Comparison of file transfer protocols
This article lists communication protocols that are designed for file transfer over a telecommunications network.
Protocols for shared file systems—such as 9P and the Network File System—are beyond the scope of this article, as are file synchronization protocols.
Protocols for packet-switched networks
A
They use one of two
The "
Similarly, the encryption scheme indicated in the "Encryption" column applies to transmitted data only, and not to the authentication system.
Overview
Protocol | Original author | First published | Protocol suite | Standard | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full name | Abbreviation | |||||
Background Intelligent Transfer Service | BITS | Microsoft | 2001 | — | No | [1] |
BitTorrent |
BT |
Bram Cohen | 2001 | — | No | [2] |
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol | CFDP | 2002 | — | CCSDS 727.0-B-5 |
||
Cross File Transfer | CFT | — | No | |||
Ether File Transfer Protocol |
EFTP | John Shoch | 1979 | PARC Universal Packet | No | [3][4] |
Fast and Secure Protocol | FASP |
Ying Xu, Michelle Munson, Serban Simu | 2007 | — | No | [5] |
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport | FLUTE | Internet Society | 2004 | — | RFC 6726 |
[6] |
File Service Protocol | FSP | Wen-King Su | 1991 | — | No | [7][8] |
File Transfer Access and Management |
FTAM | ISO 8571-4:1988 |
||||
File Transfer Protocol | FTP |
Abhay Bhushan | 1971 | Internet protocol suite | RFC 959 |
[9] |
FTP Secure |
FTPS | Internet Society | 1997 | Internet protocol suite | [10][11] | |
HTTP Secure |
HTTPS | Taher Elgamal et al. | 1995 | Internet protocol suite | RFC 7230 |
[12][13] |
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer | HULFT | ? | 1993 | — | No | |
Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
HTTP | Tim Berners-Lee et al. | 1991 | Internet protocol suite | RFC 7231 |
[14][15] |
Micro Transport Protocol | μTP |
Stanislav Shalunov, Arvid Norberg, Bram Cohen |
2007 | — | No | [16][17] |
Multicast Dissemination Protocol | MDP | No | ||||
Multicast File Transfer Protocol | MFTP | C. Kenneth Miller et al. | 1995 | — | IETF Draft (1998) | [18] |
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol | NORM | RFC 5740 |
||||
Odette File Transfer Protocol |
OFTP | Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele Transmission in Europe | 1986 | X.25 | RFC 6726 |
[19] |
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2 |
OFTP2 | Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele Transmission in Europe | 2007 | X.25, Internet protocol suite | RFC 5024 (V1.3) |
[20] |
Reliable Blast UDP | RBUDP | Eric He et al. | 2002 | — | No | [21] |
Remote copy |
rcp |
? | 1982 | Internet protocol suite | No | [22] |
Secure copy |
SCP |
Tatu Ylönen | ? | Secure Shell | No | [23] |
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol | S-HTTP |
IETF Web Transaction Security Working Group | 1999 | — | RFC 2660 |
[24] |
Simple Asynchronous File Transfer | SAFT | Ulli Horlacher | 1995 | — | No | [25][26] |
Simple File Transfer Protocol |
SFTP |
Mark K. Lottor | 1984 | — | RFC 913 |
[27] |
SSH file transfer protocol |
SFTP |
Tatu Ylönen | c. 1997 | Secure Shell | IETF Draft (2006) | [28] |
T.127 |
T.127 |
ITU[29] | 1995 [30] | — | ITU T.127 |
|
Trivial File Transfer Protocol | TFTP |
Noel Chiappa | 1980 | Internet protocol suite | RFC 1350 |
[31] |
Tsunami UDP Protocol | Tsunami | Mark Meiss et al. | 2002 | — | No | [32][33] |
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads | tus | Felix Geisendörfer, Marius Kleidl et al. | 2014 | — | No | [34][35] |
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol | UDT | Yunhong Gu | 2004 | — | No | |
UDP-based File Transfer Protocol |
