Communications-based train control
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Communications-based train control (CBTC) is a
A CBTC system is a "continuous,
Background and origin
The main objective of CBTC is to increase track capacity by reducing the time interval (headway) between trains.
Traditional signalling systems detect trains in discrete sections of the track called '
In a moving block CBTC system the protected section for each train is a "block" that moves with and trails behind it, and provides continuous communication of the train's exact position via radio, inductive loop, etc.[3]
As a result,
These systems, which were also referred to as
As with new application of any technology, some problems arose at the beginning mainly due to compatibility and interoperability aspects.[5][6] However, there have been relevant improvements since then, and currently the reliability of the radio-based communication systems has grown significantly.
Moreover, it is important to highlight that not all the systems using
Main features
CBTC and moving block
CBTC systems are modern railway signaling systems that can mainly be used in urban railway lines (either
This information allows calculation of the area potentially occupied by the train on the track. It also enables the wayside equipment to define the points on the line that must never be passed by the other trains on the same track. These points are communicated to make the trains automatically and continuously adjust their speed while maintaining the safety and comfort (jerk) requirements. So, the trains continuously receive information regarding the distance to the preceding train and are then able to adjust their safety distance accordingly.
From the
In a moving block system as shown in the second figure, the train position and its braking curve is continuously calculated by the trains, and then communicated via radio to the wayside equipment. Thus, the wayside equipment is able to establish protected areas, each one called Limit of Movement Authority (LMA), up to the nearest obstacle (in the figure the tail of the train in front). Movement Authority (MA) is the permission for a train to move to a specific location within the constraints of the infrastructure and with supervision of speed.[7]
End of Authority is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed and where target speed is equal to zero. End of Movement is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed according to an MA. When transmitting an MA, it is the end of the last section given in the MA.[7]
It is important to mention that the occupancy calculated in these systems must include a safety margin for location uncertainty (in yellow in the figure) added to the length of the train. Both of them form what is usually called 'Footprint'. This safety margin depends on the accuracy of the odometry system in the train.
CBTC systems based on moving block allows the reduction of the safety distance between two consecutive trains. This distance is varying according to the continuous updates of the train location and speed, maintaining the safety requirements. This results in a reduced headway between consecutive trains and an increased transport capacity.
Grades of automation
Modern CBTC systems allow different levels of automation or
There are four grades of automation available:
- GoA 0 - On-sight, with no automation
- GoA 1 - Manual, with a driver controlling all train operations.
- GoA 2 - Semi-automatic Operation (STO), starting and stopping are automated, but a driver who sits in the cab operates the doors and drives in emergencies
- GoA 3 - Driverless Train Operation (DTO), starting and stopping are automated, but a crew member operates the doors from within the train
- GoA 4 - Unattended Train Operation (UTO), starting, stopping and doors are all automated, with no required crew member on board
Main applications
CBTC systems allow optimal use of the railway infrastructure as well as achieving maximum capacity and minimum headway between operating trains, while maintaining the safety requirements. These systems are suitable for the new highly demanding urban lines, but also to be overlaid on existing lines in order to improve their performance.[9]
Of course, in the case of upgrading existing lines the design, installation, test and commissioning stages are much more critical. This is mainly due to the challenge of deploying the overlying system without disrupting the revenue service.[10]
Main benefits
The evolution of the technology and the experience gained in operation over the last 30 years means that modern CBTC systems are more reliable and less prone to failure than older train control systems. CBTC systems normally have less wayside equipment and their diagnostic and monitoring tools have been improved, which makes them easier to implement and, more importantly, easier to maintain.[11]
CBTC technology is evolving, making use of the latest techniques and components to offer more compact systems and simpler architectures. For instance, with the advent of modern electronics it has been possible to build in redundancy so that single failures do not adversely impact operational availability.
Moreover, these systems offer complete flexibility in terms of operational schedules or timetables, enabling urban rail operators to respond to the specific traffic demand more swiftly and efficiently and to solve traffic congestion problems. In fact, automatic operation systems have the potential to significantly reduce the headway and improve the traffic capacity compared to manual driving systems.[12][13]
Finally, it is important to mention that the CBTC systems have proven to be more energy efficient than traditional manually driven systems.[11] The use of new functionalities, such as automatic driving strategies or a better adaptation of the transport offer to the actual demand, allows significant energy savings reducing the power consumption.
