Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia
Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia | |
---|---|
Youth wing | Young Communist League of Lithuania and Belorussia |
Membership (1919) | 17,636 |
Ideology | Communism |
Regional affiliation | Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) |
International affiliation | Communist International |
Party flag | |
The Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia
History
Foundation
The formation of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia was preceded in the spring of 1918 by the formation of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia — an organization that gathered the revolutionary majority faction of the Vilna branch of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (who had broken away from their mother party in protest over the participation of LSDP leaders in the Council of Lithuania), the small communist group formed around Aleksandra Drabavičiūtė (Ona) who arrived in April 1918 of a first emissary of the Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to Lithuania and the Vilna unit of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks) (led by Ginsburg-Girinis). Debates ranged between the different factions over party programme and national question. In the end, the discussions with the Mensheviks broke down.[2][3][4][5]
The party that gathered the communist platform was formed in Vilna on July 19, 1918 as the Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia, gathering the revolutionary wing of the
Meanwhile in Soviet Russia, there was no separate Lithuanian national organization within the Bolshevik Party (unlike the case for Latvian and Polish socialists). Lithuanian Bolsheviks joined the All-Russian party as individuals, albeit Lithuanian sections and cells were formed within the Bolshevik Party. In the fall of 1917 a Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Bolshevik Party was formed. At the two conferences of the Lithuanian Sections (January 18–21, 1918 and May 26–27, 1918, respectively) the two main leaders of Lithuanian Bolsheviks (Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas and Zigmas Angarietis) clashed over approach to party-building. Angarietis called for the formation of an independent Lithuanian communist party, whilst Mickevičius-Kapsukas favoured working within existing workers parties in Lithuania. Angarietis' position prevailed, as the publication of an excerpt of Angarietis' line was published in the August 15, 1918 issue of the Moscow newspaper Izvestia - indicating that he had the backing of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the matter.[4]
At a meeting in Vilna on August 14, 1918, attended by the representatives of the Central Committee, representatives of the Vilna Committee of the party, one delegate from the provinces and the party decided to change its name to 'Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia', in understanding with the Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
The Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia was active in organizing the labour movement in Vilna, building international trade unions. Between September 2, 1918 and October 1, 1918, twenty trade union gatherings took place. The Vilna Committee of the party, with Mickevičius-Kapsukas being the main instigator, also organized the launch of a legal workers press. The Central Bureau of Vilna Workers Class Trade Unions, the labour movement linked to the party, published Undzer lebn ('Our Life') in Yiddish, Pochodnia ('Torch') in Polish and Volna ('Wave') in Russian. The Central Bureau of Vilna Workers Class Trade Unions had also applied for a permit to publish the newspaper Vilnis in Lithuanian language.[12]
Užbaliai Conference (September 1918)
A conference of Lithuanian communists was held in Užbaliai on September 15, 1918, which would connect a number of communist groups around Lithuania with the party. The conference was organized by the communist cells in Panevėžys and Suwałki. Reportedly, the conference had 14 delegates and 6 invitees - participants came from Panevėžys, Kupiškis, Subačius, Gelazii, Šeduva, Marijampolė, Pilviškiai, Gižai, Gelgaudiškis, Lukšiai, Višakio Rūda , Užbaliai, Baltrušiai and Šacki. Participants included Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Andrius Brazdžionis, Pranas Aitmanas, P. Pajuodis, P. Kazlaučiūnas, S. Kirvelaitis, P. Lingys, Vincas Grybas, J. Bartuška, P. Bepirštis-Daumantas, J. Janušauskas, J. Voveraitis, J. Lietuvaitis, J. Zonelis, J. Gabrys and J. Galeckas. From Vilna, J. Glovackis had arrived, who briefed the gathering about the formation of the Provisional Central Bureau of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia as the new party centre.[13][14] The Užbaliai conference endorsed the political line of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), seeking to adapt it to local conditions.[13][14] The conference condemned the Council of Lithuania as a 'tool of German imperialism'. The Užbaliai meeting would later be conceptualized as the first party conference of the Communist Party of Lithuania.[14]
First Party Congress (October 1918)
