Communist Party of Ukraine
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Communist Party of Ukraine | |
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Ukrainian name | Комуністична партія України |
Russian name | Коммунистическая партия Украины |
Abbreviation | KPU / КПУ |
First Secretary | Petro Symonenko |
Second Secretary | Igor Alekseyev |
Founded | 19 June 1993 |
Banned | 16 December 2015 (banned in court) 6 July 2022 (ban upheld in court) |
Split from | Socialist Party of Ukraine |
Preceded by | Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) |
Newspaper | Komunist (since 2000)[1] |
Youth wing | Komsomol of Ukraine |
Membership (2001) | 140,000[2][needs update] |
Ideology | Communism[3] Marxism–Leninism[3] Left-wing populism[4] Soviet patriotism Russophilia[5] Social conservatism[6] |
Political position | Far-left |
National affiliation | Left Opposition |
Continental affiliation | UCP–CPSU |
International affiliation | IMCWP |
Colors | Red |
The Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU or KPU)
According to Ukrainian sociologist Volodymyr Ishchenko, by the 2010s the party had "degenerated into a conservative and pro-Russian rather than pro-working class grouping, gradually losing its voters and membership".[5]
During the 2013–2014
Party officials reportedly supported the
History
Early years and electoral successes
The KPU considers itself to be the direct successor to the original Communist Party of Ukraine, a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) which was founded on 5 July 1918 in Moscow.[23] The original communist party existed until 30 August 1991, when the CPSU and its branch in Ukraine were banned.[24][23] Between 1991 and 1993, several small communist organizations were created throughout Ukraine.[23] "Without clear legality", communists from all over Ukraine convened on 6 March 1993 for the All-Ukrainian Conference for Communists in an attempt to reestablish the KPU.[25] In reaction, the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) legalized the establishment of communist parties two months later.[25] On 19 June 1993, the 1st Congress of the newly founded KPU was convened. Officially, it was designated as the 29th Congress to denote it as a direct successor to the Soviet KPU and it elected Petro Symonenko as First Secretary. [25]
In the 1994 presidential election, the KPU supported the candidacy of Oleksandr Moroz from the Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU).[25] The relationship between the KPU and SPU was strong throughout the 1990s, with Moroz even speaking to the 22nd KPU Congress (held in 1999).[25]
In the
The good result in the 1998 election led the KPU to field their own candidate in the 1999 presidential election as they nominated party leader Symonenko.[25] Symonenko received 23.1 percent of the votes in the first round, trailing behind Leonid Kuchma who received 38,0 percent of the votes.[27] In the second round Symonenko received 38,8 percent, losing to Kuchma who received 57,7 percent of the vote.[27]
In 2000, two parties split from the party, namely the Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) and the Communist Party of Workers and Peasants.[28] The KPU argued that the creation of parties was encouraged by President Leonid Kuchma in order to syphon votes away from their party.[29]
The Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized in 2001 that the ban on the Communist Party of Ukraine violated the Constitution of Ukraine.[30]
At the
Electoral decline
Symonenko's support sharply declined at the time of the 2004 presidential election. Symonenko received 5% of the votes and came in fourth place, unable to get into the controversial runoff which caused the Orange Revolution.
Since then, the party lost much support, particularly after the Orange Revolution. In the
No later than 2006, the Communist Party office in
In the
The party participated in the
The Communist Party was part of the parliamentary coalition called "Stability and Reforms" that supported the First Azarov government.[35]
On 28 November 2006, the
In the
In the
The party supported the vote of
Ukrainian Revolution
From November 2013 until February 2014, there were large protests throughout Ukraine. They were sparked by President Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the political association and free trade agreement with the EU, instead choosing closer ties to Russia.