Risks
The primary risk of an electronic train control system is that if the communications link between any of the trains is disrupted then all or part of the system might have to enter a
As a result, high availability of CBTC systems is crucial for proper operation, especially if such systems are used to increase transport capacity and reduce headway. System redundancy and recovery mechanisms must then be thoroughly checked to achieve a high robustness in operation. With the increased availability of the CBTC system, there is also a need for extensive training and periodical refresh of system operators on the recovery procedures. In fact, one of the major system hazards in CBTC systems is the probability of human error and improper application of recovery procedures if the system becomes unavailable.
Communications failures can result from equipment malfunction, electromagnetic interference, weak signal strength or saturation of the communications medium.[15] In this case, an interruption can result in a service brake or emergency brake application as real time situational awareness is a critical safety requirement for CBTC and if these interruptions are frequent enough it could seriously impact service. This is the reason why, historically, CBTC systems first implemented radio communication systems in 2003, when the required technology was mature enough for critical applications.
In systems with poor
With the emerging services over open ISM radio bands (i.e. 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) and the potential disruption over critical CBTC services, there is an increasing pressure in the international community (ref. report 676 of UITP organization, Reservation of a Frequency Spectrum for Critical Safety Applications dedicated to Urban Rail Systems) to reserve a frequency band specifically for radio-based urban rail systems. Such decision would help standardize CBTC systems across the market (a growing demand from most operators) and ensure availability for those critical systems.
As a CBTC system is required to have high availability and particularly, allow for a graceful degradation, a secondary method of signaling might be provided to ensure some level of non-degraded service upon partial or complete CBTC unavailability.[16] This is particularly relevant for brownfield implementations (lines with an already existing signalling system) where the infrastructure design cannot be controlled and coexistence with legacy systems is required, at least, temporarily.[17]
For example, the New York City Canarsie Line was outfitted with a backup automatic block signaling system capable of supporting 12 trains per hour (tph), compared with the 26 tph of the CBTC system. Although this is a rather common architecture for resignalling projects, it can negate some of the cost savings of CBTC if applied to new lines. This is still a key point in the CBTC development (and is still being discussed), since some providers and operators argue that a fully redundant architecture of the CBTC system may however achieve high availability values by itself.[17]
In principle, CBTC systems may be designed with centralized supervision systems in order to improve maintainability and reduce installation costs. If so, there is an increased risk of a single point of failure that could disrupt service over an entire system or line. Fixed block systems usually work with distributed logic that are normally more resistant to such outages. Therefore, a careful analysis of the benefits and risks of a given CBTC architecture (centralized vs. distributed) must be done during system design.
When CBTC is applied to systems that previously ran under complete human control with operators working on sight it may actually result in a reduction in capacity (albeit with an increase in safety). This is because CBTC operates with less positional certainty than human sight and also with greater
Architecture
The typical architecture of a modern CBTC system comprises the following main subsystems:
- Wayside equipment, which includes the ATS, though local control subsystems may be also included as a fallback.
- CBTC onboard equipment, including ATP and ATOsubsystems in the vehicles.
- Train to wayside communication subsystem, currently based on radio links.
Thus, although a CBTC architecture is always depending on the supplier and its technical approach, the following logical components may be found generally in a typical CBTC architecture:
- Onboard ATP system. This subsystem is in charge of the continuous control of the train speed according to the safety profile, and applying the brake if it is necessary. It is also in charge of the communication with the wayside ATP subsystem in order to exchange the information needed for a safe operation (sending speed and braking distance, and receiving the limit of movement authority for a safe operation).
- Onboard ATO system. It is responsible for the automatic control of the traction and braking effort in order to keep the train under the threshold established by the ATP subsystem. Its main task is either to facilitate the driver or attendant functions, or even to operate the train in a fully automatic mode while maintaining the traffic regulation targets and passenger comfort. It also allows the selection of different automatic driving strategies to adapt the runtime or even reduce the power consumption.
- Wayside ATP system. This subsystem undertakes the management of all the communications with the trains in its area. Additionally, it calculates the limits of movement authority that every train must respect while operating in the mentioned area. This task is therefore critical for the operation safety.
- Wayside ATO system. It is in charge of controlling the destination and regulation targets of every train. The wayside ATO functionality provides all the trains in the system with their destination as well as with other data such as the dwell timein the stations. Additionally, it may also perform auxiliary and non-safety related tasks including for instance alarm/event communication and management, or handling skip/hold station commands.
- Communication system. The CBTC systems integrate a US), 5.8 GHz or other licensed bands may be used as well.
