Conrad II of Italy
Conrad II | |
---|---|
Santa Reparata, Florence | |
Spouse | |
Dynasty | Salian |
Father | Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor |
Mother | Bertha of Savoy |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Conrad II of Italy, also known as Conrad (III)
Childhood
Conrad was born on 12 February 1074 at
Conrad passed Christmas 1076 at
In December 1080, the Saxon lords who had supported the kingship of the late
In 1081, Henry entered Italy, where he endeavoured to wed his son to a daughter of
Salian king
In 1087, Conrad returned to Germany. On 30 May, he was crowned king in
In Italy, Conrad was unsuccessful in resisting Matilda of Tuscany until his father came down in the spring of 1090. In 1091 he was at his father's side, as his "most beloved son".
Rebellion
In 1093, with the support of Matilda and her husband,
In mid-March Conrad was captured by his father through a ruse, but soon escaped and in late July was elected king by Matilda, Welf and their allies and crowned in Milan by Archbishop
Papal anti-king
In March 1095 Conrad attended the
In the same year, the pope and Matilda of Tuscany helped arrange a marriage of Conrad to Constance (also called Matilda), a daughter of Count
Loss of support
Early during the episcopate of
In April[33] or May 1098 at an assembly held in Mainz, Conrad's father had him formally deposed and his younger brother, Henry V, elected in his place.[27] In a letter of 1106, Henry admitted that Henry V's election had been opposed by many and that he "fear[ed] that there would be civil war between the two brothers and that a great disaster would befall the kingdom."[34]
After this, Conrad could hardly influence political events in Italy. There is no record that Urban or his successor had any contact with him, or that his father-in-law ever sent him support beyond his daughter's dowry.
Notes
- Emperor Conrad II as Conrad I of Italy. "Conrad (III)" indicates the number he would have had were he counted as a full king of Germany on analogy with Henry (VII) of Germany.[1]
References
- ^ Wilson 2016, p. 312.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 95.
- ^ a b c d e f Lindner 1882, pp. 554–56.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 104.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gawlik 1980, p. 496.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 148.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 253.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 159.
- ^ Fuhrmann 1986, p. 65, describes the "almost suicidal" crossing of the Alps
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 23 n. 13.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 166.
- ^ a b Robinson 2000, pp. 205–06.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 214.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 233.
- ^ a b c Robinson 2000, pp. 262–63.
- ^ a b Robinson 2000, p. 287.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 287 n. 69.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 287 n. 70.
- ^ a b c d Robinson 2000, p. 288.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 288 n. 72.
- ^ Robinson 2000, pp. 286–87.
- ^ Fonsega 1962.
- ^ Cowdrey 1968, p. 291.
- ^ a b Robinson 2000, p. 289.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 291.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 327.
- ^ a b c d e f Robinson 2000, p. 300.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 292.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 295.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 297.
- ^ Cowdrey 1968, p. 289: Cum sis magister patarinorum, quid sentis de pontificibus et sacerdotibus regia iura possidentibus et regi nulla alimenta presentatibus?
- ^ Cowdrey 1968, p. 294.
- ^ Fuhrmann 1986, p. 85.
- ^ Robinson 2000, p. 301.
- ^ Lindner 1882.
Sources
- .
- Fonsega, Cosimo Damiano (1962). "Arnolfo". ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
- Fuhrmann, Horst (1986). Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050–1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gawlik, Alfred (1980), "Konrad (deutscher König)", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 12, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 496–496; (.html full text online)
- Lindner, Theodor (1882), "Konrad", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 16, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 554–556
- Robinson, Ian S. (2000). Henry IV of Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Wilson, Peter (2016). Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.