Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–1945
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The communist purges in Serbia in 1944–1945 are
The exact number of victims remains controversial, as the investigation is ongoing.[7][8] There are different estimates regarding the number of victims. According to one source, at least 80,000 people were executed in the whole of Serbia,[9] while another source states that the number of victims was more than 100,000.[9] The names of about 4,000 individual Germans who were killed by the Partisans are known, but it is estimated that many more ethnic Germans were executed.[10] These events during the fall of 1944 are referred to as "bloody autumn" by some sources.[10][11][12] In 2009, the government of Serbia formed a State Commission to investigate the secret burial places of victims after 12 September 1944. The Commission compiled a registry of names, basic biographical data, and details of persecution. The registry contains a total of 55,973 names, including 27,367 Germans, 14,567 Serbs and 6,112 Hungarians.[13]
Background
During
The
Aside from military and paramilitary formations, many national organizations that weren't originally
: Délvidéki Magyar Közművelődési Szövetségnek, English: Cultural Alliance of Hungarians of Southern Lands) also showed support to the occupying armies.From the beginning of the occupation, the occupying powers committed
In their struggle against the Axis forces, the partisans viewed the Chetniks as misled and continuously called on them to defect. A similar policy was conducted toward members of the Croatian Home Guard. Those who defected were included in the partisan ranks or were given amnesty.
Central Serbia
The number of victims in
Vojvodina
In Vojvodina (which then included Bačka, Banat, Baranja and Syrmia regions), most of the executions were performed during Military Administration in Banat, Bačka and Baranja, between October 1944 and January 1945.
Background
At the end of 1944, Axis troops were defeated by the
The partisan troops in Bačka had a very strict order, they had to "show the strongest possible determination against fifth columnists, especially against Germans and Hungarians".
The term "fifth column" is applied to the subversive and resistant forces and organizations left behind by a retreating enemy. The National Committee for People's Liberation and the Red Army had agreed on the necessary cooperation in due time.
Brigadier General Ivan Rukavina was appointed commander of the military administration.[26] He was in constant and direct contact with Tito, the supreme commander. In his first decree, he ordered his troops to "protect the national future and the South Slavic character of the territories" .
In the 28 October 1944 issue of
Although we destroyed the occupying German and Hungarian hordes and drove them back to the west, we have not yet eradicated the roots of the poisonous weeds planted by them... The hundreds of thousands of foreigners who were settled on the territories where our ancestors had cleared the forests, drained the swamps, and created the conditions necessary for civilized life. These foreigners still kept shooting at our soldiers and the Soviet soldiers from the dark. They do everything they can to prevent the return to normal life, preparing, in the midst of this difficult situation, to stab us in the back again at the appropriate moment... The people feel that determined, energetic steps are needed to ensure the Yugoslav character of Bačka.
Ethnic composition of victims
Germans (Danube Swabians)
The estimated number range of Germans victims in Vojvodina is between 17,000 [27] and 59,335.[28] According to Friedrich Binder, the total number of the German victims in Yugoslavia was 56,736, of which 240 died while escaping in October 1944, 8,049 were executed by the Yugoslav partisans and 48,447 died in prison camps from starvation, illness and in the coldness.[29]
Serbian State commission formed in 2009 established the list of 27.367 German victims in total.[30]
Before World War II, the German population of Vojvodina numbered about 350,000 people. Between 160.000 [31] and 200.000 [32] were left after the withdrawal of Nazi forces. As a consequence of the World War II events in Yugoslavia, the collaboration with Nazi forces and committed war crimes of the German community [33][34] the Yugoslav Communist government took a reprisals on ethnic citizens of German origin in Yugoslavia: they had their citizenship revoked, their belongings were taken by force, and they were forced to share their houses with ethnic Serb, Montenegrin, Croat and Macedonian refugees from other parts of Yugoslavia who were colonized in Vojvodina (houses of these refugees in other parts of Yugoslavia were mostly destroyed by German army during World War II).
Between 1944 and 1946, a prison camp system was established for all Vojvodina citizens of German origin in almost all settlements where they lived (see also: List of concentration and internment camps, Yugoslavia). In those camps, ethnic Germans were used as slave labor, they were tortured, beaten, and left to die from preventable illnesses and starvation. Some members of the German community were executed by Yugoslav Partisans in those camps. Yugoslav Partisans handed over some of the ethnic Germans to Soviet Red Army, who then took them to Siberia and used them for work in mines as slave labor. Some members of ethnic Germans of Vojvodina were expelled to Germany or Austria.
