Conquest
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Conquest is the act of military subjugation of an enemy by force of arms.[1][2]
The
Conquest may link in some ways with colonialism. England, for example, experienced phases and areas of Anglo-Saxon, Viking and Franco-Norman colonisation and conquest.
Methods of conquest
The Ottomans used a method of gradual, non-military conquest in which they established suzerainty over their neighbours and then displaced their ruling dynasties. This concept was first systematized by Halil İnalcık.[3] Conquests of this sort did not involve violent revolution but were a process of slow assimilation, established by bureaucratic means such as registers of population and resources as part of the feudal timar system.[4]
Ancient conquests
The ancient civilized peoples conducted wars on a large scale that were, in effect, conquests.[5] In Egypt the effects of invasion and conquest are to be seen in different racial types represented in paintings and sculptures.[6]
Improved
Leading to migration
Military conquest has been one of the most persistent causes of human migrations.[8] There is a significant influence of migration and conquest on political development and state formation. Conquest leading to migration has contributed to race mixture and cultural exchange. The latter points influence on conquest has been of far greater significance in the evolution of society. Conquest brings humans into contact, even though it is a hostile contact.
Plunder
The state
In the formation of the modern state, the conspicuous immediate causes are the closely related facts of migration and conquest.[10] The state has increased civilization and allowed increased cultural contact allowing for a cultural exchange and stimulus; frequently the conquerors have taken over the culture of their subjects.[11]
Subjugation
With subjugation, further class distinctions arise. The conquered people are enslaved; thus the widest possible social classes are produced: the
Culture after conquest
After a conquest where a minority imposes itself on a majority, it usually adopts the language and religion of the majority, through this force of numbers and because a strong government can be maintained only through the unity of these two important facts.[15] In other cases, especially when the conquerors create or maintain strong cultural or social institutions, the conquered culture could adopt norms or ideas from the conquering culture to expedite interactions with the new ruling class. These changes were often imposed on the conquered people by force, particularly during religiously motivated conquests.
Post-World War II
Scholars have debated the existence of a norm against conquest since 1945.[16][17] Conquest of large swaths of territory has been rare, but states have since 1945 continued to pursue annexation of small swaths of territory.[17]
See also
- War of aggression, discusses post-WW2 prohibition against wars of conquest
- Invasion
- Right of conquest
- Victory
References
- ISBN 0-7730-3132-4
- ^
Day, David. 2008. Conquest: How Societies Overwhelm Others. ISBN 0-19-923934-7
- ^ Pál Fodor (2000), In quest of the golden apple: imperial ideology, politics, and military administration in the Ottoman Empire, p. 111
- JSTOR 1595144
- ISBN 0-521-85073-8
- ^ Petrie, W. Races of Early Egypt. JAI XXX, 103.
- ^ Sumner, W. 1914. War Pg. 3.
- ^ Howitt, A. 1910. Native Tribes. pg. 185-186, 678, 682-683
- ISBN 0-208-00849-7
- ^ Jenks, E. 1919. The State and the Nation. pg. 121, 133, 152
- ^ Wissler, C. 1923. Man and Culture. pg 42, 179.
- ^ Gumplowicz, L. 1909. Der Rassenkampf[permanent dead link] pg. 163-175, 179-181, 219-238, 250-259
- ^ Keller, G. 1902. Homeric society pg. 248
- ^ Nieboer, H. 1900. Slavery as an industrial system.
- ^ Smyth, R. 1878. The Aborigines of Victoria. Vol I. pg. 181
- ISBN 978-0-19-930102-7
- ^ S2CID 226467742.