Como

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Como Còmm (Lombard)
Comune
Città di Como
View of Como from Baradello Castle
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Como
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	22100
Dialing code	031
Patron saint	Saint Abbondio
Saint day	31 August
Website	Official website

Como (Italian pronunciation: [ˈkɔːmo] ^ⓘ,^[3][4] locally [ˈkoːmo] ^ⓘ;^[3] Comasco: Còmm [ˈkɔm],^[5] Cómm [ˈkom] or Cùmm [ˈkum];^[6]) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy. It is the administrative capital of the Province of Como.

Its proximity to

Como was the birthplace of many historical figures, including the poet Caecilius mentioned by

(1888–1916), a futurist architect and a pioneer of the modern movement.

History

Ancient History

The hills surrounding the current location of Como were inhabited, since at least the

built in the Iron Age. Later, a second Celtic migration brought the Gaulish peoples in the area of Como, especially the tribe of the Insubres.^[14]

Around the first century BC, the territory became subject to the

Early Middle Ages

After the so-called "

Langobards

. The latter was a very important people in the region. The Langobards (or Lombards) were a Germanic people originated in Scandinavia. They arrived in the Po Valley in 568, led by king Alboin. Lombards gave birth to the . Under the Lombard rule, Como continued to grow, especially thanks to the reconstruction of Queen Theudelind's road that connected Germany and the Italian Peninsula, giving to the town an easy and strategic access to commerce.^[16] In 774, the town surrendered to invading Franks led by Charlemagne and became a centre of commercial exchange.^[17]

Communal Era

The

. ^[18] The first explicit written mention of the Commune of Como comes from a document that dates back to the year 1109. The deliberative assembly of the commune, in its first manifestations, was probably the plenary assembly. Since the first years of the 12th century, the role of the assembly was taken over by the council (or "Credenza"), known after 1213 as "General council" or "Bell council". Starting from the second half of the 13th century, this assembly was divided into a large and a small council. From the year 1109 the communal organization saw the addition of an executive body too, called "collegial magistracy of the consuls", which, for organizational reasons, before 1172 was split into two institutions: the consuls of justice and the consuls of the municipality. The latter, in the early 13th century, were replaced by the podestà, with broader special powers in criminal matters.^[19] The territory of the Commune wasn't just limited to the town of Como itself, but it held administrative powers over the territories of the entire diocese. These lands included most of the current day . Thanks to its strategic position on Lake Como and the important Road of Queen Theudelind, which linked the Italian Peninsula with Germany: the heart of the Holy Roman Empire, Como quickly became a rich and strong town. Following this period of growth, Como and Milan quickly became rivals as the had a great population growth, but it had few strategical communication routes. In this period Milan planned to conquer neighbouring territories in order to have access to their strategical geographical positions. The first frictions between Como and Milan started over the County of Seprio, because both of the two communes wanted to control such territories. In the meanwhile, Milan started to act aggressively against other Lombard towns and a war broke out when some soldiers coming from Lodi, Pavia and Cremona attacked the town of Tortona (allied to Milan): the war of Lodi, in which Milan, helped by Crema and Tortona went to war against the communes of Lodi, Pavia and Cremona. The result was an important Milanese victory that crowned Milan as the main power in Lombardy. This meant that the only remaining rival of Milan was the Commune of Como. These tensions led to an interesting episode when the Emperor Henry IV nominated Landolfo da Carcano, who sympathised for Milan, as the bishop of Como. This led to a strong reaction from the people of Como, who elected Guido Grimoldi as their bishop and exiled Landolfo. Landolfo, though, kept interfering in the affairs of Como and the town's response was the siege of its castle led by the consul Adamo del Pero. Landolfo was captured and imprisoned. This action sparked a crisis between Como and Milan, because Landolfo's castle was defended by Milanese soldiers. This resulted in the beginning of the Decennial War between Como and Milan in 1118. The war is very well documented thanks to an anonymous poet who recorded the events in a poem called "Liber Cumanus, sive de bello Mediolanensium adversus Comenses". At the beginning, thanks to smart tactics, it seemed that Como was prevailing in the conflict, but after the death of Guido Grimoldi, the tide changed and Como lost the war in 1127. Milanese soldiers destroyed every building in Como, only sparing the churches. After the war, the Commune was forced to be a tributary of Milan,^[20] but this changed when Frederick Barbarossa came to power and restored Como's freedom from the Milanese Commune. The Comaschi were, then, able to avenge their defeat when Milan was destroyed in 1162. Frederick promoted the construction of several defensive towers and small castles around the town's limits, of which only one, the , remains. He also helped the town to rebuild its defensive walls. The majority of this town's defenses still survives to this day. When the Guelph Communes joined their forces in order to organise the Lombard League to fight against the Holy Roman emperor, Como maintained its Ghibelline alignment. Frederick I Barbarossa made the recognition of the Commune of Como official with an imperial diploma of 1175 (Concession of Frederick I 1175), with which the emperor allowed the town to be able to elect the mayors of the county, as a reward for the defection of Como from the Lombard League and in consideration of the common anti-Milan policy. With the subsequent agreements of 1191 and 1216, the emperors Henry VI and Frederick II extended to Como others concessions made in the Peace of Constance to the cities participating in the League. In 1281 Como adopted its first written legislative code, consisting of the "Statuta Consulum Iustitie et Negotiatorum", which was followed by a second one in 1296.^[21]