- ATS system. The ATS system is commonly integrated within most of the CBTC solutions. Its main task is to act as the interface between the operator and the system, managing the traffic according to the specific regulation criteria. Other tasks may include the event and alarm management as well as acting as the interface with external systems.
- switches or signals, as well as other related functionality. In the case of simpler networks or lines, the functionality of the interlocking may be integrated into the wayside ATP system.
Projects
CBTC technology has been (and is being) successfully implemented for a variety of applications as shown in the figure below (mid 2011). They range from some implementations with short track, limited numbers of vehicles and few operating modes (such as the airport
Despite the difficulty, the table below tries to summarize and reference the main radio-based CBTC systems deployed around the world as well as those ongoing projects being developed. Besides, the table distinguishes between the implementations performed over existing and operative systems (brownfield) and those undertaken on completely new lines (Greenfield).
List
This section needs to be updated.(July 2018) |
Location/System | Lines | Supplier | Solution | Commissioning | km | No. of trains | Type of Field | Grade of Automation
|
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toronto Subway |
3 | Thales |
SelTrac | 1985 |
6.4 |
7 |
Greenfield | UTO | With train attendants who monitor door status, and drive trains in the event of a disruption. |
SkyTrain (Vancouver) | Expo Line, Millennium Line, Canada Line |
Thales |
SelTrac | 1986 |
85.4 |
20 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Detroit | Detroit People Mover | Thales |
SelTrac | 1987 |
4.7 |
12 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
London | Docklands Light Railway | Thales |
SelTrac | 1987 |
38 |
149 |
Greenfield | DTO | |
San Francisco Airport | AirTrain | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2003 |
5 |
38 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Seattle-Tacoma Airport |
Satellite Transit System |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2003 |
3 |
22 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Singapore MRT | North East line | Alstom |
Urbalis 300 | 2003 |
20 |
43 |
Greenfield | UTO | with train attendants (Train captains) who drive trains in the event of a disruption. |
Hong Kong MTR | Tuen Ma line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2020 (Tuen Ma Line Phase 1)
2021 (Tuen Ma Line and former West Rail Line) |
57 |
65 |
Greenfield (Tai Wai to Hung Hom section only)
Brownfield (other sections) |
STO | Existing sections were upgraded from SelTrac IS |
Las Vegas | Monorail | Thales |
SelTrac | 2004 |
6 |
36 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Wuhan Metro | 1 |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2004 |
27 |
32 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Dallas–Fort Worth Airport |
DFW Skylink | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2005 |
10 |
64 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Hong Kong MTR | Disneyland Resort line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2005 |
3 |
3 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Lausanne Metro |
M2 |
Alstom |
Urbalis 300 | 2008 |
6 |
18 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
London Heathrow Airport | Heathrow APM | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2008 |
1 |
9 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Madrid Metro | , | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2008 |
48 |
143 |
Brownfield | STO | |
McCarran Airport |
McCarran Airport APM |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2008 |
2 |
10 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
BTS Skytrain | Silom Line, Sukhumvit Line (North section) | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 450 | 2009 |
16.7 |
47 |
Brownfield (original line) Greenfield (Taksin extension) |
STO | with train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train. |
Barcelona Metro | , | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2009 |
46 |
50 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Beijing Subway | 4 |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2009 |
29 |
40 |
Greenfield | STO | |
New York City Subway | BMT Canarsie Line, IRT Flushing Line | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2009 |
17 |
69[note 2] | Brownfield | STO | |
Shanghai Metro | 11 |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2009 |
238 |
267 |
Greenfield and Brownfield | STO | |
Singapore MRT | Circle line | Alstom |
Urbalis 300 | 2009 |
35 |
64 |
Greenfield | UTO | with train attendants (Rovers) who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are also on standby between Botanic Gardens and Caldecott stations. |
Taipei Metro | Neihu-Mucha |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2009 |
26 |
76 |