The Vilna/Naujoji Vilnia delegation consisted of P. Eidukevičius, R. Pilar, K. Kernovich, J. Lickevičius and Radavičius. The Kovno/Kaišiadorys/Ukmergės delegation consisted of Pr. Naruševičius, J. Mickevičius, A. Jakševičius and P. Meilus. The Šiauliai/Joniškėlis delegation consisted of Juozas Dumša , S. Grybas and Karolis Požela. The Panevėžys/Šeduva/Rokiškis delegation consisted of A. Brazdžionis, P. Zėkas and Antanas Liaudanskas . The Samogitia delegation consisted of A. Mikakus, A. Šeputa, K. Juodka, A. Vitalis, M. Mačernis and S. Juzumaitė - the latter two being students. The Suwalki (Vilkaviškis/Marijampolė/Naumieści) delegation consisted of Mickevičius-Kapsukas, J. Zonelis, J. Lietuvaitis, J. Glovackis, P. Lingys, V. Skrinska, J. Krašauskas, A. Ramanauskas, P. Botyrius, Strimaitis and Klimavičius.[14]
Most of the delegates were workers, poor peasants, intelligentsia and primary school teachers.[4] The congress endorsed the decisions of the August 14, 1918 and September 15, 1918 meetings.[13]
The congress elected a Central Committee consisting of Andrius Brazdžionis, Pranas Eidukevičius, Simanas Grybas, Aleksandras Jakševičius , Konstantin Kernovich, Jonas Lietuvaitis and Roman Pilar.[13][17] The Central Committee elected a Presidium, consisting of Eidukevičius (chairman), Pilar (secretary), and Kernovich (treasurer).[13] The congress elected a 21-member delegation to the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), authorizing the delegation to make a statement at the congress on the draft program of the RCP(B).[13]
The first session of the congress took place in the house of Olga Smirnova, a communist sympathizer. The second session took place in Kernovich's apartment. The third session took place at a house on Subačiaus street.[14]
Establishment of Soviet Lithuania (December 1918)
As of early December 1918 the Central Committee of the party issued
By late 1918 the Vilna Workers Club on 9, Varnų Street (present-day A. Jakšto Street) hosted the party headquarters.[21]
Second Party Conference (February 1919)
The party held its second conference February 2–4, 1919.[22] The conference, held in the midst of war communism, decided to oppose the splitting of large agricultural estates.[22][23] The dominant opinion in the party saw the large estates as a key resource, which would produce significant agricultural output being placed under state management.[22] Lenin differed with this view, at least in terms of tactics, but would give his blessings for applying this policy in SSR LiB as a specific case.[22] The majority of these estates in the SSR LiB were converted into state-run or collective farms.[23]
Merger Congress (March 1919)
On February 27, 1919 the Lithuanian and Byelorussian soviet republics merged, creating the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Byelorussia (commonly known as 'Litbel').[24] The merger of the communist parties of the two republics soon followed. At the second party congress, held in Vilna March 4–6, 1919, the Communist Party of Byelorussia merged with the party.[25][8] The party retained the name Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia after the merger, and remained a regional unit of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).[26][11][8] The united party counted 17,636 members at the time of the merger.[8] A 15-member Central Committee was elected, consisting of Angarietis, Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Waclaw Bogucki, Kazimierz Cichowski, Semyon Dimanstein, Yakov Doletsky-Feingstein, Semyon Varfolomeevich Ivanov , Viktor Yarkin , Moses Kalmanovich , Vilhelm Knorin, Alexander Miasnikian, Grigory Naidenkov , Roman Pilar, Isaac Reingold and Józef Unszlicht.[13][27] The Central Committee had 8 candidate members - Aleksandra Drabavičiūtė, Karl Rozental, Julian Leszczyński, Juozas Dumša , Adolf Getner , Jānis Perno , N. Sverdlov and Goncharov.[28]
V. Mickevicius-Kapsukas was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee, whilst V. Knorin was elected Secretary of the Presidium.
Kazys Giedrys , who served as the accredited representative of the Soviet Lithuanian government to Soviet Russia, represented the party as a delegate with voting rights at the founding congress of the Communist International - held in Moscow March 2–6, 1919.[31][32]
Evacuation of the Central Committee
On April 11, 1919, the party Central Committee issued a letter to the Jewish socialist parties, addressed to the Central Committees of the
On August 8, 1919 Minsk was seized by Polish forces, whereby the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia shifted to
Underground Bureau
On September 3, 1919 the Bureau for Underground Work (Lithuanian: Nelegalaus darbo biuras, abbreviated 'NDB', Belarusian: Бюро па нелегальнай рабоце, abbreviated 'BNR') was set-up by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia - which would direct clandestine party organizations and partisan movements in the areas controlled by Polish forces and would send communist organizers across the front lines.[13][34][36][37][38] Mickevičius-Kapsukas was the chairman of the Bureau, with the other members being Knorin, Angarietis and Bogucki.[38] The Bureau for Underground Work was guided by the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia and, for matters relating to Poland, the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Workers Party of Poland.[38]
The Bureau for Underground Work set up a network to smuggle revolutionary literature, through which the works of
The party set up clandestine bureaus in Vilna and Kovno.[13] The Kovno Bureau played a key role in reviving the a clandestine communist printing activity inside Lithuania.[13] Kazys Giedrys was placed in charge of the underground Regional Bureau of the party in Vilna.[40]
By 1919 the communists ran a clandestine printing house in the city.