UFTP | Dennis Bush | 2001 | — | No | [36] |
Unix-to-Unix Copy |
UUCP | Mike Lesk | 1979 | — | No | |
Warp Speed Data Transfer | WDT | Laurent Demailly et al. | 2015 | — | No | [37] |
Features
The "Managed" column indicates whether the protocol is designed for managed file transfer (MFT). MFT protocols prioritise secure transmission in industrial applications that require such features as auditable transaction records, monitoring, and end-to-end data security. Such protocols may be preferred for electronic data interchange.[38]
Protocol | Encryption (data) |
Transfer resuming |
Multicast capable |
Managed | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BITS | Optional TLS / AES-128[a] | Yes | No | No | |
BitTorrent |
None[b] | Yes | Peer-to-peer | No | [39][40] |
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) | Yes | No | No | ||
Cross File Transfer (CFT) | SSL |
Yes [41][42] | |||
Ether File Transfer Protocol (EFTP ) |
None | ? | No | No | [43] |
FASP ) |
AES-128 |
Yes | No | [44][45][46] | |
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) | Optional/Unspecified[c] | No | Yes | [47][48][49] | |
File Service Protocol (FSP) | None | Yes | No | No | [50][51] |
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM ) |
?[d] | [52] | |||
FTP ) |
None | Yes[e] | No | No | [53][54][55][56][57] |
FTP Secure (FTPS ) |
SSL |
Yes | No | No | |
HTTP Secure (HTTPS ) |
SSL |
Yes | No | No | [15][58][59] |
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer (HULFT) | AES | ? | No | [60][61][62][63] | |
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP ) |
None (see S-HTTP ) |
Yes | No | No | [15][64] |
μTP ) |
None | Yes | Peer-to-peer | No | [16] |
Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP) | None | Yes | Yes | [65][66] | |
Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) | None | Yes | Yes | No | [67][68] |
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (NORM) | IPsec | Yes | Yes | [69][70] | |
Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP ) |
None | Yes | [19] | ||
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2 (OFTP2 ) |
TLS | Yes | [20] | ||
Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP) | None | No | No | [21][71][72] | |
rcp ) |
None | No | No | No | [73] |
SCP ) |
Secure Shell | No | No | No | |
S-HTTP ) |
CMS / MOSS / other | No | No | No | [74] |
Simple Asynchronous File Transfer (SAFT) | PGP | ? | No | No | [25][26][75] |
SFTP ) |
None | Yes | No | No | [76] |
SFTP ) |
Secure Shell | Yes | No | No | [77] |
T.127 |
None | Yes | Yes | No | [78][79][80] |
TFTP ) |
None | No | No | No | [81] |
Tsunami UDP Protocol | None | No | No | No | [82][83] |
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads (tus) | Optional/Unspecified[f] | Yes | No | No | [34][35] |
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT) | Experimental | No | No | No | [83][84][85] |
UDP-based File Transfer Protocol (UFTP ) |
Yes | Yes | No | [83][36][86] | |
Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP ) |
None | Some[h] | No | No | [87][88] |
Warp Speed Data Transfer (WDT) | ) | Yes | No | No | [89][90][91] |
- ^ TLS when BITS is used with HTTPS, AES-128 when used with SMB 3, none with HTTP or SMB version below 3.0
- ^ Some implementations can obfuscate traffic using RC4 et al. See BitTorrent protocol encryption.
- IPSecas one option.
- ^ One implementation, Fujitsu openFT, applies AES.
- ^ RFC 1123 (1989) extends and corrects the provisions for restart/resume that were published in RFC 959 (1985). RFC 3659 (2007) provides for resuming in stream mode.
- ^ It's recommended to use HTTPS provided by a webserver, proxy, or SSL terminator.
- ^ These are the options in the reference implementation, which uses OpenSSL.
