Communication studies

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"Communication research" redirects here. For the journal, see Communication Research (journal).
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Communication studies or communication science is an

critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge that encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation at a level of individual agency and interaction to social and cultural communication systems at a macro level.[4][5]

Scholarly communication theorists focus primarily on refining the

philosophic approaches towards the analysis of communication.[6] Conversely, the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically, and computationally focused techniques.[7][failed verification
]

As a field of study, communication is applied to

scientific knowledge
.

History

Main article: History of communication studies

Origins

Communication, a natural human behavior, became a topic of study in the 20th century.[11] As communication technologies developed, so did the serious study of communication. During this time, a renewed interest in the studies of rhetoric, such as persuasion and public address, was created, which ultimately laid the foundation for several of the forms of communication studies that we know of today.[12] The focus of communication studies developed further in the 20th century, eventually including means of communication such as mass communication, interpersonal communication, and oral interpretation.[12] When World War I ended, the interest in studying communication intensified. The methods of communication that had been used during the war had challenged the beliefs many people had on the limits of it that existed prior to these events. Innovations were invented during this period of time that no one had ever seen before, like the aircraft telephones and throat microphones.[13] However, new ways of communicating that had been discovered, especially the use of morse code through portable morse code machines, helped troops to communicate in a much more rapid pace than ever before.[13] This then sparked ideas for even more advanced ways of communication to later be created and discovered.[13]

The social science study was fully recognized as a legitimate discipline after World War II.[14] Prior to being established as its own discipline, communication studies, was formed from three other major studies no: psychology, sociology, and political science.[8][11][15] Communication studies focus on communication as central to the human experience, which involves understanding how people behave in creating, exchanging, and interpreting messages.[16] Today, this accepted discipline now also encompasses more modern forms of communication studies as well, such as gender and communication, intercultural communication, political communication, health communication, and organizational communication.[12]

Foundations of the academic discipline

The institutionalization of communication studies in U.S. higher education and research has often been traced to

Second World War.[15][17][18]

Wilbur Schramm is considered the founder of the field of communication studies in the United States.[18] Schramm was hugely influential in establishing communication as a field of study and in forming departments of communication studies across universities in the United States.[19] He was the first individual to identify himself as a communication scholar; he created the first academic degree-granting programs with communication in their name; and he trained the first generation of communication scholars.[20][21] Schramm had a background in English literature and developed communication studies partly by merging existing programs in speech communication, rhetoric, and journalism. He also edited a textbook The Process and Effects of Mass Communication (1954) that helped define the field, partly by claiming Paul Lazarsfeld, Harold Lasswell, Carl Hovland, and Kurt Lewin as its founding forefathers.[18]

Schramm established three important communication institutes: the

Institute of Communications Research (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the Institute for Communication Research (Stanford University), and the East-West Communication Institute (Honolulu).[22] The patterns of scholarly work in communication studies that were set in motion at these institutes continue to this day.[23] Many of Schramm's students, such as Everett Rogers and David Berlo went on to make important contributions of their own.[21][24]

The first college of communication was founded at

The University of Southern California, and Northwestern University.[26][27]

Associations related to Communication Studies were founded or expanded during the 1950s. The National Society for the Study of Communication (NSSC) was founded in 1950 to encourage scholars to pursue communication research as a social science.[17] This Association launched the Journal of Communication in the same year as its founding. Like many communication associations founded around this decade, the name of the association changed with the field. In 1968 the name changed to the International Communication Association (ICA).[27][28]

In the United States

Undergraduate curricula aim to prepare students to interrogate the nature of communication in society, and the development of communication as a specific field.[29]

The

film production, and new media
.

Many colleges in the United States offer a variety of different majors within the realm of communication studies, consisting of programs of study in the areas mentioned above. Communication studies is often perceived by many in society as being primarily centered around the media arts, however, those that become communication studies graduates could move on to have careers in areas ranging from media arts to public advocacy to marketing to non-profit organizations and even more.[31]

In Canada

With the early influence of federal institutional inquiries, notably the 1951 Massey Commission,

Dallas Smythe, James R. Taylor, François Cooren, Gail Guthrie Valaskakis and George Grant
.