-
The German victims' memorial in Gakovo.
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The German victims' memorial at the edge of the old Germangraveyard in Knićanin, dedicated to those who died of "hunger, disease, and cold", according to the sign.
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The German victims' memorial in Bački Jarak.
Serbs
After king Peter's speech via
The number of the Serb victims in Vojvodina is estimated at about 23,000–24,000 (According to the professor Dragoljub Živković, 47,000 ethnic Serbs were killed in Vojvodina between 1941 and 1948. About half of the Serb victims were killed by occupational forces and the other half of them were executed by post-war communist authorities).[27]
In 1944, in Rajina Šuma near Novi Sad, partisans executed about 200–250 Serbs, who were accused that they sympathized with the Chetnik movement of Draža Mihajlović.
Citizens who were executed included dr Miloš Petrović (former mayor), dr Obrad Milutinović (doctor and vice-president of Novi Sad municipality), Dragoljub Ristić (an industrialist), Pavle Tatić (one of the founders of Socialist Party in Novi Sad), Vojislav Matić (editor and publisher of "Nova Pošta" magazine in Serbian language), Miloš Kostić (footballer of
State commission formed in 2009 after thorough investigation made a list of all victims, available on its official site. List includes a total of 14.567 Serb victims. 917 of them are from Vojvodina, and further 101 from Zemun.[30]
Hungarians
Various sources provide very different numbers of Hungarians executed in Vojvodina at that time. "The Book of Evidence of Killed War Criminals in 1944/1945" published in Yugoslavia states that a total of 1,686 people were executed in Bačka of which approximately 1,000 people were presumed to be Hungarians. However, the estimation of historian Kasaš tells 5,000 executed Hungarians.[36]
According to other estimations, the number range of the executed Hungarians in Vojvodina may be between 40,000[37] and 50,000.[38] Some sources claim that the most probable number of the executed Hungarians in Vojvodina was between 20,000 and 25,000,[37][39][40] while others claim that it is about 35,000 (Cseres Tibor gives an exact estimate of 34,491 executed people).[41]
Some Hungarian
People of Hungarian nationality are third in terms of the number of dead after the liberation, according to the 2014 data from Serbian state commission. In 2014 there were 6,112 registered persons (with 300 potential duplicate names), of which 589 are alleged to have disappeared (some of whom possibly fled to Hungary)), which were affected by the January 1942 raid.
The attitude towards the Hungarians began to change from November 1944. The military administration of Banat, Bačka and Baranja warned that in some cases, especially in Bačka, mistakes were made and that the treatment of Germans was better than the Hungarians. In its instructions, it is pointed out that only those Hungarians who committed or incited crimes against the Slovene population were to be detained in the camps, and that Hungarians who did not fall into the category of war criminals should be released from camps.
Nevertheless, the Hungarian population was accepted into partisans ranks. At the time of these events, the 15th Vojvodina Shock Brigade "Sándor Petőfi" was formed from the Hungarians from area of Bačka Topola and Sombor. About ten thousand of Vojvodina Hungarians took part in the final operations for the liberation of Yugoslavia.[49]
Rusyns
Some members of Rusyn (Ruthenian) population in Đurđevo were also targeted by partisan forces in 1944. According to Hungarian author Cseres, the majority of the Hungarian population of this village left with the retreating Hungarian army. The Yugoslav partisans then established control over this village and took their reprisals out on the Rusyns and Serbs who were sympathetic towards the Hungarians, the Serbian Royal Government or for their religious views. Several hundred Rusyns were executed and some prominent figures tortured.[50]
Serbian State commission formed in 2009 established the list of 40 Rusyn victims in total.[30]
Aftermath
In June 2013, members of the Serbian Parliament adopted a declaration, which condemned the massacres and application of the principle of collective guilt against Hungarians in Vojvodina at the end of the Second World War. In response, the Hungarian President János Áder apologised in Belgrade for the war crimes committed against civilian Serbs and Jewish people during the Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories.[51]
The history of investigations
I. The Federal Commission ("Državna komisija") – 1943
Even in the midst of the storm of the war, at the second session of the
This investigation was very extensive, because the newly formed government wanted to collect the best possible set of data that can be presented in a demand for war reparations from Germany (both East and West), Italy, Bulgaria and Hungary – countries responsible for the attack on Yugoslavia and violation of its sovereignty. Although this nationwide program concentrated only on the victims of fascism (and rarely on the civilian innocent victims of communist reprisal), it plays an important part in the completing of the historical picture. Even though the assessment of its results, and its methodology for collecting data (mainly through civil reports of cases) would be different today, the work of this Commission is very important to the reconstruction of events, especially those that followed shortly after the war.