Greenfield and Brownfield | UTO | |
Washington-Dulles Airport |
Dulles APM | Thales |
SelTrac | 2009 |
8 |
29 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Beijing Subway | Daxing Line |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2010 |
22 |
Greenfield | STO | ||
Beijing Subway | 15 |
Nippon Signal |
SPARCS | 2010 |
41.4 |
28 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
Guangzhou Metro | Zhujiang New Town APM | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2010 |
4 |
19 |
Greenfield | DTO | |
Guangzhou Metro | 3 |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2010 |
67 |
40 |
Greenfield | DTO | |
São Paulo Metro | 1, 2, 3 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2010 |
62 |
142 |
Greenfield and Brownfield | UTO | CBTC operates in Lines 1 and 2 and it is being installed in Line 3 |
São Paulo Metro | 4 | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2010 |
13 |
29 |
Greenfield | UTO | First UTO line in Latin America |
London Underground | Jubilee line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2010 |
37 |
63 |
Brownfield | STO | |
London Gatwick Airport | Shuttle Transit APM | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2010 |
1 |
6 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Milan Metro | 1 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2010 |
27 |
68 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Philadelphia SEPTA | SEPTA subway–surface trolley lines | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2010 |
8 |
115 |
STO | ||
Shenyang Metro | 1 | Ansaldo STS |
CBTC | 2010 |
27 |
23 |
Greenfield | STO | |
B&G Metro |
Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit | Thales |
SelTrac | 2011 |
23.5 |
25 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
BTS Skytrain | Sukhumvit Line (East section) | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 450 | 2011 |
14.35 |
Brownfield (original line) Greenfield (On Nut extension) |
STO | with train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train. | |
Dubai Metro | Red, Green | Thales |
SelTrac | 2011 |
70 |
85 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Madrid Metro | Extension MetroEste | Invensys |
Sirius | 2011 |
9 |
? | Brownfield | STO | |
Paris Métro | 1 | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2011 |
16 |
53 |
Brownfield | DTO | |
Sacramento International Airport | Sacramento APM | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2011 |
1 |
2 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Shenzhen Metro | 3 |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2011 |
42 |
43 |
STO | ||
Shenzhen Metro | 5 |
Alstom |
Urbalis 888 | 2010–2011 |
76 |
65 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Shenyang Metro | 2 | Ansaldo STS |
CBTC | 2011 |
21.5 |
20 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Xian Metro |
2 |
Ansaldo STS |
CBTC | 2011 |
26.6 |
22 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Yongin | EverLine | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2011 |
19 |
30 |
UTO | ||
Algiers Metro | 1 | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2012 |
9 |
14 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Chongqing Metro |
6 |
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2011–2012 |
94 |
80 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Guangzhou Metro | 6 |
Alstom |
Urbalis 888 | 2012 |
24 |
27 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
Istanbul Metro | M4 | Thales |
SelTrac | 2012 |
21.7 |
Greenfield | |||
M5 | Bombardier | CityFLO 650 | Phase 1: 2017
Phase 2: 2018 |
16.9
|
21
|
Greenfield | UTO | ||
Ankara Metro | M1 | Ansaldo STS | CBTC | 2018
|
14.6
|
Brownfield | STO | ||
M2 | Ansaldo STS | CBTC | 2014
|
16.5
|
Greenfield | STO | |||
M3 | Ansaldo STS | CBTC | 2014
|
15.5
|
Greenfield | STO | |||
M4 | Ansaldo STS | CBTC | 2017
|
9.2
|
Greenfield | STO | |||
Mexico City Metro | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2012 |
25 |
30 |
Greenfield | STO | ||
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2022-2024 |
18 |
39 |
Brownfield | DTO | |||
New York City Subway | IND Culver Line | Thales & Siemens |
Various | 2012 |
Greenfield | A test track was retrofitted in 2012; the line's other tracks will be retrofitted by the early 2020s. | |||
Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport | PHX Sky Train | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2012 |
3 |
18 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Riyadh | KAFD Monorail | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2012 |
4 |
12 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Metro Santiago | 1 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2016 |
20 |
42 |
Greenfield and Brownfield | DTO | |
São Paulo Commuter Lines | 8, 10, 11 | Invensys |
Sirius | 2012 |
107 |
136 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Tianjin Metro | 2, 3 | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2012 |
52 |
40 |
STO | ||
Beijing Subway | 10 |