The rise of Rusca/Rusconi family to power

Already in the second half of the

. In 1182, Giovanni Rusca became a consul of the commune and was later even nominated as podestà of Milan in 1199, thanks to his abilities during a peace treaty with the rival city. between 1194 and 1198 he was joined by two other relatives: Adamo and Loterio, who also became consuls of Como. They quickly became the most influential family in the territory of Como, so much so that in the following years different members of this family tried to establish a lordship over the town, with different degrees of success.^[22] Loterio Rusca was the first to try to accomplish such goal. He was acclaimed as "Lord of the People" in 1276 and, with the trust of the Comaschi, he began his rise to power, but was met with resistance by the bishop of Como: Giovanni degli Avvocati , who was consequently exiled. Giovanni was hosted by the Visconti of Milan and gave Ottone Visconti an excuse to start a new war against Como, but unexpectedly Loterio was able to prevail and signed a favourable peace treaty with Milan in the town of Lomazzo. Milan had to recognise Loterio as the ruler of their rival town and they had to give back to Como the town of Bellinzona.^[22] Thanks to this important success, the family was able to ensure the following titles: Lords of Como, Bellinzona, Chiavenna and Valtellina; Counts of Locarno, Lugano and Luino. Following the death of Loterio, the next notable member of the family was Franchino I Rusca, who established a personal lordship over Como and its territories and became an imperial vicar. In 1335 a new war between Como and Milan broke out due to the expiration of conditions established in Lomazzo. This time, thanks to the leadership of Azzone Visconti, Milan won the war and Como was annexed to the Duchy of Milan. The people of Como wanted to regain their administrative freedom and an occasion came when, in 1402, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan, died. In such occasion, Franchino II Rusca led a rebellion against the Milanese that ended in 1412, when his son, Loterio IV Rusca, gained the title of Lord of Como and was able to drive away the Milanese occupiers. This event, though, did not ended the political unrest in the town and a period of conflicts and massacres followed until Como found itself under Filippo Maria Visconti and so became part of the Duchy of Milan once more in 1416. But once again, at the death of the Duke, Como reclaimed its independence and in 1447 the "Republic of Saint Abundius" was founded.^[22][23] In January 1449

Modern Era

Subsequently, the history of Como followed that of the

.

20th century

At the end of World War II, after passing through Como on his escape towards Switzerland,

.

21st century

In 2010, a motion by members of the nationalist

The Rockefeller fountain that today stands in the

Geography and Climate

Situated at the southern tip of the south-west arm of Lake Como, the city is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Milan; the city proper borders

.

Climate

Como
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     79     6 −2     74     8 −1     109     13 4     157     17 7     201     23 12     175     27 16     137     30 19     173     29 19     160     23 13     147     19 9     127     12 4     66     9 2 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     3.1     43 28     2.9     46 30     4.3     55 39     6.2     63 45     7.9     73 54     6.9     81 61     5.4     86 66     6.8     84 66     6.3     73 55     5.8     66 48     5     54 39     2.6     48 36 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