The Communist Party of Ukraine opposed the protests, but did not support Yanukovych. In January 2014 the party supported the draconian
On 22 February 2014, Ukraine's parliament voted 328–0 (about 73% of the parliament's 450 members) to remove Yanukovych from his post and to schedule an early presidential election for 25 May.[55][56] The thirty deputies of the Communist Party voted for his removal.[56]
In February 2014, the party came out in firm opposition to the violence and identified the protest movement as a "coup" to overthrow the elected government and replace it with a pro-NATO regime and in an open plea from the First Secretary called for all communist and left-wing movements around the world to condemn the events as such.[57][need quotation to verify] However, the party did vote to remove Yanukovych.[56]
During the Russia-Ukraine conflict
Immediately after the revolution,
The
On 11 April, there was a scuffle in the Verkhovna Rada between KPU leader Petro Symonenko and two MPs from the far-right "Svoboda" party, after Symonenko blamed them for the Russian annexation of Crimea and the pro-Russian unrest. After repeatedly calling for calm, the parliament chairman suspended the session for fifteen minutes.[60] On 6 May, a majority of MPs voted to expel the Communist Party from the parliamentary session hall for making a pro-separatist declaration.[61]
In the
On 8 July, the
On 1 July, six MPs left the Communist Party faction in parliament, reducing it to 23 members.[70][71] On 22 July, a vote supported by 232 MPs gave the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (the speaker of Ukraine's parliament) the power to dissolve a faction that has lost some of its members compared to the number it had while it was formed during the first parliamentary session after the previous election, pending a signature from President Petro Poroshenko.[68][72][73] Later that day, Poroshenko signed this bill, giving effect to this new parliamentary regulation.[68] The next day, speaker and former Acting President Turchynov announced the party's impending dissolution and added to MPs: "We only have to tolerate this party for another day".[68] The party's faction in parliament was dissolved on 24 July by Turchynov.[72] That same day, it was announced that 308 criminal proceedings had been opened against members of the party.[74] Communist Party members were accused of openly supporting the Russian annexation of Crimea, supporting the breakaway Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, and agitating for Russian annexation of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.[74] The party leadership at the time stated its support for Ukrainian territorial integrity and excluded separatist dissenters from its membership.[9]
On 4 September, the Kyiv District Administrative Court indefinitely postponed the hearing about the ban of the party.[75]
The
In May 2015, laws that banned Soviet communist symbols (the so-called "decommunization laws") came into effect in Ukraine, meaning that the party could not use communist symbols or sing the Soviet national hymn or "The Internationale".[13] In a 24 July decree based on these laws, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry stripped the party of its right to participate in elections and stated that it was continuing the court actions (which started in July 2014) to end the registration of Ukraine's communist parties.[14]
On 30 September, the District Administrative Court in Kyiv banned two smaller communist parties: the Communist Party of Workers and Peasants and the Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed).[77] However, the Communist Party was not banned because it had filed an appeal against the Justice Ministry's decree on its activity termination.[77]
The party decided to take part in the
In late 2015, 19 local party leaders from the party's
Banning
On 16 December 2015, at the request of the
The party still sends in its required financial reports and is still listed on the website of the Ministry of Justice and the website of the Department of State Registration and Notary.[83] In February 2019, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine refused to register the candidacy of Symonenko for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election due to the fact that the statute, name and symbolism of the Communist Party did not comply with the 2015 decommunization laws.[84]
According to a
According to political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański, the party "effectively supports the separatist rebellion" during the Russo-Ukrainian War.[85]
Explaining the withdrawal of the status of political party from the KPU and two of its satellites, the secretary of state security and defense Oleksandr Turchynov stated in July 2015 that the Communist Party took a treacherous position from the very first days of Russian aggression and acted as its
Seizure of assets
On 6 July 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the KPU was again banned after a Lviv court ruling which turned over all its assets, including party buildings and funds, to the Ukrainian state. In a statement, the Eighth Administrative Appeal Court said that it had satisfied the claims of the Ministry of Justice and ordered the party's banning. "The activity of the Communist Party of Ukraine is prohibited; the property, funds and other assets of the party, its regional, city, district organisations, primary centres and other structural entities have been transferred to the state."[87]
During the Russian invasion, the party was reported to have taken a pro-Russian stance, and the party's leader Petro Symonenko in March had fled to
In October 2022, Symonenko took part in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties in Havana, Cuba. During the speech, he blamed the United States and the United Kingdom for the war, and said they wanted to "use Ukraine against Russia and Taiwan against China".[88]
In August 2023, the Security Service of Ukraine opened an investigation against him on the charges of sedition and treason.[89]
Ideology
In its statute, the Communist Party claims that "on voluntary basis it unites citizens of Ukraine who are supporters of the Communist idea".[90] The party considers itself a successor of the Communist Party of Ukraine of the Soviet Union and calls itself a "battle detachment of RKP(b)–VKP(b)–KPSS".[90] The party claims that prohibition of that party in August 1991 was unlawful,[90] which was confirmed by the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on 27 December 2001. The party sets itself in an opposition to any government and seeks a full restoration of the socialist state in the country without any particular association with any other political parties.[90]
Program
- Political sphere: liquidation of presidency as an institution, strengthening of democratic measures of state and public life; electoral legislation reform ensuring a proper share of representation of workers, peasants, intelligentsia, women, youth in Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and local government; introduction of practice to recall deputies and judges who received vote of no confidence; election of judges of prime level; filling with real meaning and proper financial support regional and local government; introduction in the country a system of public control; creation of labor group councils vested with powers to monitor economic activity of businesses; suppression of corruption, organized crime, particularly in the upper echelon of power; elimination of benefits and privileges for officials; federalization of Ukraine; comprehensive development of Ukrainian language and culture, granting Russian language the status of state language; changing of Ukraine's state symbol, lyrics and music of the State anthem.