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2013 |
84 |
150 |
STO | ||
Caracas Metro | 1 | Invensys |
Sirius | 2013 |
21 |
48 |
Brownfield | ||
Kunming Metro | 2 |
Alstom |
Urbalis 888 | 2013 |
42 |
38 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
Málaga Metro | , | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2013 |
17 |
15 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
Paris Métro | 3, 5 | Ansaldo STS / Siemens | Inside RATP's Ouragan project |
2010, 2013 |
26 |
40 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Paris Métro | 13 | Thales |
SelTrac | 2013 |
23 |
66 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Toronto subway | 1 | Alstom |
Urbalis 400 | 2017 to 2022 |
76.78[19] | 65[19] | Brownfield (Finch to Sheppard West) Greenfield (Sheppard West to Vaughan) |
STO | CBTC active between Vaughan Metropolitan Centre and Eglinton stations as of October 2021.[20] The entire line is scheduled to be fully upgraded by 2022.[21][22] |
Wuhan Metro | 4 |
Alstom |
Urbalis 888 | 2013 |
60 |
45 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Singapore MRT |
Downtown line | Invensys |
Sirius | 2013 |
42 |
92 |
Greenfield | UTO | with train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. |
Budapest Metro | M4 |
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2013 (M2) 2014 (M4) |
17 |
41 |
Line M2: STO
Line M4: UTO |
||
Dubai Metro | Al Sufouh LRT |
Alstom |
Urbalis | 2014 |
10 |
11 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Edmonton Light Rail Transit |
Capital Line, Metro Line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2014 |
24 double track |
94 |
Brownfield | DTO | |
Helsinki Metro | 1 |
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2014 |
35 |
45.5 |
Greenfield and Brownfield | STO[23] | |
Hong Kong MTR | Hong Kong APM | Thales |
SelTrac | 2014 |
4 |
14 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Incheon Subway | 2 | Thales |
SelTrac | 2014 |
29 |
37 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Jeddah Airport | King Abdulaziz APM | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2014 |
2 |
6 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
London Underground | Northern line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2014 |
58 |
106 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Salvador Metro | 4 | Thales[24] | SelTrac | 2014 |
33 |
29 |
Greenfield | DTO | |
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority | Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line |
Argenia |
SafeNet CBTC | 2014 |
6 |
12 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Munich Airport | Munich Airport T2 APM | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2014 |
1 |
12 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Nanjing Metro | Nanjing Airport Rail Link | Thales |
SelTrac | 2014 |
36 |
15 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Shinbundang Line | Dx Line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2014 |
30.5 |
12 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Ningbo Metro |
1 | Alstom |
Urbalis 888 | 2014 |
21 |
22 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
Panama Metro | 1 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2014 |
13.7 |
17 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
São Paulo Metro | 15 | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2014 |
14 |
27 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Shenzhen Metro | 9 |
Thales Saic Transport |
SelTrac | 2014 |
25.38 |
Greenfield | |||
Xian Metro |
1 |
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2013–2014 |
25.4 |
80 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Amsterdam Metro | 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2015 |
62 |
85 |
Greenfield and Brownfield | STO | |
Beijing Subway | Airport Express |
Alstom |
Urbalis 888 | From 2008 to 2015 |
159 |
240 |
Brownfield and Greenfield | STO and DTO | |
BTS Skytrain | Sukhumvit Line (East section) | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 450 | 2015 |
1.7 |
Greenfield | STO | Samrong extension installation. | |
Chengdu Metro | L4, L7 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2015 |
22.4 |
Greenfield | ATO | ||
Delhi Metro | Line 7, Line 9 | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2018 (Temp. Driver on Board)
2021 (Full ATO Operations) || 55 || || || ||
| |||||
Nanjing Metro | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | From 2010 to 2015 |
137 |
140 |
Greenfield | |||
São Paulo Metro | 5 | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2015 |
20 |
34 |
Brownfield & Greenfield | UTO | |
Shanghai Metro | 16 |
Alstom |
Urbalis 888 | From 2010 to 2015 |
120 |
152 |
Greenfield | UTO and STO | |
Taipei Metro | Circular | Ansaldo STS |
CBTC | 2015 |
15 |
17 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Wuxi Metro | 1, 2 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2015 |
58 |
46 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Philadelphia SEPTA | SEPTA Routes 101 and 102 | Ansaldo STS
