Conrad III of Germany
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Conrad III | |
---|---|
Frederick I | |
Born | 1093 or 1094 |
Died | 15 February 1152
(aged 59–60) Bamberg, Bavaria |
Burial | |
Spouse | |
Issue | |
Agnes of Germany |
Conrad III (
His reign saw the start of the conflicts between the
Descent
The origin of the House of Hohenstaufen in the Duchy of Swabia has not been conclusively established. As the name came from the Hohenstaufen Castle (built in 1105) Conrad's great-grandfather Frederick of Staufen was a count in the Riesgau and in 1053 became Swabian Count palatine. His son Frederick of Buren probably resided near present-day Wäschenbeuren and about 1050 married Countess Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg from Alsace.[2]
Conrad's father took advantage of the conflict between King Henry IV of Germany and the Swabian duke
Biography
In 1105, Henry IV,
Conrad quickly crossed the Alps to be crowned King of Italy by Anselmo della Pusterla, Archbishop of Milan, in the village of Monza.[8] Over the next two years, he failed to achieve anything in Italy, however, and returned to Germany in 1130, after Nuremberg and Speyer, two strong cities that supported him, fell to Lothair in 1129. Conrad continued in Lothair's opposition, but he and Frederick were forced to acknowledge Lothair as emperor in 1135, during which time Conrad relinquished his title as King of Italy. After this they were pardoned and could take again possession of their lands.[9]
After Lothair's death (December 1137), Conrad was elected king at
In the same year, Conrad entered Bohemia to reinstate his brother-in-law Vladislav II as Duke. The attempt to do the same with another brother-in-law, the Polish prince Ladislaus the Exile, failed. Bavaria, Saxony, and the other regions of Germany were in revolt.
In 1146, Conrad heard
Before leaving, he had the nobles elect and crown his son Henry Berengar king. The succession secured in the event of his death, Conrad set out. His army of 20,000 men went overland, via Hungary, causing disruptions in the Byzantine territories through which they passed. They arrived at Constantinople by September 1147, ahead of the French army.[12][13]
Rather than taking the coastal road around
In 1150, Conrad and Henry Berengar defeated Welf VI and his son Welf VII at the Battle of Flochberg. Henry Berengar died later that year and the succession was thrown open. The Welfs and Hohenstaufen made peace in 1152 and the peaceful succession of one of Conrad's family was secured.
Conrad was never crowned emperor and continued to style himself "
Conrad left no male heirs by his first wife, Gertrude von Komburg. In 1136, he married Gertrude of Sulzbach, who was a daughter of Berengar II of Sulzbach,[20] and whose sister Bertha was married to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I. Gertrude was the mother of Conrad's children and the link which cemented his alliance with Byzantium.[21]
See also
- Kings of Germany family tree
References
- ^ Frederick I 2000, p. xii.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-317-45158-7.
- ISBN 978-3-8288-5539-7.
- ISBN 978-3-205-77647-5.
- ^ Thomas Oliver Schindler (2003). Die Staufer – Ursprung und Aufstieg eines Herrschergeschlechts. Grin. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Barber 2004, p. 193.
- ISBN 978-3-8324-0032-3.
- ^ Marina 2013, p. 395.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-406-53593-2.
- ISBN 978-3-656-65725-5.
- ISBN 978-90-485-3720-4.
- ISBN 978-0-300-16836-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4094-8211-6.
- ^ Tyerman 2006, p. 303.
- ^ Suger 2018, p. 169.
- ^ Petersohn 2010, p. 126.
- ^ P. Magdalino, The Byzantine Empire, 621
- ^ The medieval sources on Conrad's death are discussed in: Manuel Kamenzin: Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349). Ostfildern 2020, S. 91–99. (online)
- ^ On the funeral see: Manuel Kamenzin: Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349). Ostfildern 2020, S. 412–414. (online)
- ^ Otto I of Freising 1953, p. 54.
- ISBN 978-3-8460-0849-2.
Sources
- Baldwin, M. W. A History of the Crusades: the first hundred years, 1969.[ISBN missing]
- Barber, Malcolm (2004). The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. Routledge.[ISBN missing]
- Bernhardi, Wilhelm (1883). Konrad III: Jahrbücher der Deutschen Geschichte. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. (in German)
- Frederick I (2000). The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and related texts. Translated by Loud, G.A. Ashgate Publishing.
- ISBN 978-1-13905402-7.
- Marina, Areli (2013). "The Langobard Revival of Matteo il Magno Visconti, Lord of Milan". I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance. 16 (1/2 September). University of Chicago Press: 377–414. S2CID 194035594.
- Otto I of Freising (1953). The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa. Translated by Mierow, Charles Christopher. Columbia University Press.
- Petersohn, Jürgen (2010). Kaisertum und Rom in spätsalischer und staufischer Zeit. Romidee und Rompolitik von Heinrich V. bis Friedrich II (in German). Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung. ISBN 978-3-7752-5762-6.
- Suger (2018). Selected Works of Abbot Suger of Saint Denis. Translated by Cusimano, Richard; Whitmore, Eric. The Catholic University of America Press.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusade. The Belknap Press.
- Ziegler, W. König Konrad III. (1138–1152). Hof, Urkunden und Politik (= Forschungen zur Kaiser- und Papstgeschichte des Mittelalters. Band 26) Böhlau, Wien u. a. 2008
- Roche, Jason T (2021). The crusade of King Conrad III of Germany: warfare and diplomacy in Byzantium, Anatolia and Outremer, 1146–1149. OCLC 1252629980. Retrieved 5 November 2021.