According to the

Climate data for Como
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	21 (70)	22 (72)	24 (75)	26 (79)	31 (88)	37 (99)	38 (100)	37 (99)	31 (88)	25 (77)	22 (72)	21 (70)	38 (100)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	6 (43)	8 (46)	13 (55)	17 (63)	23 (73)	27 (81)	30 (86)	29 (84)	23 (73)	19 (66)	12 (54)	9 (48)	18 (64)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−2 (28)	−1 (30)	4 (39)	7 (45)	12 (54)	16 (61)	19 (66)	19 (66)	13 (55)	9 (48)	4 (39)	2 (36)	9 (47)
Record low °C (°F)	−18 (0)	−16 (3)	−11 (12)	−5 (23)	−1 (30)	3 (37)	7 (45)	5 (41)	4 (39)	−3 (27)	−9 (16)	−10 (14)	−18 (0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	79 (3.1)	74 (2.9)	109 (4.3)	157 (6.2)	201 (7.9)	175 (6.9)	137 (5.4)	173 (6.8)	160 (6.3)	147 (5.8)	127 (5.0)	66 (2.6)	1,605 (63.2)
Average precipitation days	9	8	10	12	13	11	8	9	8	10	11	9	118
Average relative humidity (%) (daily average)	84	76	69	74	72	71	73	72	74	81	85	86	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	59	97	151	176	209	242	285	253	187	129	65	58	1,911
Average ultraviolet index	1	2	3	5	7	8	8	7	5	3	2	1	4
Source 1: [33]
Source 2: [34]

Government

The legislative body of the Italian comuni is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale); in Como, it comprises 32 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, at the same time of the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale), composed of 9 assessori each overseeing a specific ministry, that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor (Sindaco). The mayor of Como since June 27, 2022, is Alessandro Rapinese, an independent leading an alliance bearing his name (Rapinese Sindaco), unaffiliated with any official political party.

Administrative subdivisions

Como is divided into these

):

1. Albate – Muggiò – Acquanera
2. Lora
3. Prestino – Camerlata – Breccia – Rebbio
4. Camnago Volta
5. City Center – West Como
6. Borghi
7. North Como – East Como
8. Monte Olimpino – Ponte Chiasso – Sagnino – Tavernola
9. Garzola – Civiglio

Main sights

Further information: List of buildings and structures in Como

Churches

• Giuseppe Arcimboldi. The dome is a rococo structure by Filippo Juvarra. Other artworks include 16th–17th-century tapestries and 16th-century paintings by Bernardino Luini and Gaudenzio Ferrari
  .
• San Fedele
  , a Romanesque church erected around 1120 over a pre-existing central plan edifice. The original bell tower was rebuilt in modern times. The main feature is the famous Door of St. Fedele, carved with medieval decorations.
• Sant'Agostino, built by the Cistercians in the early 14th century, heavily renovated in the 20th. The interior and adjoining cloister have 15th–17th-century frescoes, but most of the decoration is Baroque.
• Basilica of Sant'Abbondio, a Romanesque structure consecrated in 1095 by Pope Urban II. The interior, with a nave and four aisles, contains paintings dating to the 11th century and frescoes from the 14th.
• San Carpoforo (11th century, apse and crypt from 12th century). According to tradition, it was founded re-using a former temple of the God Mercury to house the remains of Saint Carpophorus and other local martyrs.

Secular buildings and monuments

• The ancient town hall, known as the Broletto
• Casa del Fascio, possibly Giuseppe Terragni's most famous work. It has been described as an early "landmark of modern European architecture".
• Monumento ai caduti (war memorial) by Giuseppe Terragni
• Teatro Sociale by Giuseppe Cusi in 1813^[35]
• Odescalchi family. It housed Napoleon, Ugo Foscolo, Prince Metternich, Archduke Franz Ferdinand I, Giuseppe Garibaldi
  , and other eminent figures. It is now a seat for exhibitions.
• Monumental Fountain also known as "Volta's Fountain", a monument to Volta's battery; it was designed by architect Carlo Cattaneo and painter Mario Radice and is a 9 m-high (30 ft) cement combination of alternating spheres and rings. It is in the centre of Camerlata Square.
• Ancient walls (medieval)
• the Tempio Voltiano, a museum dedicated to Alessandro Volta, a famous Comasco engineer, physicist, and inventor
• the Life Electric, a modern sculpture made by Daniel Libeskind
• Barbarossa
  c. 1158