- ^ The BNU implementation of UUCP can resume an interrupted file transfer.
Ports
In the table below, the data port is the
The column "Assigned by IANA" indicates whether the port is listed in the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry, which is curated by the
Protocol | Data port | Control port | Assigned by IANA |
Assignee | Refs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Server | Client | Transport | Server | Client | Transport | |||||
BITS | 80/443[a] / 137-139[b] | TCP / UDP | No | — | ||||||
BitTorrent | 6881[c] | 6881 | TCP | 6881 | 6881 | TCP | No | — | [92] | |
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) | ||||||||||
Cross File Transfer (CFT) | 1761[d] | TCP / X.25 | [41][42] | |||||||
Ether File Transfer Protocol (EFTP ) |
— | — | None | — | — | None | — | — | ||
FASP ) |
≥33001 | UDP | 22 | TCP | No | — | [92] | |||
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) | 4001 | UDP | No | — | [92] | |||||
File Service Protocol (FSP) | Chosen by user[e] | UDP | No | — | [92] | |||||
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM ) |
4800 / 102 | TCP | [93] | |||||||
FTP ) |
Active mode | 20 | 20 | TCP[f] | 21 | ≥1024 | TCP | Yes | Jon Postel | [92] |
Passive mode | ≥1024[g] | ≥1024 | ||||||||
FTP Secure (FTPS ) |
989 | TCP | 990 | TCP | Yes | Christopher Allen | [92] | |||
HTTP Secure (HTTPS ) |
443 | TCP | TCP | Yes | IESG |
[92] | ||||
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer (HULFT) | 30000 | TCP | TCP | No | — | [92] | ||||
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP ) |
80 | TCP | TCP | Yes | Tim Berners-Lee | [92] | ||||
μTP ) |
UDP | No | — | [92] | ||||||
Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP) | Chosen by user | UDP | [94][66] | |||||||
Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) | 5402 | UDP | Yes | Steve Bannister | [92] | |||||
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (NORM) | UDP | [69][70] | ||||||||
Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP ) |
3305 | TCP / X.25 | TCP / X.25 | [19] | ||||||
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2 (OFTP2 ) |
6619 | TCP / X.25 | TCP / X.25 | [20] | ||||||
Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP) | Chosen by user | UDP | No | — | [92] | |||||
rcp ) |
514 | TCP | TCP | Yes | [92] | |||||
SCP ) |
22 | TCP | TCP | Yes | [92] | |||||
S-HTTP ) |
80 | TCP | TCP | No | — | [92] | ||||
Simple Asynchronous File Transfer (SAFT) | 487 | TCP | Yes | Ulli Horlacher | [92] | |||||
SFTP ) |
115 | TCP | TCP | Yes | Mark Lottor | [92] | ||||
SFTP ) |
22 | TCP | TCP | Yes | [92] | |||||
T.127 |
1503 | TCP | TCP | Yes | Jim Johnston | [92] | ||||
TFTP ) |
69 | UDP | Yes | David Clark | [92] | |||||
Tsunami UDP Protocol | Chosen by user | UDP | TCP | No | — | [92] | ||||
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads (tus) | 80[h] | TCP | TCP | No | — | [92] | ||||
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT) | Chosen by server | UDP | No | — | [92] | |||||
UDP-based File Transfer Protocol (UFTP ) |
1044 | UDP | No | — | [92] | |||||
Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP ) |
540 | TCP | TCP | Yes | [92] | |||||
Warp Speed Data Transfer (WDT) | Chosen by server or by user | TCP | TCP | No | — | [92] |
- ^ When used with HTTP/HTTPS, configurable
- ^ When used with SMB
- ^ Typically, if port 6881 is unavailable as a listening port, the peer incrementally tries 6882–6889. Another port may be specified in software.
- IANA.
- ^ UDP port 21 is sometimes chosen for FSP.