But the communists regrouped, and by January 1920 new trade union organizations had been formed in Minsk, claiming a membership of around 4,000 workers.[39] In the same month, the Central Committee instructed the party organization in Minsk to mobilize for armed struggle.[39] The Minsk Raion Uprising Organization was set-up under the leadership of Vasily Sharangovich, who had been sent to Minsk in December 1920 by the Central Committee (he was later arrested by the Polish authorities, and sentenced to death).[39][41] Units of armed partisans began operations in the outskirts of the city.[39] The Polish forces moved its 17th Infantry Regiment away from the front, in order to combat the partisans.[39] The Brest Underground Committee of the party led the partisan units in south-western Byelorussia.[37]
The party led an insurrection at the Kovno garrison February 21–23, 1920.[13] The party re-organized trade unions inside Lithuania.[13] On April 4, 1920 a conference of communist organizations in Lithuania was held in Kovno.[13] Giedrys, who had led the underground Vilna Bureau of the party, was arrested by Polish authorities in June 1920.[40]
In the struggle against Polish forces, the party managed to build an alliance with the
Liquidation of the party (July–September 1920)
On July 11, 1920, the Red Army seized Minsk.[43] With the retaking of the city, the Minsk Governorate Party Committee would function in the city.[39] The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was concluded on July 12, 1920.[43][44]
As Byelorussian territories came under Red Army control, debate on the national question re-emergence in the party.[27] A section of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia (Knorin, Pikel, Reingold, Kalmanovich and others) revived a proposal to integrate the Minsk Governorate into Soviet Russia, within a frame of Byelorussian national-cultural autonomy.[27] This proposition failed to win support in the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).[27] As the merger with RSFSR being rejected, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia decided on July 6, 1920 to begin preparing to re-establish a Byelorussian soviet republic within the Minsk Governorate.[27][45] But this move met with opposition within the party leadership, on July 12, 1920 Reingold and Pikel issued a statement titled 'On the question of the creation of the Byelorussian Soviet Republic' which rejected creating a Byelorussian national republic and again voiced desire for integration of Byelorussia into Soviet Russia.[45][22] The Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) began preparing for the establishment of separate parties for Lithuania and Byelorussia.[46]
On July 30, 1920 the party (represented by Knorin,
Following the establishment of the Byelorussian soviet republic, the BKO merged into the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia.[27] On the other hand, the alliance with the BPSR broke apart, as the Byelorussian SRs didn't sign the proclamation of the Byelorussian soviet republic due to differences on territorial question and instead demanded a Byelorussian constituent assembly.[27]
On September 5, 1920 a plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia decided to split the party into two - the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Byelorussia.[46][48][13][49][6] The September 5, 1920 meeting charged the reorganized Central Bureau in Lithuania to lead the party there until a party congress could be held.[13]
Press organs
Belarusian
Savieckaja Bielaruś ('Soviet Byelorussia') began publishing in February 1920 in Smolensk as the Belarusian language organ of the Central Committee of the party. On 15 August 1920 Savieckaja Bielaruś began to be printed in Minsk.[50]
Lithuanian
Komunistas ('Communist') was the Lithuanian language organ of the Central Committee. During the Smolensk period of the Central Committee, it was published from there.[50]
Polish
Komunista ('Communist') was a Polish-language organ of the Central Committee, published from Vilna 1918-1919.[51] Komunista continued to be published from Smolensk as a Central Committee organ.[50]
On February 23, 1919 the Polish-language newspaper
Moreover, the Central Committee of the party published the weekly Głos Robotnicz ('Workers Voice') from Vilna February–April 1919.[56][57]
Russian
Zvezda ('Star') was the Russian language organ of the Central Committee. It was published from Smolensk during the period the Central Committee was based there.[50]
Yiddish
The Central Committee resumed the publication of a Yiddish daily, Di royte fon ('The Red Banner'), published in Vilna between August 1, 1920, and August 24, 1920.[60]
Notes
- Yiddish: קאָמוניסטישער פארטיי אין ליטע און ווייסרוסלאַנד
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