Economy

The economy of Como, until the end of the 1980s, was traditionally based on industry; in particular, the city was world-famous for its silk manufacturers, and in 1972 its production exceeded that of China and Japan,

health care services and in the hospitality industry;^[38]

the 30 km (19 mi) commute is beneficial as wages in Switzerland are notably higher. For these reasons, tourism has become increasingly important for the city's economy since the late 1990s, when local small businesses have gradually been replaced by bars, restaurants and hotels. With about 400 thousand overnight guests in 2023, Como was one of the most visited cities in Lombardy.[39]

The city and the lake have been chosen as the filming location for various recent popular feature films, and this, together with the increasing presence of celebrities such as Matt Bellamy who have bought lakeside properties,^[40] has heightened the city's attractiveness and given a further boost to international tourism; since the early 2000s the city has become a popular "must-see" tourist destination in Italy.^[41]

Demographics

The city of Como has seen its population increase until it peaked at almost 100,000 inhabitants in the 1970s, when manufacturing, especially the silk industry, was in its boom years. As production began to decline, the population tally decreased by almost 20,000 until the beginning of the 21st century, when the city saw its population grow again by more than six thousand units, generally due to increasing immigration from Asia, Eastern Europe and North Africa. As of January 2023, the population was 83,700 people of which 12,000 were resident aliens, that is, 14% of the total; the population distribution by origin was as follows:^[42]

Pos.	Origin	%
1	Italy	86%
2	Europe	5.3%
3	Asia	4.1%
4	Africa	2.8%
5	America	1.8%
6	Oceania	0.02%

Top 20 nationalities of resident aliens:

Pos.	Citizenship	Residents
1	Philippines	1155
2	Romania	947
3	Sri Lanka	791
4	Turkey	656
5	Albania	604
6	Ukraine	578
7	El Salvador	545
8	Nigeria	498
9	China	470
10	Tunisia	426
11	Pakistan	411
12	Morocco	364
13	Bangladesh	313
14	Ecuador	301
15	Peru	234
16	Ghana	233
17	Russia	214
18	Egypt	168
19	United Kingdom	164
20	Kosovo	151

Culture

Museums

In Como there are the following museums and exhibition centres:

• Museo Archeologico "P. Giovio" – archeological museum
• Garibaldi Museum (Como) – a museum dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Tempio Voltiano – a museum devoted to Alessandro Volta's work
• Villa Olmo – various exhibitions
• Museo Didattico Della Seta – educational silk museum
• Museo Liceo classico "A. Volta" – scientific museum
• Pinacoteca Civica – paintings and artworks from the Carolingian to modern era housed in the 17th-century Palazzo Volpi

Cuisine

See also: Lombard cuisine

Polenta is a popular dish in Como, and was traditionally eaten for meals in wintertime. It is obtained by mixing and cooking corn flour and buckwheat. It is usually served with meat, game, cheese and sometimes fish; in fact, Polenta e Misultin (Alosa agone) is served in the restaurants in the Lake Como area.

A traditional dish is the Risotto con Filetti di Pesce Persico or simply Risotto al Pesce Persico (European perch filet risotto), a fish grown in Lake Como, prepared with white wine, onion, butter and wheat.^[43]

Palio del Baradello

See also: War of Milan against Como

In Como, a medieval festival called Palio del Baradello takes place annually.^[44]

The first edition took place in 1981.

Ghibelline communes and the emperor defeated Milan

.

These pivotal moments for the town are celebrated by the medieval festival, where actors portray the main characters: Frederick Barbarossa, Henry the Lion, Beatrice of Burgundy, and Bishop Ardizzone, while citizens dress up in medieval attire.

During the Palio del Baradello, the town is divided into its historical wards called "Borghi" (in Lombard: "Burgh"^[46]) Tavernola,^[47] Quarcino,^[48] Rebbio, Camerlata,^[49] Cernobbio,^[50] Cortesella^[51] and Sant'Agostino.^[52] The first day hosts the opening ceremony while in the following days the factions compete in different races to determine which district will win the year's edition.^[53]

The final day of the festival consists of a grand parade where all the participants march across the town in medieval costumes, accompanied by animals, wagons, and replicas of siege engines, culminating in a ceremony where the emperor announces to the public which ward won the competition.