Communication studies within Canada are a relatively new discipline, however, there are programs and departments to support and teach this topic in about 13 Canadian universities and many colleges as well.[35] The Communication et information from Laval, and the Canadian Journal of Communication from McGill University in Montréal, are two journals that exist in Canada.[35] There are also organizations and associations, both national and in Québec, that appeal to the specific interests that are targeted towards these academics.[35] These specific journals consist of representatives from the industry of communication, the government, and members of the public as a whole.[35]

Scope and topics

Part of a series on
Rhetoric
History
Concepts
Genres
Criticism
Rhetoricians
Works
Subfields
Related
Main article: Outline of communication

Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy.[1] From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece).[36] Humanities approaches to communication often overlap with history, philosophy, English, and cultural studies.

Communication research informs

social research, cultural research, market research
, and other statistical fields.

Recent critiques have been made about the homogeneity of communication scholarship. For example, Chakravartty, et al. (2018)[38] find that white scholars comprise the vast majority of publications, citations, and editorial positions. From a post-colonial point of view, this state is problematic because communication studies engages with a wide range of social justice concerns.

Further information: Mediated quasi-interaction

Business

Main article: Business communication

Business communication emerged as a field of study in the late 20th century, due to the centrality of communication within business relationships. The scope of the field is difficult to define because of the various ways in which communication is used between employers, employees, consumers, and brands.[39] Because of this, the focus of the field is usually placed on the demands of employers, which is more universally understood by the revision of the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of business standards to emphasize written and oral communication as an important characteristic in the curriculum.[40] Business communication studies, therefore, revolve around the, ever changing, written and oral communication aspects directly related to the field of business.[41] Implementation of modern business communication curriculums are enhancing the study of business communication as a whole, while further preparing those to be able to effectively communicate in the business community.[39]

Healthcare

Main article: Health communication

Health communication is a multidisciplinary field that practices the application of "communication evidence, strategy, theory, and creativity" in order to advance the well-being of people and populations. The term was first coined in 1975 by the International Communication Association and, in 1997, Health communication was officially recognized in the broader fields of Public Health Education and Health Promotion by the American Public Health Association.[42] The discipline integrates components of various theories and models, with a focus on social marketing. It uses marketing to develop "activities and interventions designed to positively change behaviors."[43] This emergence affected several dynamics of the healthcare system. It brought elevated awareness to different avenues including promotional activities and communication between heath professionals and their employees, patients, and constituents. "Efforts to create marketing-oriented organizations called for the widespread dissemination of information", putting a spotlight on theories of "communication, the communication process, and the techniques that were being utilized to communicate in other settings."[44] Now, health care organizations of all types are using things like social media. "Uses include communicating with the community and patients; enhancing organizational visibility; marketing products and services; establishing a venue for acquiring news about activities, promotions, and fund-raising; providing a channel for patient resources and education; and providing customer service and support."[45]

Further information: Medical writing

Professional associations

See also

References

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  12. ^ a b c "Study of Communication | Department of Communication". communication.humboldt.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  13. ^ a b c Archives, The National. "The National Archives - Fighting talk: First World War telecommunications - The National Archives". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
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  17. ^ a b William F. Eadie, "Communication as an Academic Field: USA and Canada", in International Encyclopedia of Communication, ed. Wolfgang Donsbach, Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
  18. ^ a b c "Wilbur Schramm; Wrote Many Works On Communications". The New York Times. 1 January 1988. Archived from the original on Sep 28, 2022.
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  30. ^ "What is Communication?". National Communication Association. 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  31. ^ "BA in Communication Studies". College of Liberal Arts. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  32. ^ a b Stewart, J.D.M.; Kallmann, Helmut; McIntosh, Andrew (November 12, 2019) [February 7, 2006]. "Massey Commission". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  33. ^ "British Cultural Studies". people.ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  34. ^ Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (2014-03-21). "Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission". crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  35. ^ a b c d Salter, Liora (March 4, 2015) [December 3, 2012]. "Communication Studies". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
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Bibliography

  • Carey, James. 1988 Communication as Culture.
  • Cohen, Herman. 1994. The History of Speech Communication: The Emergence of a Discipline, 1914-1945. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association.
  • Gehrke, Pat J. 2009. The Ethics and Politics of Speech: Communication and Rhetoric in the Twentieth Century. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Gehrke, Pat J. and William M. Keith, eds. 2014. A Century of Communication Studies: The Unfinished Conversation. New York: Routledge.
  • Packer, J. & Robertson, C, eds. 2006. Thinking with James Carey: Essays on Communications, Transportation, History.
  • Peters, John Durham and Peter Simonson, eds. 2004. Mass Communication and American Social Thought: Key Texts 1919-1968.
  • Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin 2004, 'How Not to Found a Field: New Evidence on the Origins of Mass Communication Research', Journal of Communication, September 2004.
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