- Economic policy: modernization and public control over economy, nationalization of strategic businesses; establishing a competitive state sector of economy, energy independence; reforms in Agro-Industrial Complex, Housing and Communal Services, etc.; prohibition of private property.
- Social sphere: liquidation of poverty, social justice, system of progressive taxation and state price regulation, free medicine, secondary and tertiary education; full compensation of deposits in the Soviet Savings Bank.
- Spiritual sphere: quality youth politics; preservation of historical and cultural heritage including Soviet; increased punishment for distribution of narcotics, human trafficking, prostitution, promotion of pornography, violence; combating immorality, vulgarity, cynicism, national chauvinism, xenophobia, falsification of history, fascism, neo-Nazism, anti-Communism, anti-Sovietism; banning of neo-Nazi organizations in Ukraine, criminal penalties for acts of fascism; freedom of worldview and expression of faith, secular state.
- Foreign policy: non-aligned military status, independent foreign policy, active position on creation of a new European system of collective security, reform of the Customs Union and Eurasian Economic Communityof the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan.
Soviet legacy
The KPU was established as "the inheritor of the ideas and traditions of the KPU, as it existed until its banning in August 1991".
Symonenko has criticized the label of conservative on the KPU, stating that the party is not willing to abandon its own history.
Marxism
The party adheres and believes in the
The KPU believes that since the West has developed into a
Views on nationalism
At least in the beginning, the party is best described as
In recent years, their commitment to Soviet patriotism has been partially replaced with a vaguer Eurasianism.[100] Wishing not to reestablish a union with Russia "as a protectorate of the Russian bourgeoisie", "the Ukrainian Communists have rediscovered the natural link from Soviet to East Slavic or Eurasian nationalism in the supposed common 'economic civilization' and proclivity for collective labour of all the East Slavic peoples".[100] As noted in the party journal Communist, the "'Soviet man ... did not emerge from nothing before him stood the courageous Slavic-Rusich, the labour-loving Ukrainian peasant, the self-sacrificing Cossack".[100] At the 4th KPU Congress, the party conceded that Ukraine would not join any particular union as long as it weakened the country's sovereignty.[101] At the same time, Petro Symonenko publicly backed Ukraine's membership in the Eurasian Customs Union.[102]
Symonenko has often been referred to as a
Criticism
Writing on The Guardian, Ukrainian sociologist Volodymyr Ishchenko described the KPU as a "conservative and pro-Russian group", whose leaders "became a part of the bourgeois elite and invited business support for their cause", pointing out that the richest deputy of the 7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (Oksana Kaletnik) was a member of the Communist faction. Thus, according to Ishchenko "the only things the party has in common with the determined Bolshevik revolutionaries of the past who spared neither themselves nor others are devotion to the Soviet symbols and appeals to empty 'Marxist-Leninist' phrases".[5]
After the start of Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, the party newspaper Komunist published an article comparing the protests to riots in Black ghettoes in the United States during the 1960s; the article, titled "White on the outside, black on the inside", stated that "at least in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco the police sometimes make raids on such places and simply kill a few rabid Negroes. [...] Even the dark-skinned vendors in Kyiv second hand shops seem a bit more civilized than our 'light-skinned brothers' from the western regions of the country, who have gathered on the Maidan".[106] The article was widely condemned as racist.[107]
Election results
Parliamentary elections
Year | Party-list | Constituency/total | Overall seats won | Seat change | Government | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Popular vote | % | Seats/total | |||||
1994 | 3,683,332 | 13.6% | 86/450 | 86 / 450
|
86 | Government | |