|
CBTC | 2015
|
19.2
|
29
|
STO | ||
Bangkok MRT | Purple Line |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2015 |
23 |
21 |
Greenfield | STO | with train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train. |
Buenos Aires Underground | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2016 |
8 |
20 |
? | ? | ||
Buenos Aires Underground | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2016 |
4.5 |
18 |
TBD | TBD | ||
Hong Kong MTR | South Island line | Alstom |
Urbalis 400 | 2016 |
7 |
10 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Hyderabad Metro Rail |
L1, L2, L3 | Thales |
SelTrac | 2016 |
72 |
57 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Kochi Metro | L1 | Alstom |
Urbalis 400 | 2016 |
26 |
25 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
New York City Subway | IRT Flushing Line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2016 |
17 |
46[note 3] | Brownfield and Greenfield | STO | |
Kuala Lumpur Metro (LRT) | Line 3 & 4, Ampang and Sri Petaling lines | Thales |
SelTrac | 2016 |
45.1 |
50 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Kuala Lumpur Metro (LRT) | Line 5, Kelana Jaya Line |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2016 |
46.4 |
76 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Walt Disney World | Walt Disney World Monorail System | Thales |
SelTrac | 2016 |
22 |
15 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Fuzhou Metro | 1 | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2016 |
24 |
28 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Kuala Lumpur Metro (MRT) |
Line 9, Kajang Line |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2017 |
51 |
74 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Delhi Metro | LIne-8 | Nippon Signal | SPARCS | 2017 (Temp. Driver on Board)
2021 (Full ATO Operations) |
Greenfeild | UTO | |||
Lille Metro | 1 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2017 |
15 |
27 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Lucknow Metro | L1 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2017 |
23 |
20 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
New York City Subway | IND Queens Boulevard Line | Siemens/Thales | Trainguard MT CBTC | 2017–2022 [note 4] |
21.9 [note 5] |
309[note 6] | Brownfield | ATO | Train conductors will be located aboard the train because other parts of the routes using the Queens Boulevard Line will not be equipped with CBTC. |
Stockholm Metro | Red line | Ansaldo STS |
CBTC | 2017 |
41 |
30 |
Brownfield | STO->UTO | |
Taichung Metro | Green | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2017 |
18 |
29 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Singapore MRT | North South line |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2017 |
45.3 |
198 |
Brownfield | UTO[25] | with train attendants (Train Captains) who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train. |
BTS Skytrain | Sukhumvit Line (East section) | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 450 | 2018 |
11 |
Greenfield | STO | Samut Prakarn extension installation. | |
Singapore MRT | East West line |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2018 |
57.2 |
198 |
Brownfield (original line) Greenfield (Tuas West Extension only) |
UTO[25] | with train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. These train attendants are on standby in the train. |
Copenhagen S-Train |
All lines | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2021 |
170 |
136 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Doha Metro | L1 | Thales |
SelTrac | 2018 |
33 |
35 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
New York City Subway | IND Eighth Avenue Line | Siemens/Thales | Trainguard MT CBTC | 2018–2024 [note 7] |
9.3 |
Brownfield | ATO | Train conductors will be located aboard the train because other parts of the routes using the Eighth Avenue Line will not be equipped with CBTC. | |
Ottawa Light Rail | Confederation Line | Thales |
SelTrac | 2018 |
12.5 |
34 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) | All lines | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2018 |
22.2 |
50 |
Brownfield | ATO | |
Rennes ART | B | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2018 |
12 |
19 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Riyadh Metro | L4, L5 and L6 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2018 |
64 |
69 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
Sosawonsi Co. ( Gyeonggi-do ) |
Seohae Line | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2018 |
23.3 |
7 |
Greenfield |
ATO | |
Bangkok MRT |
Blue Line |
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2019 |
47 |
54 |
Brownfield & Greenfield | STO | with train attendants who drive trains in the event of a disruption. |
BTS Skytrain | Sukhumvit Line (North section) | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 450 | 2019 |
17.8 |
24 |
Greenfield | STO | Phaholyothin extension installation. |