II. The Surveying Committee ("Anketni odbor") – 2001
The first extensive study, and also the first ever attempt to systematically analize the events that occurred between 1941 and 1948 on the territory of Serbia happened in 2001 on the initiative of the Assembly of the Autonomous province of Vojvodina (Skupština Autonomne pokrajine Vojvodine).
On 22 January 2001 in the building of the Assembly in Novi Sad, this governmental department formed a specialist group with a long name "Surveying Committee for investigation of the truth on the events that took place between 1941. until 1945. in Vojvodina" (Anketni odbor za utvrđivanje istine o događajima u periodu od 1941. do 1945. godine u Vojvodini) and this institution became a formal body of the Assembly of Autonomous province of Vojvodina.[53]
This should be considered the first modern official investigation that took place after the Second World War, except for some studies done earlier in Slovenia. (There was also a Commission after the war, but it dealt only with the victims of 1941–1944.[54][52])
III. The Vojvodina Academy ("VANU") – 2004
The work of the Assembly Committee was three years later taken over by Vojvodinian Academy of Sciences and Arts (VANU), where it was in a great deal extended. The Academy expanded the research for the period up to 1948, and to some extent even to 1952, processing 10 volumes with over 4000 pages of data.
The data was mainly collected from the Historic Archive of Vojvodina (Arhiv Vojvodine) and the raw data was kept in the Museum of Vojvodina. The results were first published on paper in 2008. under the title "On the way to the truth. Book of victims of AP Vojvodina 1941-1948" (title in Serbian: Na putu ka istini. Imenik stradalih stanovnika AP Vojvodine 1941-1948.) Because of the enormous amount of text, forming 9 volumes (8 of which just lists names of the victims) there was not enough money to publish it, so just 10 copies were printed.[55] This makes this work inaccessible even to the researchers.
Although the results were raw and yet unstudied to detail, they were already shocking to the public.
Important step forward was the collecting of data about all known retention camps, and the victims of the period are classified by ethnic structure and also age and sex, as well as by the place of death. The weak point of this stage of the investigation was, because of the lack of material means, that about 20% of available data still remained unprocessed. As on the positive side, leader of the project dr. Dragoljub Živković claimed that much effort has been put and a lot of attention given to the task that there would be no duplicate entries.[27]
The public was presented only with preliminary results, primarily through the media.[55] The representatives said (and was briefly published[53]) that in Bačka, Banat, Srem and Baranja, and also in other countries but from the territory of Vojvodina, between 1941. and 1948. a total of 86.881 civilians perished (above 40.000 Serbs, above 20.000 ethnic Germans, above 15.000 Jews, about 5.000 Hungarians, about 2.700 Croats, about 1000 Slovaks and about 3000 others[53]). The full set of data with exact numbers is available in the published volume of the "Na putu ka istini. Imenik stradalih stanovnika AP Vojvodine 1941-1948".