1998 | 6,550,353 | 25.4% | 84/225 | 27/225 | 121 / 450
|
35 | Minority support |
2002 | 5,178,074 | 20.8% | 59/225 | 7/225 | 66 / 450
|
55 | Opposition |
2006 | 929,591 | 3.7% | 21/450 | N/A | 21 / 450
|
45 | Coalition government |
2007 | 1,257,291 | 5.4% | 27/450 | N/A | 27 / 450
|
6 | Opposition |
2012 | 2,687,246 | 13.2% | 32/225 | –/225 | 32 / 450
|
5 | Minority support |
2014 | 608,756 | 3.87% | –/225 | –/198 | 0 / 450
|
32 | Extra-parliamentary |
2019 | Registration denied | –/225 | –/198 | 0 / 450
|
Extra-parliamentary |
-
A map showing the results of the Communist Party of Ukraine (change in voter percentage from 2006) per region for the 2007 parliamentary election
-
A map showing the results of the Communist Party of Ukraine in the 2012 elections
-
A map showing the results of the Communist Party of Ukraine in the 2014 elections
Presidential elections
Presidency of Ukraine | ||||||
Election year | Candidate | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of overall votes |
% of overall vote |
No. of overall votes |
% of overall vote | |||
1994 | Oleksandr Moroz (endorsed by the CPU) | 3,466,541 | 13.3 | |||
1999 | Petro Symonenko | 5,849,077 | 23.1 | 10,665,420 | 38.8 | |
2004 | Petro Symonenko | 1,396,135 | 5.0 | |||
2010 | Petro Symonenko | 872,877 | 3.5 | |||
2014 | Petro Symonenko | 272,723 | 1.5 | |||
2019 | Petro Symonenko | Registration denied |
Ministerial appointments
- March–December 2007: Yuriy Haidayev Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine) (second Yanukovych government)
- Haidayev was officially unaffiliated, but he was on the party list to parliament from the Communist Party
Splinter parties
- Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)
- Communist Party of Workers and Peasants
- Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic
See also
- Antifascist Committee of Ukraine, a committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine acting as a separate organization
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ Official website. Komunist newspaper.
- ^ "The Power of the Left in Ukraine | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org.
- ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2014). "Ukraine". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context (in English)" (PDF). Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 3–18. November–December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Ishchenko, Volodymyr (18 December 2015). "Kiev has a nasty case of anti-communist hysteria". The Guardian.
Ukraine's Communist party was the most popular political group in the country during market reforms in the 1990s, but has since degenerated into a conservative and pro-Russian rather than pro-working class grouping, gradually losing its voters and elderly membership
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Gorbach, Denys (8 January 2016). "After the ban: a short history of Ukraine's Communist Party". openDemocracy.
Leaving actual class analysis by the wayside, it claims to defend the interests of the 'people' against the 'oligarchs', yet combines this rhetoric with social conservatism (death penalty, pro-natalism and persecution of LGBT people)
{{cite web}}
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- ^ Президент Украины Леонид Кучма, бывший президент Леонид Кравчук и эск-спикер парламента Иван Плющ исключены из рядов Компартии Украины. RIA Novosti. 27 May 2002
- ^ a b c d e f (in Ukrainian) European Court began reviewing complaints about the ban of the Communist Party, Ukrainska Pravda, (30 December 2016)
Ukraine court bans Communist Party, Daily News and Analysis (17 Dec 2015) - ^ Time magazine(27 October 2014)
- ^ a b General official results of Rada election, Interfax-Ukraine (11 November 2014)
Central Election Commission announces official results of Rada election on party tickets, Interfax-Ukraine (11 November 2014) - ^ "Ukraine Communists deny financing terrorism, accuse Security Service chief of lying". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
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- ^ Justice Ministry bans three communist parties from taking part in election process as they violate Ukrainian law – minister, Interfax-Ukraine (24 July 2015)
- ^ a b "Court rules complete ban of Communist Party of Ukraine". www.unian.info.