- RFC 959.
- ^ The server listens on TCP port 21 (the control port), and the client sends commands to this port from a random port above 1023. To transfer data in active mode, the server initiates a connection from port 20 to the client at the randomly selected port number.In passive mode, the client uses a random port above 1023 as a control port, and from this initiates file transfer. The server sends or receives data from a randomly selected port above 1023, and the client sends or receives data from one port number above its own randomly selected control port.
- ^ Can be chosen by user, but layers on top of HTTP(S) so often 80/443
Serial protocols
The following protocols were designed for
Overview
Protocol | Author | First released | License | Description | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BiModem | Erik Labs | 1989 | Bi-directional transfers. | ||
BLAST | Communications Research Group |
1981 | Powerful protocol originating on the Data General Nova minicomputer, and then ported to micros and mainframes. | [95] | |
C-MODEM | Lavio Pareschi | 1989 | Packet lengths from 32 to 4096 bytes, optional (but normally used) streaming mode. | ||
B protocol | CompuServe | 1981 | Offered file transfer as well as a command stream. | ||
JMODEM | Richard B. Johnson | ? | XMODEM derivative with blocks from 512 to 8192 bytes and RLE compression. | ||
HS/Link | Samuel H. Smith | 1991 | |||
Kermit | Frank da Cruz et al. | 1981 | Open Source (BSD) as of 2011 | Transport- and platform-independent transfer of text and binary files across full- or half-duplex connections with conversion of text file formats and character sets. | [96] |
LeechModem | Sam Brown | ? | Variations of X and Y that faked failed downloads in order to avoid BBS download quotas. | ||
Lynx | Matthew Thomas | 1989 | Similar to Kermit: 64-byte packets, 2 to 16 packets per window, CRC-32. Little or no support outside the Lynx program itself. | ||
NMODEM |
L. B. Neal | 1990 | Essentially XMODEM-CRC with 2048 byte blocks. | ||
OBEX File Transfer Protocol | ? | ? | A synchronous file transfer protocol in the OBject EXchange (OBEX) Bluetooth profile. | ||
OBEX Push | ? | ? | An asynchronous file transfer protocol in the OBject EXchange (OBEX) Bluetooth profile. | [97] | |
Punter | Steve Punter | ? | Suite of similar-but-different XMODEM-like protocols for various Commodore machines. | ||
SEAlink | Thom Henderson | 1986 | A MODEM7/XMODEM-compatible protocol with sliding window support developed to avoid packet networks . |
[98][99][100] | |
SMODEM | Arisoft | ? | |||
TMODEM | Mike Bryeans | ? | |||
UUCP | Mike Lesk | 1979 | Suite of protocols for copying files between Unix machines, used for many purposes including the distribution of email. Also allows commands to be sent, which led to the first internet worms . The file transfer protocol within UUCP is the "g" protocol. |
[101] | |
MODEM7 |
Mark M. Zeigler, James K. Mills | 1980 | Slight extension of XMODEM to add filename support and batch transfers. | [102] | |
XMODEM | Ward Christensen | 1977 | Public domain | Very simple protocol that saw widespread use and provided the pattern for many following protocols. | [103] |
WXMODEM |
Peter Boswell | 1986 | Public domain | Version of XMODEM with sliding windows for higher performance. | [104][105] |
YMODEM | Chuck Forsberg | 1985 | Public domain | Series of optional expansions on XMODEM for higher performance. | [104] |
ZMax | Mike Bryeans | c. 1991 | Modifications to ZMODEM to allow packets up to 32 kB in length. | ||
ZMODEM | Chuck Forsberg | 1986 | Public domain | Streaming protocol that forsakes XMODEM compatibility but offers a wide variety of new features and improved performance. Became almost universal on BBS systems in the early 1990s. | [104] |
Features
Protocol | Data block size (bytes) |
Data compression |
Error detection |