Symbology

Heraldry

The

Ghibelline one. The first recorded mention of this symbol dates back to decennial war between Como and Milan (1118–1127). An anonymous poet from Como described the coat of arms, in his poem about the war, as “rubra signa” (Latin: "red symbol") and “cum cruce alba” (Latin: "with a white cross").^[54]

Later, the motto 'LIBERTAS' (Latin: 'Freedom') was added to the town's heraldic achievement. The oldest testament of such symbol comes from the year 1619, when the historian Francesco Ballarini wrote that the people of Como at the time were already using the motto in the town's coat of arms.^[54] It is thought that this motto emerged when the town of Como was liberated from the Milanese occupation thanks to the help of the Holy Roman emperor

Lordship of Milan, but was later censored again as Milan

regained control over Como. It was restored one last time after the unification of Italy, because otherwise the town's coat of arms would have been too similar to the arms of the House of Savoy, inserted in the heraldic achievement of the newly born Kingdom of Italy. Curiously, the coat of arms of Como is often represented with a curvature and surrounded by floral elements. The crown is another important element of the heraldic achievement. A crown appeared in the coats of arms of Como reported on some municipal posters in 1796. On the 9th of November 1819,

Francis I of Austria, Emperor of Austria

, recognised Como as "Royal Town": that is when the crown (5-pointed and studded with gems) officially entered the coat of arms. In the version that came in 1859, the crown is topped with six gold flores (only the frontal three visible). [54]

Flags

Como has been using throughout history the Cross of Saint John as its flag: that been a white cross over a red field. Probably around the

heraldic achievement. Such flag can be seen displayed at the town hall (Palazzo Cernezzi

).

Transportation

Rail

The Servizio Ferroviario Regionale (Regional Railway Service) connects Como by train to other major cities in Lombardy. Services are provided by Trenord through two main stations: Como San Giovanni and Como Nord Lago. There are five more urban stations (Albate-Camerlata, Albate-Trecallo, Como Borghi, Como Camerlata and Grandate-Breccia).

Como San Giovanni is also a stop on the main north–south line between Milan Centrale and

Basel SBB. Intercity and EuroCity

trains stop at this station, which makes Como very accessible from the European Express train network.

The

above sea level

.

Buses and taxis

The local public transport network comprises 11 urban (within city limits) lines and 'extra-urban' (crossing city limits) (C) lines connecting Como with most of its province centres. They are provided by ASF Autolinee.

Ferrovie Nord Milano also provides other bus lines connecting Como to Varese in substitution of the original railway line that was dismissed in the 1960s.

Taxi service is provided by the Municipality of Como.

Ship transport

The boats and hydrofoils (aliscafi) of Navigazione Laghi connect the town with most of the villages sitting on the shores of the lake.

Airports

Nearby airports providing scheduled flights are

charter flights to nearby countries^[55]

and caters to private aircraft operations.

Aero Club

Como is home to the oldest seaplane operation in the world,

ICAO code LILY),^[57] with a fleet consisting of four seaplanes, used for flight training and local tour flights and four classic seaplanes of historical interest, a 1961 Cessna O-1 Bird Dog, a 1946 Republic RC-3 Seabee a 1947 Macchi M.B.308 idro and a perfectly restored 1935 Caproni Ca.100.^[58][59]

A hangar right next to the lake houses the club's fleet and is also used for aircraft maintenance and servicing.

Education and health

Como is home to numerous high schools, the

Politecnico di Milano

.

In Como there are three major hospitals: Ospedale Sant'Anna, Ospedale Valduce and Clinica Villa Aprica.

Sports

Notable sports clubs are the

Calcio Como, a football team. There are also numerous recreational activities available for tourists such as pedal boating, fishing, walking and seaplane rentals. Como also hosts a prestigious clay-court tennis tournament every year, the Città di Como Challenger, which attracts many of the world's top players who are not involved in the concurrent US Open. Many players have testified that they much prefer playing in the relaxed and friendly Como environs than the hustle and bustle of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. ^{[citation needed}

]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Como is

twinned with:^[60]

• Fulda, Germany, since 1960
• Tokamachi
  , Japan, since 1975
• Nablus, Palestine, since 1998
• Netanya, Israel, since 2004^[61]