- ^ a b "Ukraine bans Communist party for 'promoting separatism'". the Guardian. 17 December 2015.
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- Daily News & Analysis. 17 December 2015.
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- ^ a b (in Russian) А куда пропал Петр Симоненко? Оккупанты помогли ему выехать, Obozrevatel (12 May 2022)
- ^ a b c Bozoki & Ishiyama 2002, p. 401.
- ^ "Про тимчасове припинення діяльності Компартії України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bozoki & Ishiyama 2002, p. 402.
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- ^ a b Bozoki & Ishiyama 2002, pp. 403–404.
- Radio Free Europe(24 July 2015)
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- ^ "гøåííÿ Êîñòèòóö³éíîãî Ñóäó Óêðà¿íè ó ñïðàâ³ çà... – â³ä 27.12.2001 ¹ 20-ðï/2001 (Ñòîð³íêà 1 ç 2)". Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ Donetsk authorities openly support separatism and Slavic fascism (Власти Донецка открыто поддерживают сепаратизм и славяно-фашизм). Novosti Donbassa. 15 November 2006
- ^ a b In Donetsk collecting signatures to secede from Ukraine (В ДОНЕЦКЕ СОБИРАЮТ ПОДПИСИ ЗА ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ ОТ УКРАИНЫ). Zadonbass.
- ^ The banned Donetsk Republic claims that Yushchenko is preparing invasion of Kuban (Запрещённая "Донецкая республика" заявляет, что Ющенко готовит вторжение на Кубань). Newsru. 23 October 2009
- ^ a b Bloc of left and center-left forces to nominate CPU Leader for Ukraine's president Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (3 October 2009)
- ^ Member of parliament Zhvaniya: Current coalition could be reformatted, Kyiv Post (March 16, 2010)
- ^ a b c Law of Ukraine. "About 1932–1933 Holodomor in Ukraine". Verkhovna Rada website.
- ^ a b Resolution of the Kyiv Appellate Court on the fact of committing genocide in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Security Service of Ukraine website.
- ^ a b c d Communists about the dead woman: She died of worthy death in front of Stalin (Коммунисты об умершей женщине: Она умерла достойной смертью, перед Сталиным). Korrespondent.net. 5 May 2010.
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Results of the elections, preliminary data, on interactive maps by Ukrainska Pravda (8 November 2010)
- RBC Ukraine
- Central Election Commission of Ukraine
- ^ After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions Archived 17 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Калетнік прийшла до комуністів, оскільки не хоче бути "інгредієнтом" Kaletnik came to the Communists because they do not want to be "ingredient", Ukrainska Pravda (12 December 2012)
- ^ Leshchenko, S. Political circus: "button-pressers" were caught on their habits. Ukrainska Pravda. 22 November 2012
- ^ The last revolution for Symonenko. Will the Communist Party survive strike in the back? Frankivchanyn. 23 May 2014
- ^ Oksana Kaletnyk leaves Communist Party faction in parliament, Interfax-Ukraine (29 May 2014)
- The Jamestown Foundation (17 October 2012)(5 October 2007)
UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Taras Kuzio, Oxford Analytica - ^ a b c Symonenko:Communist Party had no agreements to support Azarov's candidacy for premiership, Kyiv Post (28 December 2012)
- ^ EU to Ukraine: Reforms necessary for trade pact Archived 21 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (25 February 2013)
Ukraine Faces EU Reform Deadline as Key to Association Pact Archived 7 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg Businessweek (25 February 2013)
Yanukovych happy with results of Ukrainian-EU summit Archived 21 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (25 February 2013) - ^ "Ukraine's Cabinet Backs EU Association Agreement". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
EU-Ukraine Association Agreement to be signed, Ukraine to go to Europe – speaker Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (25 September 2013) - ^ "Dictatorship in Ukraine legalized. Infographics of the new reality". CitizenJournal. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ "Ukrainian president approves strict anti-protest laws". The Guardian. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ Ukraine parliament passes protest amnesty law. BBC (29 January 2014)
- ^ "Accountability for killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. pp. 9, 21–25.
- ^ "Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25". Interfax-Ukraine (24 February 2014).