Buenos Aires Underground | TBD |
TBD | 2019 |
11 |
26 |
TBD | TBD | ||
Panama Metro | 2 | Alstom |
Urbalis | 2019 |
21 |
21 |
Greenfield | ATO | |
Sydney Metro | Metro North West Line | Alstom |
Urbalis 400 | 2019 |
37 |
22 |
Brownfield | UTO | |
Gimpo | Gimpo Goldline | Nippon Signal |
SPARCS | 2019 |
23.63 |
23 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Jakarta MRT | North–south line | Nippon Signal |
SPARCS | 2019 |
20.1 |
16 |
Greenfield | STO | |
Fuzhou Metro | 2 | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2019 |
30 |
31 |
greenfield | STO | |
Singapore MRT |
Thomson–East Coast line | Alstom |
Urbalis 400 | 2020 |
43 |
91 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
BTS Skytrain | Gold Line | Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2020 |
1.7 |
3 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Suvarnabhumi Airport APM | MNTB to SAT-1 | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2020 |
1 |
6 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Fuzhou Metro | Line 1 Extension | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2020 |
29 |
28 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Bucharest Metro | Line M5 | Alstom | Urbalis 400 | 2020 | 6.9 | 13 | STO | To be fully operational after the delivery of the 13 Alstom Metropolis BM4 trains. | |
Bay Area Rapid Transit | Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City line |
Hitachi Rail STS |
CBTC | 2030 |
211.5 |
Brownfield | STO | ||
Bangkok MRT |
Yellow |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2021 |
64.9 |
72 |
Greenfield | UTO | |
Hong Kong MTR | East Rail line | Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | 2021 |
41.5 |
37 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Kuala Lumpur Metro (MRT) |
Line 12, Putrajaya Line |
Bombardier |
CITYFLO 650 | 2021 |
52.2 |
Greenfield | UTO | ||
London Underground | Metropolitan, District, Circle, Hammersmith & City | Thales |
SelTrac | 2021 to 2022 |
310 |
192 |
Brownfield | STO | |
Baselland Transport (BLT) | Line 19 Waldenburgerbahn | Stadler |
CBTC | 2022 |
13.2 |
10 |
Greenfield | STO | |
São Paulo Metro | 17 | Thales |
SelTrac | 2022 |
17.7 |
24 |
Greenfield | UTO | under construction |
São Paulo Metro | Line 6 | Nippon Signal |
SPARCS | 2023 |
15 |
24 |
Greenfield | UTO | under construction |
Tokyo | Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line[26] | Mitsubishi |
? | 2023 | 27.4 |
53 |
Brownfield | ? | |
Tokyo | Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line | ? | ? | 2023 |
20.3 |
42 |
Brownfield | ? | |
Seoul | Sillim Line | LTran-CX
|
2023
|
7.8
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
||
JR West |
Wakayama Line | ? | ? | 2023 |
42.5 |
? | Brownfield | ? | |
Kuala Lumpur Metro (LRT) | Line 11, Shah Alam Line |
Thales |
SelTrac | 2024 |
36 |
Brownfield | UTO | ||
Guangzhou Metro | Line 5 |
Siemens |
Trainguard MT CBTC | ? | 70 |
? | |||
Guangzhou Metro | Line 9 | Thales |
SelTrac | 2017 |
20.1 |
11 |
Greenfield | DTO | |
Marmaray Lines | Commuter Lines | Invensys |
Sirius | ? | 77 |
? | Greenfield | STO | |
Tokyo | Jōban Line[27] | Thales |
SelTrac | -2017 |
30 |
70 |
Brownfield | STO | The plan was abandoned because of its technical and cost problems;[28] the control system was replaced by ATACS.[28] |
Hong Kong MTR | Kwun Tong line, Tsuen Wan line, Island line, Tung Chung line, Tseung Kwan O line, Airport Express | Alstom-Thales |
Advanced SelTrac | Unknown | 158 |
Brownfield | STO & DTO | Delayed from the initial commissioning date of 2019 due to a train crash while testing. | |
Santiago Metro | Line 1 | Bombardier | CBTC | 2012 | 20.4 | ? | Brownfield | ATO (GoA 3) | |
Santiago Metro | Line 6, Line 3 | Thales | CBTC | 2017, 2019 respectively | 15.4, 21.7 respectively | 37 | Greenfield | UTO | |
Ahmedabad | MEGA | Nippon Signal | SPARCS | ? | 39.259 |
96 coaches(Rolling Stock) |
? | ? | |
Lahore | Orange Line | Alstom- Casco | Urabliss888 | 2020 | 27 | 27 (CRRC) | Greenfield | ATO(GOA3) | |
Melbourne | Sunbury line
|
Bombardier | CITYFLO 650 | 2023 | 115.8 | 70 | Brownfield |
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Only radio-based projects using the moving block principle are shown.
- ^ This is the number of four-car train sets available. The BMT Canarsie Line runs trains with eight cars.
- ^ This is the number of eleven-car train sets available. The IRT Flushing Line runs trains with eleven cars, though they are not all linked together; they are arranged in five- and six-car sets.
- Kew Gardens–Union Turnpikewill be completed in 2022
- ^ Includes a 1.48 km "express bypass" where non-stopping express trains take a different route than stopping local trains.
- ^ This is the number of four- and five- car sets to be equipped with CBTC; they will be linked up in sets of 8 or 10 cars each.
- High Streetsand be completed in 2024.
References
- ^ Busiest Subways.[1] Archived 2018-12-26 at the Wayback Machine Matt Rosenberg for About.com, Part of the New York Times Company. Accessed July 2012.