Transfer resuming |
Bidirectional | Sliding window |
Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BiModem | Yes | ||||||
BLAST | 84 - 1024+ | RLE | CRC | Yes | Yes | Yes | [106] |
C-MODEM | 32–4096 | CRC | Yes | ||||
B protocol | 128–2048 | CRC32 / CRC16 / 8-bit checksum | Yes | Yes | |||
JMODEM | 64–8192 | RLE | |||||
HS/Link | CRC32 |
Yes | Yes | ||||
Kermit | ≤9024 (negotiated) | RLE (run length encoding, negotiated) | CRC16 (negotiated) |
Yes (binary files only, negotiated) | No | Over full-duplex only (negotiated) |
[107] |
LeechModem | |||||||
Lynx | RLE | CRC32 | Yes | ||||
NMODEM |
2048 | ||||||
OBject EXchange | |||||||
Punter | |||||||
SEAlink | Yes | Yes | |||||
SMODEM | Yes | ||||||
Tmodem |
No | ||||||
UUCP "g" | ≤4096 | No | No | [108][109] | |||
MODEM7 |
128 | No | Checksum | Stop-and-wait ARQ | |||
XMODEM | 128 | No | Checksum | Stop-and-wait ARQ | |||
WXMODEM |
≤512 | Yes | |||||
YMODEM | 1024 | No | CRC16 |
||||
ZMax | ≤~32,768 | CRC32 | |||||
ZMODEM | 256 / 1024 | No | CRC32 | Yes | Yes |
See also
- Comparison of file-sharing applications
- Comparison of file synchronization software
- Comparison of distributed file systems
- Lists of network protocols
- List of TCP and UDP port numbers
- List of backup software
- AS2
- Connect:Direct
- Files transferred over shell protocol (FISH)
- Pragmatic General Multicast
- Sendfile
- Waarp
Notes
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- ^ Cohen, Bram (2 July 2001). "The BitTorrent Protocol Specification". Yahoo! Finance Groups. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ Shoch, John (1979). EFTP: A PUP-based Ether File Transfer Protocol.
- ^ Snodgrass, Richard (December 1982). A Relational Approach to Monitoring Complex Systems. pp. 119, 149. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ US patent 20090063698, Ying Xu, Michelle Christine Munson, Serban Simu, "Method and system for aggregate bandwith control [sic]", issued 30 May 2017, assigned to Aspera, Inc. and IBM
- . Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4200-4067-8– via Google Books.
- ^ "File Service Protocol (FSP) Frequently Asked Questions [Part 2/2]". FAQs.org. 21 July 1995. Section: "Who writes and maintains FSP software?". Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- . Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- . Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- . Retrieved 3 March 2018.
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- ^ a b Norberg, Arvid (22 June 2009). "uTorrent transport protocol". BitTorrent.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Klinker, Eric (16 May 2010). "Eric Klinker Presentation at Emerging Communication Conference & Awards 2010 America § Status of uTP". eCommConf. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ U S patent 7710961, C. Kenneth Miller, Thomas Andresen, Thomas Gardner, Craig Michelson, Kenneth Cates, Marc White, Kary Robertson, "System and method for sending packets over a computer network", issued 20 December 2011, assigned to Darby and Mohaine LLC
- ^ . Retrieved 22 February 2018.
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- ISBN 978-1-56592-582-3.
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- . Retrieved 9 March 2018.
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- ^ Lottor (1984), pp. 1, 13
- ^ Ylönen, Tatu (30 September 2012). "Re: where are SFTP v0 - 2 defined?". secsh (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 March 2018.
I designed and implemented the original SFTP protocol for SSH 2.0 back around 1997. Sami Lehtinen did further development on it.It was originally a proprietary protocol at SSH Communications Security (www.ssh.com), though source code was publicly available. It took a while [sic] before we wrote the draft and brought it to the IETF for standardization (seems to have been January 2001).