It is important to say that this is not data that summarises victims of the 1944/45 communist purges, because it does not separates specifically the circumstances of death, but it is a raw list, with documents and literature, that was intended for future examination by experts. There is also an important statement that should be considered by the scholars of victimology, that this study showed independently that more than 12.000 inhabitants of Vojvodina, of different nationality ended up and were killed in Jasenovac and also in Banjica.[27]
It is important to stress that the publication pertains only to the civilians (unarmed persons) that lost their lives in the period 1941–1948, in retention camps, through executions etc. and not to military personnel who died in battles during the war. Two very large, unfortunate numbers demonstrate this: among the persons who lost their lives the percentage of women (as compared to men) was 49,90% in Jews, and about 60% in the group of the ethnic Germans.[53]
IV. The State Commission ("Državna komisija") – 2009
On 9 July 2009 the government of Serbia founded a "Commission for the secret graves of victims killed after September 12, 1944" (Državna komisija za tajne grobnice ubijenih posle 12. septembra 1944. godine).[56] The choice of the date is connected with the last stage of liberation from the occupator, when on 20 October 1944, with the help from the advancing Red Army, Belgrade was liberated. Soon after that the war activity ceased, but it marked a new period of sufferings. Even before the official declaration of the end of the war, atrocities against civilians that were assumed unsympathizing with communist rule started to happen. For example, in Vojvodina the first Hungarian victims were shot, some of them openly, convicted of being a fascist, in the middle of September 1944 in Bečej, where also the local German population was forced to wear white armbands as a sign that they will be sent to forced labor.[57]
The mission of the 2009 Commission was to locate and mark all secret graves in which bodies of those shot after the 1944. liberation lay, and also to exhume them, for the purpose of determining the cause and investigation of the circumstances of death. The first exhumations took place in 2010, in the vicinity of Zaječar.[58]
29 April of the same year marked a new era in the investigation of the 1944/45 events, as the government ruled a decision to remove the stamp of secrecy from the classified documents of the Archives, where the lists of liquidated persons and other important documents resided. Now the researchers were for the first time able to look at those papers. This was an important step forward, because this was the first time that a governmental investigation focused mainly at the victims of the "red terror".
V. The Academic Commission ("Međuakademska komisija") – 2010
After the collecting of data from literature and archives to build a database, the phase of in-depth scientific study and analysis followed, which is still going on. For this purpose the governments of Hungary and Serbia agreed to establish a joint Commission. This separate task force, that officially formed 15, December 2010 in Belgrade, is called "Hungarian–Serbian academic Joint Committee for the civilian victims during and after the Second World War in Vojvodina, 1941-1948"[59] (in Serbian: Mađarsko–Srpska Akademijska mešovita komisija;[60] in Hungarian: Magyar–Szerb Akadémiai Vegyes Bizottság[61][62]).
The Hungarian section of the Joint Committee held its inaugural meeting shortly after, at 6 January 2011. in Budapest.
Rehabilitation
It is expected that the first to be rehabilitated will be public figures, such as teachers, priests and Church dignitaries, those that were executed or persecuted with clear aim to intimidate the wider public through fear, by setting a harsh example. During the purges in Vojvodina, between 13 and 22 Catholic clerics were reported to be missing, 13 of whom proven to be dead (executed).[63]
For example, if it was known or suspected that the priest was innocent, official forensic and court procedure was on the way. In some cases a memorial or a bust was already erected, even before the trial was completed.[64]
Bibliography
- Petranović, Branko (1992). Srbija u Drugom svetskom ratu 1939—1945 (Serbia in World War Two 1939-1945) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar.
- Kasaš, Aleksandar (1996). Mađari u Vojvodini 1941-1946 (Hungarians in Vojvodina 1941-1946) (in Serbian). Novi Sad: Filozofski Fakultet u Novom Sadu.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
- ISBN 978-86-88745-15-4.
- ISBN 978-86-88745-15-4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- Fifty thousand Hungarian martyrs report about the Hungarian Holocaust in Jugoslavia, 1944–1992 – ed. István Nyárádi, 1992
- Márton Matuska: Days of the revenge. Forum Publisher, Novi Sad, 1991
- Anton Salwetter: Heimatbuch Deutsch-Etschka. Reutlingen-Betzingen 1974.
- Erika Reusch-Meirer: Sigmundfelder Heimatbuch. Villingen-Schwenningen 1988.
- Documentation Project Committee: Genocide of the Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia 1944–1948. Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung, München 2003. ISBN 3-926276-47-9
See also
- Allied war crimes during World War II
- Hungarian occupation of Baranja and Bačka, 1941–1944
- Foibe massacres
- Mass killings under communist regimes
Notes
- ^ a b "Most of these people were murdered without a trial" (talking about at least 20.000) "...There is not even a smallest of doubt that these were war crimes." quoted from: Istina o streljanjima važnija od sudskih progona (PDF, in Serbian)
- ^ Quote: "Armed persons murdered unarmed civilians" p. 32 from Mészáros Z. (2012): Az 1944–45-os esemenyek minositesei (I) – Qualifications of the 1944-45 Events (I). Létünk 2012/1. (PDF, in Hungarian)
- ^ Translated quote: "Besides unintentional, accidental killings, which were minimal in numbers, the number of executed after regular trial is low, most victims were liquidated as a reprisal, without any court proceeding." p. 5 from Mačković, S. (2017): Szabadka és a felszabadulás után (1944-1945) áldozatul esett polgári személyek – Subotica and the civilian victims after the liberation (1944-1945). Subotica History, official page of the Historic Archive.