- ^ a b c d Parliamentary vote on the draft resolution on the withdrawal of President of Ukraine to fulfill constitutional powers (number 4193) – as a basis and as a whole Archived 12 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Verkhovna Rada
- ^ "Обращение_к_иностранным_партиям_2_(eng.).pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ "Turchynov asks Justice Ministry to ban Communist Party of Ukraine". Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ "Turchynov Calls Justice Ministry Apply Court For Prohibition Of Communist Party If Their Collaboration With Separatists Proved". Ukrainian News. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Andre Fomine, Ukraine's Opposition leader Petro Simonenko roughed up by Svoboda ultranationalists, archived from the original on 11 April 2014, retrieved 17 December 2018
- ^ "Ukrainian Communists outraged by Rada majority's decision to expel faction from session hall". Kyiv Post. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
- ^ Communist leader Symonenko withdraws his candidacy from presidential race, Kyiv Post (16 May 2014)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Simonenko left the ballot, Ukrainska Pravda (17 May 2014)
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(in Russian) Results election of Ukrainian president, Телеграф (29 May 2014) - ^ Justice Ministry launches process to ban Communist Party of Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (8 July 2014)
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- ^ a b (in Ukrainian) The court banned the two Communist parties, Ukrainska Pravda (1 October 2015)
Kyiv's Court terminates two Communist parties, Ukrinform (1 October 2015) - ^ a b (in Russian) The communists go to the polls in the "Left Opposition" – the leader of the Communist Party, RIA Novosti Ukraine (13 August 2015)
- ^ a b c Symonenko invented how to squeeze into the local elections (Симоненко придумал, как протиснуться на местные выборы). Ukrainska Pravda. 25 September 2015
- UNIAN(25 January 2016)
- Hromadske.TV(1 May 2018)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Довибори до ВР: У Дніпрі 51 кандидат, є представник КПУ (By-election to the Verkhovna Rada: in Dnipro 51, a candidate is a representative of the Communist Party), Ukrainska Pravda, 19 June 2016.
- ^ "Життя після смерті. Хто і навіщо будить Партію регіонів?". Главком | Glavcom (in Ukrainian). 5 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ Зубкова, Даша (6 February 2019). "Court Refuses To Order CEC To Register CPU Leader Symonenko As Presidential Candidate". Ukrainian News.
- ^ Olszański, Tadeusz A. (17 September 2014), Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign, OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies
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- ^ Sweeney, Steve (5 July 2022). "Communist Party of Ukraine banned and all its assets seized by the state". Morning Star. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
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- ^ Roschina, Olena (11 August 2023). "Ukraine's Security Service serves leader of banned Communist party with notice of suspicion and describes his escape to Russia". Ukrainska Pravda.
- ^ a b c d Party program Archived 1 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Communist Party of Ukraine official website.
- ^ a b c Wilson 2002, p. 30.
- ^ Wilson 2002, p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson 2002, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson 2002, p. 32.
- ^ Wilson 2002, pp. 32–33.
- ^ "彻底被震撼: 乌克兰共产党领袖竟如此大赞中国!(图)". Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Wilson 2002, p. 33.
- ^ a b Wilson 2002, p. 34.
- ^ Wilson 2002, pp. 34–35.
- ^ a b c Wilson 2002, p. 35.
- ^ Wilson 2002, p. 45.
- ^ "Петро Симоненко про Митний союз". Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ Lesiv, K; Yaschenko, A; Mishchenko, M (23 August 2011). "Експерти визначили найбільш активних українофобів часів Незалежності" [Experts defined the most active Ukrainophobes in times of the independence]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^ "Син Шухевича нагадав Литвину, що Симоненко має вибачитися за брехню про Гітлера" [Son of Shukhevych reminded Lytvyn that Symonenko has to apologize for the lie about Hitler]. Ukrainska Pravda. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ "УНП просить вимкнути мікрофон Симоненку". Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ^ Kuzmienko, M. (17 January 2014). ""Білий" зовні, але "чорний" зсередини". Komunist.
- ^ "THE BANNING OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF UKRAINE". Ukraine Solidarity Campaign. 29 December 2015.
Sources
Books
- Bozoki, Andras; ISBN 978-0765609861.
Journal articles
- Wilson, Andrew (2002). "Reinventing the Ukrainian Left: Assessing Adaptability and Change, 1991–2000". JSTOR 4213373.
External links
- (in Ukrainian and Russian) Official website Archived 9 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine