bilingual L1 Acquisition and Adult L2 Acquisition. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-5297-5. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Mullany, Louise (11 June 2020). "1. Rethinking Professional Communication: New Departure for Global Workplace Research". In Mullany, Louise (ed.). Professional Communication: Consultancy, Advocacy, Activism. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-41668-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Munodawafa, D. (1 June 2008). "Communication: Concepts, Practice and Challenges". Health Education Research. 23 (3): 369–370. PMID 18504296.
- Narula, Uma (2006). "1. Basic Communication Models". Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0513-3. Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- National Communication Association (26 April 2016). "What is Communication?". Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- Nawrocki, Waldemar (1 January 2016). Measurement Systems and Sensors (2 ed.). Artech House. ISBN 978-1-60807-933-9. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Nicotera, Anne Maydan (18 August 2009). "Constitutive View of Communication". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7.
- Nöth, Winfried (30 August 2013). "Human Communication from the Semiotic Perspective". In Ibekwe-SanJuan, Fidelia; Dousa, Thomas M. (eds.). Theories of Information, Communication and Knowledge: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-007-6973-1. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Nöth, Winfried (1995). Handbook of Semiotics. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20959-7. Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- Novak, Julie M.; Day, Ashleigh (2018). "Families, Companion Nonhuman Animals, and the CSZ Disaster: Implications for Crisis and Risk Communication". In Fletcher, C. Vail; Lovejoy, Jennette (eds.). Natural Disasters and Risk Communication: Implications of the Cascadia Subduction Zone Megaquake. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-5612-5.
- Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (1999). "1. Overview: on the relationship between language and conceptualization". In Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (eds.). Language and Conceptualization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77481-9. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- O'Day, Danton (2 December 2012). "1. Modes of cellular communication and sexual interactions in eukaryotic microbes". In O'Day, Danton (ed.). Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-15097-2. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Ongaro, Edoardo (31 July 2020). Philosophy and Public Administration: An Introduction. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83910-034-5.
- Palmer, Michael (21 June 2012). Hands-On Networking Fundamentals. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-40275-8. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Papa, Michael J.; Daniels, Tom D.; Spiker, Barry K. (2008). Organizational Communication: Perspectives and Trends. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-1684-4. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Peters, Benjamin (March 2012). "Marshall T. Poe, A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet". New Media & Society. 14 (2): 356–359. from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- Peterwagner, Reinhold (2005). What is the Matter with Communicative Competence?: An Analysis to Encourage Teachers of English to Assess the Very Basis of Their Teaching. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-8487-1. Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- Poe, Marshall (2011). A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-97691-9.
- Putnam, Linda; Woo, DaJung; Banghart, Scott (2017). "Organizational Communication". Oxford Bibliographies. ISBN 978-0-19-975684-1. Archivedfrom the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- Rao, Ming; Wang, Qun; Zhou, Ji (15 November 1996). Integrated Distributed Intelligent Systems for Engineering Design. CRC Press. ISBN 978-90-5699-510-2. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Rao, Nageshwar (1 January 2009). Communication Skills. Himalaya Publishing. ISBN 978-81-8318-351-2. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Reisinger, Yvette (27 August 2010). International Tourism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-43888-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- Ren, Fujun; Zhai, Jiequan (12 November 2013). Communication and Popularization of Science and Technology in China. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-39561-1. Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans; Vorwerg, Constanze (2008). Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans (eds.). Handbook of Communication Competence. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018829-5. Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- Riekert, Wolf-Fritz (1990). "What Does Knowledge Look Like?". In Gorny, Peter; Tauber, Michael J. (eds.). Visualization in Human-Computer Interaction: 7th Interdisciplinary Workshop on Informatics and Psychology, Schärding, Austria, May 24–27, 1988. Selected Contributions. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-52698-8. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Robinson, Andrew (27 August 2009). Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-956778-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- Rosengren, Karl Erik (11 February 2000). "1.1 On communication". Communication: An Introduction. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-8039-7837-9. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Rowitz, Louis (2014). Public Health Leadership: Putting Principles Into Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4496-4521-2. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Ruben, Brent D. (2001). "Models Of Communication". Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865386-0. Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Ruben, Brent D. (2002). "Animal Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865385-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Ruben, Brent D. (2002a). "Communication Study". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865385-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Saha, Arijit; Manna, NilotPal; Mandal, Surajit (2013). Information Theory, Coding and Cryptography. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-93-325-1784-4. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions". Mass Communication and Society. 18 (5): 599–622. S2CID 146389958.
- Schenk, H. Jochen; Seabloom, Eric W. (5 August 2010). "Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Signals and Toxins: A Conceptual Framework". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.). Plant Communication From an Ecological Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-12162-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Sebeok, Thomas A. (22 September 1991). Semiotics in the United States. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11530-0. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Seckbach, Joseph; Gordon, Richard (1 November 2016). "Introduction to Biocommunication". In Gordon, Richard; Seckbach, Joseph (eds.). Biocommunication: Sign-mediated Interactions Between Cells And Organisms. World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-78634-046-7. Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
- Shannon, C. E. (July 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 379–423. .
- Shinder, Debra Littlejohn (2001). Computer Networking Essentials. Cisco Press. ISBN 978-1-58713-038-0. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Sierra, Lorenzo (20 April 2006). "Marketing Communication Today". In Gillis, Tamara (ed.). The IABC Handbook of Organizational Communication: A Guide to Internal Communication, Public Relations, Marketing and Leadership. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7879-8553-0. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013). "Introduction". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.). The Handbook of Communication History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-89259-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013a). "1. The History of Communication History". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.). The Handbook of Communication History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-89259-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- Sinding, Knud; Waldstrom, Christian (2014). Organisational Behaviour (5 ed.). McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-715461-5.
- Skyttner, Lars (4 January 2006). General Systems Theory: Problems, Perspectives, Practice (2nd ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4479-98-1. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Sonderling, Stefan (30 November 1995). "5. Historical Research in Communication". In Plooy, G. M. Du (ed.). Introduction to Communication. Juta and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7021-3446-3. Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- Spitzberg, Brian H. (16 October 2015). "The composition of competence: Communication skills". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.). Communication Competence. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-031745-9. Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- Stallings, William (2014). Data and Computer Communications. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-350648-8. Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Steinberg, Sheila (1995). Introduction to Communication Course Book 1: The Basics. Juta and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7021-3649-8. Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Steinberg, Sheila (2007). An Introduction to Communication Studies. Juta and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7021-7261-8. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Straubhaar, Joseph; LaRose, Robert; Davenport, Lucinda (1 January 2015). Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-53385-1. Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Taylor, Hal R. (1962). "A Model for the Communication Process". STWP Review. 9 (3): 8–10. from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021). Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-38141-2. Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Thomason, Richmond H. (2006). "Artificial And Natural Languages". In Borchert, Donald (ed.). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2 ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865790-5. Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- Tompkins, Paula S. (2 May 2023). "8. Communication Ethics and Digital Communication". Practicing Communication Ethics: Development, Discernment, and Decision Making. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-87190-6. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- Trenholm, Sarah; Jensen, Arthur (2013). Interpersonal Communication (7 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-982750-3.
- Turkington, Carol; Harris, Joseph (2006). The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6991-0. Archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- Twidale, Michael (2002). "Human-Computer Interaction". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865385-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- UMN staff (29 September 2016). "1.1 Communication: History and Forms". Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 978-1-946135-07-0. Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- UMN staff (29 September 2016a). "1.2 The Communication Process". Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 978-1-946135-07-0. Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- US congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1990). Critical Connections: Communication for the Future. US Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-1-4289-2182-5. Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- van Trijp, Remi (25 January 2018). "Transparency versus Processing Efficiency: A Case Study on German Declension". In Poibeau, Thierry; Villavicencio, Aline (eds.). Language, Cognition, and Computational Models. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-50678-6. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- Vocate, Donna R. (6 December 2012). "1. Self-Talk and Inner Speech: Understanding The Uniquely Human Aspects of Intrapersonal Communication". In Vocate, Donna R. (ed.). Intrapersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60184-2. Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- von Kriegstein, Katharina (25 August 2011). "A Multisensory Perspective on Human Auditory Communication". In Murray, Micah M.; Wallace, Mark T. (eds.). The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-1217-4. Archivedfrom the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- Waters, Christopher M.; Bassler, Bonnie L. (1 November 2005). "Quorum Sensing: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 21 (1): 319–346. PMID 16212498.
- Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies (8th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-84966-563-6.
- Watson, James; Hill, Anne (22 October 2015). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies (9th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-62892-149-6. Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication". The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-72546-3. Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Wenxiu, Peng (1 September 2015). "Analysis of New Media Communication Based on Lasswell's '5W' Model". Journal of Educational and Social Research. ISSN 2239-978X.
- Winner, Ellen (5 September 2017). "Understanding Versus Discriminating Nonliteral Utterances: Evidence for a Dissociation". In Winner, Ellen (ed.). Developmental Perspectives on Metaphor: A Special Issue of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-317-77779-3. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- Wisely, Forrest G. (1994). "Communication Models". In Moore, David Mike (ed.). Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Educational Technology. ISBN 978-0-87778-264-3. Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Wittmann, Ralph; Zitterbart, Martina (16 June 2000). Multicast Communication: Protocols, Programming, & Applications. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-049734-1. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Yule, George (2010). The Study of Language (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76527-5.
External links
- Quotations related to Communication at Wikiquote
- Media related to Communication at Wikimedia Commons