[permanent dead link] - ^ "T.127: Multipoint binary file transfer protocol". ITU. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
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- ^ Cohen, Bram (4 February 2017) [2008]. "The BitTorrent Protocol Specification". BitTorrent.org. Section: "Trackers". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
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- ^ a b "Transfer CFT 3.2.4 Users Guide § Configuring Transfer CFT". Axway.com. Axway Software. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
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- ^ "Printing at PARC—Appendix: Glossary of Terms § EFTP". 4 August 1978. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
A simple, PUP-oriented protocol, designed for file transmission from user programs to servers (especially printing servers). The server must acknowledge each packet before the next is sent. This protocol admits to compact implementation in user programs, offset by some redunction in bandwidth.
- ^ Pott, Trevor (1 October 2015). "Aspera high speed file transfer: Let the cloud protocol wars begin". The Register. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
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- ^ wdt on GitHub
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry". IANA.org. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
- ^ "openFT v11.0: Setting Up a Connection to Customs (Atlas) with openFT FTAM" (PDF). Fujitsu. 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ Adamson, Brian; Macker, Joe. "Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP) Developer's Guide". nrl.navy.mil. United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
- ^ Magidson, Steve (15 May 1989). "Moving Files Can Be a BLAST" (PDF). UNIX Today!. CMP Media. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ da Cruz (1987) p. 3
- ^ "OBEX (Object Exchange) Protocol". irdajp.org. Infrared Data Association. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ sealink.c on GitHub
- ^ Held, Gilbert (1993). "SeaLink". Mastering PC Communications Software. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 74.
- ^ Woggon, Michele (1995). "SeaLink". Telecommunications Using ProComm & ProComm Plus Made Easy. Prentice Hall. p. 34.
- ^ "UUCP protocol internals". University of Utah.
- ^ Lucas, Jay (6 September 1982). "Freeware: Modem lets your computers communicate". InfoWorld. IDG. p. 53. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ Glass (1988) p. 87
- ^ a b c Glass (1988) p. 89
- ^ Boswell, Peter (2007) [1986]. How XModem, XModem CRC, and WXModem work. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014 – via Totse.com.
- ^ Magidson, Steve (15 May 1989). "Moving Files Can Be a BLAST" (PDF). UNIX Today!. CMP Media. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ da Cruz (1987) pp. 234, 253, 307
- ISBN 978-0-619-00094-3– via Google Books.
- ^ Taylor, Ian Lance. "UUCP 'g' Protocol". FreeBSD Documentation Server. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
References
- da Cruz, Frank (1987). Kermit: A File Transfer Protocol. Bedford: OCLC 751527576– via Google Books.
- da Cruz, Frank (June 1986). "Kermit Protocol Manual" (PDF). KermitProject.org. The Kermit Project.
- Glass, Brett (30 May 1988). "Xmodem Popular for Its Simplicity, Public Domain Status". InfoWorld – via Google Books.
- Lottor, Mark K. (September 1984). Simple File Transfer Protocol. . Retrieved 1 March 2018.
Further reading
- de Goyeneche, Juan-Mariano (20 March 1998). "Multicast Transport Protocols". Multicast over TCP/IP HOWTO – via The Linux Documentation Project.
- He, Eric; Kettimuthu, Rajkumar; Gu, Yunhong; et al., "Reliable UDP Variants" (PDF), Survey of Protocols and Mechanisms for Enhanced Transport over LONG FAT PIPES, pp. 6–11
- Kaplan, Ali (2009). "Literature Survey". Collaborative Framework for High-Performance P2P-based Data Transfer in Scientific Computing (OCLC 648765323.
- Kientzle, Tim (1995). The Working Programmer's Guide to Serial Protocols. Coriolis Group Books. OCLC 441637109.
- "About Kermit". KermitProject.org. The Kermit Project.
- "The Kermit Software Archive". KermitProject.org. The Kermit Project.