See also

• Lake Como
• Province of Como
• List of people from Como

Notes

1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. ^ "Demo-Geodemo. – Maps, Population, Demography of ISTAT – Italian Institute of Statistics". Archived from the original on 21 November 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
3. ^ ^{a b} Migliorini, Bruno; Tagliavini, Carlo; Fiorelli, Piero. Tommaso Francesco Borri (ed.). "Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia". dizionario.rai.it. Rai Eri. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
4. ^ Canepari, Luciano. "Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online". dipionline.it. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
5. ^ Carlo Bassi, Grammatica essenziale del "dialètt de Còmm", Como, Edizioni della Famiglia Comasca, 2014
6. ^ Libero Locatelli, Piccola grammatica del dialetto comasco, Como, Famiglia Comasca, 1970, p. 6.
7. ^ "Como, Italy. The best things to do in Como city". Lake Como Travel. 8 May 2019.
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9. ^ "Catullus". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
10. ^ "Alessandro Volta". Corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
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15. ^ Hundreds Of Roman Gold Coins Found In Theater Basement, Shannon Van Sant, NPR, 2018-09-10
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17. ^ "Beni culturali".
18. ^ "Piano delle regole" (PDF).
19. ^ "Comune di Como sec. XI - 1757". Lombardia Beni Culturali.
20. ISBN 9788887867459
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21. ^ "Comune di Como, sec. XI - 1757 – Istituzioni storiche – Lombardia Beni Culturali".
22. ^ ^{a b c d} "Comune di Como, sec. XI - 1757 – Istituzioni storiche – Lombardia Beni Culturali".
23. ^ Alberto Artioli, Il duomo di Como: guida alla storia; restauri recenti, Storie d'arte, Como, NodoLibri, 1990.
24. ^ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge Vol IV. London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 811.
25. ^ Maurisse, Marie (22 June 2010). "Quand un député suisse rêve d'annexer la Savoie". Le Figaro. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
26. ^ "SVP-Forderung: Vorarlberg soll Kanton werden". Der Standard. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
27. ^ Coen, Leonardo (22 June 2010). "L'ultima tentazione di Como: "Vogliamo diventare svizzeri"". La Repubblica. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
28. ^ "Bronx Park Highlights". Retrieved 18 January 2011.
29. ^ "Historical Weather in February 1987 in Como". weatherspark.com.
30. ^ "Historical Weather". weatherspark.com.
31. ^ "Caldo Natale sul lago di Como, il termometro sfiora i 20 gradi: colpa del Foehn" (in Italian). informazione.it. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
32. ^ "Nubifragio, raffiche di vento a 100 km/h, grandine come palline da golf" (in Italian). quicomo.it. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
33. ^ "Historical Weather". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
34. ^ "Como Climate". Weather-atlas.com. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
35. ^ "Il tetatro socilae di Come (in English)". Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
36. ^ "Lake Como's Silk". lakecomotravel.com. 16 June 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
37. ^ Tagliabue, John (10 April 1997). "Italian Silk Industry Upset By a New U.S. Trade Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
38. ^ "Cross-border commuters". Admin.ch. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
39. ^ "Turismo a Como, i pernottamenti crescono del 28% rispetto al 2022" (in Italian). espansione TV. 22 September 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
40. ^ "Muse's Matt Bellamy Lists Lake Como Condo". Variety. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
41. ^ "Best Places to Visit in Italy". US News. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
42. ^ "Statistiche Istat". Istat. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
43. ^ "Food and Culture Encyclopedia:Northern Italy". answers.com. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
44. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
45. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
46. ISBN 978-8897180678
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47. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
48. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
49. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
50. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
51. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
52. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
53. ^ "Palio del Baradello di Como".
54. ^ ^{a b c} https://www.comune.como.it/it/comune/stemma-gonfalone-e-logo/stemma-comunale/
55. ^ "Lugano Airport". Flightradar24. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
56. ^ "The World's Best Hotel Bars: Terrazza 241 In Lake Como, Italy". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
57. ^ AIP Italia AD2 LILY
58. ^ "The historic fleet". www.aeroclubcomo.com. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
59. ^ "Aero Club Como". Retrieved 20 September 2014.
60. ^ "Città Gemelle". Comune di Como. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
61. ^ "Netanya – Twin Cities". Netanya Municipality. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.

Sources

• "Como". Northern Italy (14th ed.). Leipzig: Karl Baedeker. 1913.
  OL 16015532M
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Como.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Como.

• Official website (in Italian and English)
• Official Tourism Portal
• Historical picture gallery and slideshow
• Official Tourist Board website (in Italian and English)
• Lake Como Navigation Company
• Official Virtual Tour
• A documentary about the Lake by Yann Arthus-Bertrand