- ^ a b 1474.1–1999 – IEEE Standard for Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC) Performance and Functional Requirements.[2] (Accessed at January 14, 2019).
- ^ Digital radio shows great potential for Rail [3] Bruno Gillaumin, International Railway Journal, May 2001. Retrieved by findarticles.com in June 2011.
- ^ "Bombardier Marks 15th Anniversary of Its World-First Radio-Based, Driverless Rail Control System" (Press release). Bombardier Transportation. MarketWired. March 29, 2018. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
- ^ CBTC Projects. [4] Archived 2015-06-14 at the Wayback Machine www.tsd.org/cbtc/projects, 2005. Accessed June 2011.
- ^ a b CBTC radios: What to do? Which way to go? [5] Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine Tom Sullivan, 2005. www.tsd.org. Accessed May 2011.
- ^ a b Subset-023. "ERTMS/ETCS-Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations". ERTMS USERS GROUP. 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
- ^ IEC 62290-1, Railway applications – Urban guided transport management and command/control systems – Part 1: System principles and fundamental concepts.[6] IEC, 2006. Accessed February 2014
- ^ CITYFLO 650 Metro de Madrid, Solving the capacity challenge.[7] Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine Bombardier Transportation Rail Control Solutions, 2010. Accessed June 2011
- ^ Madrid's silent revolution.[8] in International Railway Journal, Keith Barrow, 2010. Accessed through goliath.ecnext.com in June 2011
- ^ a b Semi-automatic, driverless, and unattended operation of trains.[9] Archived 2010-11-19 at the Wayback Machine IRSE-ITC, 2010. Accessed through www.irse-itc.net in June 2011
- ^ CBTC: más trenes en hora punta.[10][permanent dead link] Comunidad de Madrid, www.madrig.org, 2010. Accessed June 2011
- ^ How CBTC can Increase capacity – communications-based train control. [11] William J. Moore, Railway Age, 2001. Accessed through findarticles.com in June 2011
- ^ ETRMS Level 3 Risks and Benefits to UK Railways, pg 19 [12] Transport Research Laboratory. Accessed December 2011
- ^ ETRMS Level 3 Risks and Benefits to UK Railways, Table 5 [13] Transport Research Laboratory. Accessed December 2011
- ^ ETRMS Level 3 Risks and Benefits to UK Railways, pg 18 [14] Transport Research Laboratory. Accessed December 2011
- ^ a b CBTC World Congress Presentations, Stockholm, November 2011 [15] Global Transport Forum. Accessed December 2011
- ^ Bombardier to Deliver Major London Underground Signalling.[16] Press release, Bombardier Transportation Media Center, 2011. Accessed June 2011
- ^ a b "Service Summary" (PDF). Toronto Transit Commission.
- ^ Stuart Green [@TTCStuart] (October 2, 2021). "This weekend's scheduled #TTC subway closure is now over and full service has resumed. Crews have completed the work on this phase of the new Automatic Train Control signaling system on Line 1. ATC now operating Vaughan MC to Eglinton" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Fox, Chris (2019-04-05). "New signal system is three years behind schedule and $98M over budget: report". CP24. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
- ^ "Modernizing the signal system: 2017 subway closures". Toronto Transit Commission. January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
[video position 1:56]Trains will be able to operate as frequently as every 1 minute and 55 seconds instead of the current limit of two and a half minutes. [2:19]When installation is completed along the entire line in 2019, it will allow for as much as 25% more capacity. [2:33]ATC will come online on all of Line 1 in phases by the end of 2019 starting with the portion of Line 1 between Spadina and Wilson stations and with the Line 1 extension into York Region that opens at the end of this year.
- ^ Helsinki Metro automation ambitions are scaled back. Urban Rail News Railway Gazette International 2012
- ^ "Thales awarded signalling contract for new Salvador metro". Thales Group. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
- ^ a b Cheng, Kenneth (2017-04-12). "Full-day signalling tests on North-South Line to start on Sunday". TODAY Online. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
- ^ 三菱電機、東京メトロ丸ノ内線に列車制御システム向け無線装置を納入 (in Japanese), Mynavi Corporation , February 22, 2018
- ^ Briginshaw, David (January 8, 2014). "JR East selects Thales to design first Japanese CBTC". hollandco.com. Holland. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ^ a b 首都圏のICT列車制御、JR東が海外方式導入を断念-国産「ATACS」推進 (in Japanese). Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun. Retrieved 12 January 2018.