- ^ Quote: "For just a few days matter, all of them were murdered, mostly from our village. I personally buried them in the grave-hole." from Stijačić, M. (2018): Vreme je! – article published in Slobodni Srbobran 10 December 2018, archived using Google cache here (in Serbian) (in Hungarian)
- ^ "These works negotiated the start of historical remembrance of the innocent persons' tragic fate, those that suffered cruel reprisal." Quote translated from p. 1. of A. Sajti E. (2018): A vajdasági helytörténetírás és a magyarok elleni megtorlások a Délvidéken – source. (PDF, in Hungarian)
- ^ "Politika | Kako su dželati postali žrtve". Kontrapress. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ Report on the stage of investigation, year 2011 (in Serbian)
- ^ Agenda of the round-table held in Belgrade, 2015 (in Serbian)
- ^ a b c S. Dedeić – V. Arsić. "Press Online :: Vesti dana – politika, skupstina, Srbija, Tadić, vlada, premijer :: Grobnice svuda po Srbiji". Pressonline.rs. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ a b Ulrich Merten: Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe After World War II, Transactions Publisher, New Jersey, USA, 2012 [1]
- ^ Kathryn Schaeffer Pabst, Douglas Schaeffer Pabst: Taken: A Lament for a Lost Ethnicity, iUniverse Books, 2006 [2]
- ^ Georg Wildmann, Hans Sonnleitner, Karl Weber: Genocide of the ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1944–1948, Danube Swabian Association of the USA, 2001 [3]
- ^ State Commission Registry, accessed on 22 June 2014
- ^ Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj, 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991.
- ^ Milorad Grujić, Vodič kroz Novi Sad i okolinu, Novi Sad, 2004.
- ^ Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
- ^ Petranović 1992, pp. 538, 657.
- ^ a b c Tomasevich 1975.
- ^ Radanović 2015, p. 187, 190.
- ^ Radanović 2015, p. 188.
- ^ Radanović 2015, p. 189.
- ^ Radanović 2015, p. 37.
- ^ "Po kratkom postupku | Ostali članci". Novosti.rs. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Broz na belom konju | Ostali članci". Novosti.rs. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ Jelena Popov, Vojvodina i Srbija, Veternik, 2001.
- ^ Janjetović, Zoran (2006). "Proterivanje nemačkog i mađarskog življa iz Vojvodine na kraju drugog svetskog rata". Hereticus (in Serbian). 1. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d "[sim] Srbe podjednako ubijali okupator i i "oslobodioci"". Mail-archive.com. 14 January 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ Dieter Blumenwitz, Rechtsgutachten über die Verbrechen an den Deutschen in Jugoslawien 1944–1948, Sonderausgabe: Juristische Studien, München 2002, S. 64.
- ^ Nenad Stefanović, Jedan svet na Dunavu, Beograd, 2003, page 133.
- ^ a b c State Commission Registry, accessed on 22 June 2014
- ^ Michael Portmann, Arnold Suppan: Serbien und Montenegro im Zweiten Weltkrieg. In: Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut : Serbien und Montenegro: Raum und Bevölkerung – Geschichte – Sprache und Literatur – Kultur – Politik – Gesellschaft – Wirtschaft – Recht. LIT Verlag 2006, S. 277
- ISBN 978-3-406-61406-4, S. 205, hier S. 91
- ^ Marie–Janine Calic: Geschichte Jugoslawiens im 20. Jahrhundert, C.H.Beck, München, 2010, S. 179.
- ISBN 3-525-01322-1, S. 59f.
- ^ a b c d Jovanka SIMIĆ. "Proganja misterija iz Rajine šume | Aktuelno". Novosti.rs. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ "Michael Portmann, Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII (1943–50)". Ceeol.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ a b Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001.
- ^ "Memorial site of the victims". Huncor.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ Dragomir Jankov, Vojvodina – propadanje jednog regiona, Novi Sad, 2004.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ Cseres Tibor (1993). Serbian Vendetta in Bacska. Buffalo: Hunyadi Publishing. p. 141. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ Kasaš, Aleksandar: Mađari u Vojvodini 1941–1946. (Novi Sad, 1996) Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, Odsek za istoriju.
