Comprehensive Peace Agreement

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA,

The peace process was encouraged by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), in addition to a "troika" of donor countries comprising the United States, United Kingdom, and Norway.^[2]

Components

The process resulted in the following agreements (also referred to as protocols):

• The Machakos Protocol (or Chapter I), signed in Machakos, Kenya on 20 July 2002. Agreement on broad principles of government and governance.
• The Protocol on Power Sharing (or Chapter II), signed in Naivasha, Kenya on 26 May 2004
• The Agreement on Wealth Sharing (or Chapter III), signed in Naivasha, Kenya on 7 January 2004
• The Protocol on the Resolution of the Conflict in Abyei Area (or Chapter IV), signed in Naivasha, Kenya on 26 May 2004
• The Protocol on the Resolution of the Conflict in
  Blue Nile States (or Chapter V), signed in Naivasha, Kenya
  on 26 May 2004
• The Agreement on Security Arrangements (or Chapter VI), signed in Naivasha, Kenya on 25 September 2003
• The Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities and Appendices (or Annexure I), signed in Naivasha, Kenya on 30 October 2004
• The Implementation Modalities and Global Implementation Matrix and Appendices (or Annexure II), signed in Naivasha, Kenya, on 31 December 2004

The final, comprehensive agreement was signed on 9 January 2005 and marked the commencement of implementation activities.

Implementation

2007 Southern withdrawal

On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government of national unity (GoNU), accusing the central government of violating the terms of the CPA. In particular, the SPLM states that the Khartoum-based government, which is dominated by the

The SPLM announced that it was rejoining the government on 13 December 2007, following an agreement. The agreement states that the seat of government will rotate between Juba and Khartoum every three months, though it appears that this will be largely symbolic, as well as funding for a census (vital for the referendum) and a timetable for the withdrawal of troops across the border.^[4]

Northern Sudanese troops finally left Southern Sudan on 8 January 2008.^[5]

South Sudan Independence

A referendum was held from 9 to 15 January 2011 to determine if South Sudan should declare its independence from Sudan, with 98.83% of the population voting for independence. It became independent as the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.

Popular Consultations

Popular consultations for

• 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum
• Assessment and Evaluation Commission
• Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
• UN Peacemaker

References and notes