Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir
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The Khanate of Sibir was a Muslim state located just east of the middle Ural Mountains. Its conquest by Yermak Timofeyevich in 1582 was the first event in the Russian conquest of Siberia.
The players
Russia
The republic of
Siberia
The middle Urals at the latitude of Perm are fairly low and easy to cross. The area was inhabited by the Voguls (
The
Capture of Sibir
Ermak left Perm probably in the summer of 1581. (Fisher
Leaving camp, they sailed 12 miles
Occupation
Over the next several months various native chieftains offered their submission. Ermak, perhaps unexpectedly, found himself the ruler of a Khanate and sent Ivan Koltso, 50 men, and 5,200 furs to Moscow to announce his conquest. Meanwhile, the Ostyaks and Voguls had been raiding the Perm territories. Ivan the Terrible thought that Ermak had provoked that and sent an angry letter to the Stroganovs that demanded Ermak's recall to protect Perm. A few days later, Ermak's envoys reached Moscow. The Tsar immediately changed his mind and promised to send a Voyevoda and troops. He sent Ermak gifts, including the famous suit of armor.
The Cossacks sent out raiding parties to collect Yasak. Bogdan Bryazga went north down the Irtysh as far as its junction with the Ob. Ermak explored the Tavda.
Kuchum's whereabouts at the time is uncertain. His nephew, Mamet-Kul, attacked the Russians several times, but was captured on the Vagai River and sent to Moscow, where he later had an honorable career under the
In August 1585, Ermak heard that a caravan was arriving from the south and that Kuchum was waiting to plunder it. He went up the Irtysh to capture either the caravan or Kuchum but found that there was no caravan. Returning, he camped at the mouth of the Vagai River about 25 miles upstream from Tobolsk. The night was stormy and the watch inadequate. Kuchum's men attacked and most of the Russians were killed in their sleep. The story, which may be true, is that Ermak tried to flee to a river boat and was drowned by the weight of the armor that the Tsar had sent him.
Abandonment of Sabir
Command passed to Ivan Glukhov. With only 150 surviving men, he thought it was impossible to hold out and so he sailed down the Irtysh and Ob and crossed into Russia over the northern Urals. Ali, Kuchum's son, reoccupied the town.but was driven out by Seid Akhmat (Naumov calls him Seidiak).
Reinforcements under Mansurov arrived but were not strong enough to do anything. They wintered somewhere on the Ob and crossed the Urals the following spring, in 1586 (Naumov has Glukhov and Mansurov meeting and returning to Russia together).
Reoccupation
Ermak had failed, but the Khanate of Sibir had been broken up, and Seid Akhmat could not restore it. The area was left to native chiefs, who had few firearms. The Russians' policy was based on systematic fort-building and were using that method to expand south of Moscow. In 1586, three hundred Russians built an Ostrog (fortress) at Tyumen, and in 1587, they built another fort at Tobolsk. In 1588, Seid Akhmat and the Karacha were invited to Tobolsk, captured, and sent to Moscow.
In 1594,
Kuchum made a number of attacks but was defeated on the
References
- ^ George V. Lantzeff and Richard A. Pierce,'Eastward to Empire, 1973
- ^ Igor Naumov (David N Collins, editor),The History of Siberia,2006
- ^ Raymond H Fisher,The Russian Fur Trade,1943
- ^ W. Bruce Lincoln, 'The conquest of a Continent',1994 This may reflect later scholarship, but the book has obvious errors.
- ^ On 17mar17 an anonymous editor changed 12 miles to 130km. He said this 12 was a medieval mile of 10-11km. I cannot identify a ‘medieval mile’. Lanzeff, page 98, puts the camp at Karacha-Kul, an oxbow lake 12 miles above the mouth of the Tobol. There is now an oxbow lake at Karachino about 8 miles above the mouth. 130km would be about the mouth of the Tura.
- ^ Rene Grousset, 'The Empire of the Steppes',1970,page 489