- ^ Kasaš, Aleksandar: Mađari u Vojvodini 1941–1946. (Novi Sad, 1996)
- ^ Karapandžić, Borivoje: Jugoslovensko krvavo proleće 1945. Titovi Katini i Gulagi. (Beograd 1990: Mladost).
- ^ Here the otherwise relevant article makes a biased statement, supposition not backed with proof. Here is the direct translation of the sentence from the source: "6.112 persons of hungarian nationality are evidented (11,03 percent) in the register, while this number includes about 300 duplicate names. For the 4.679 Hungarians it is declared they were murdered (586 "shot", 4.438 "liquidated", 7 "hanged"). For 589 Hungarians it is said that they "disappeared", in which number may be included a certain number of Vojvodina hungarians who escaped, and moved from the territory of Bačka before the days of liberation."
- ^ Radanović, Milan. "Kako su dželati postali žrtve". Retrieved 9 July 2017.
- ^ Kasaš 1996, p. 161.
- ^ Kasaš 1996, p. 179.
- ^ Kasaš 1996, p. 182.
- ^ Cseres, Tibor (1993). Titoist Atrocities in Vojvodina 1944–45 Serbian Vendetta in Bacska. Hunyadi Publishing. p. 113.
- ^ "Hungarian president in Belgrade visit apologizes for crimes against innocent Serbs in World War II". Politics.hu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Državna komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača" (in Serbian). Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d Tibor Pal (2010): Na putu istine. O radu Pokrajinskog anketnog odbora za utvrđivanje istine o događajima u periodu od 1941. do 1948. godine.
- ^ The "Federal Commission for determination of the crimes conducted by the Occupators and their helpers during World War 2" formed 1943. in Jajce and worked until 1948.
- ^ a b "Blic online | Print". Blic.rs. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ The aims and rules of the Commission – official page (in Serbian)
- ^ Kasaš, Aleksandar: Mađari u Vojvodini 1941–1946. (Novi Sad, 1996) Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, Odsek za istoriju. pp. 161-162
- ^ "Otkopavanje tajnih grobnica počinjemo na leto". Blic online. 28 February 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ Full name in Serbian: Međuakademska komisija SANU I MAN za utvrđivanje civilnih žrtava u Vojvodini tokom i posle Drugog svetskog rata 1941-1948
- ^ Official site of the Serbian department
- ^ "Bemutatkozás | Magyar–Szerb Akadémiai Vegyes Bizottság". 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Magyar-Szerb Múlt Akadémiai Vegyes Bizottság Magyar Tagozata - Magyar Tagozat". www.magyarszerbmult.btk.mta.hu.
- ^ Enikő A. Sajti (2010). Partizanska odmazda protiv mađara u Vojvodini (PDF). p. 28.
There is a separate study dedicated just to these, by Matuska, M. in Csorba, B. 1999.
- ISBN 978-86-89039-01-6.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
External links
- The State Commission for the secret burial places of victims after 12 September 1944, list of names with biographical information and details of persecution
- Srbe podjednako ubijali okupatori i „oslobodioci”
- Proganja misterija iz Rajine šume
- Istorija bez anestezije
- Službena internet stranica Komisije za tаjne grobnice ubijenih posle 12. septembrа 1944. Ministаrstvа prаvde Republike Srbije
- Jugoslovensko krvаvo proleće, Sаvo Gregović, Večernje novosti, feljton, 10 nаstаvаkа, 8–17 July 2004.
- Uništаvаnje srpske elite, LJubomir Tešić, Večernje novosti, feljton, 10 nаstаvаkа, 17. – 26. June 2006.
- Između srpа i čekićа, Srđаn Cvetković, Večernje novosti, feljton, 11 nаstаvаkа, 14. – 24. December 2006.
- Beogrаd u mreži OZNE, LJubomir Tešić, Večernje novosti, feljton, 10 nаstаvаkа, 2. – 12. Mаy 2007.
- Igre kаžnjene smrću, Miodrаg – Mijа Ilić, Večernje novosti, feljton, 18 nаstаvаkа, 13. – 30. Mаy 2007.
- Grobnice svudа po Srbiji Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, S. Dedić – V. Arsić, Pres, 7. June 2009.
- Memorial site of the victims
- Milan Radanović: An analysis of the State Commission for Secret Burial Places Registry of the Victims