Conservatism in Australia

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Conservatism in Australia refers to the political philosophy of

right of centre", among other labels; until the 1990s, the label "conservative" had rarely been used in Australia, and when used it tended to be used by pro-Labour forces as a term of disparagement against their opponents. Electorally, conservatism has been the most successful political brand in Australian history.[1]

Like other countries with a

legalising recreational cannabis.[5] Mainstream Australian conservatives also typically support Australia remaining a constitutional monarchy
.

Terminology

In the early 20th century, "Conservatism" was used as a disparaging epithet by detractors of right wing politics and politicians within Australia, often by supporters and members of

left leaning movements and parties such as the Australian Labor Party and later the Australian Greens. People on the right often called themselves "liberals". That only changed in the late 20th century; John Hirst says that as a significant political movement, conservatism is "a very recent arrival in Australia". John Howard, who became prime minister in 1996, was the first holder of the office to describe himself as a conservative."[6]

In the 21st century the term covers similar political issues as found in other Western democracies. In the early 20th century the liberals had connections with reform movements. However, as Howard has argued, the Liberal Party became the trustee of both the classical liberal and conservative traditions. That is, it combines liberal (market-based, pro-business, anti-union) economic policies with conservative social policies.[7]

Although used much less than the term conservative, former Prime Minister Scott Morrison (Liberal) described himself as a traditionalist upon his ascent to party leader and appointment as Prime Minister (2018–2022).[8] Similarly, former Liberal MP for Moreton (1955–1983) and Minister for Defence (1975–1982) and the Navy (1969–1971), James Killen, was considered to be a Tory, or a "Tory Liberal", especially in his younger years.[9][10]

History

Unlike the various forms of conservatism across the world, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States, Australian conservatism has a short history.

In the late 19th century, the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party were the two major parties in Australia. The Free Trade Party was generally more conservative while the Protectionist Party was generally more liberal (though both parties contained liberal and conservative factions). When the Australian labour movement emerged, both parties began attempting to form a united alliance against it.[11] George Reid, the leader of the Free Trade Party between 1901 and 1905, and Prime Minister of Australia from 1904 to 1905, imagined an Australian political spectrum that ran from socialist to anti-socialist, and attempted to reframe the party system this way. This was welcomed by politicians who were influenced by the Westminster tradition and who regarded a two-party system as the norm.[12] In 1909, the two parties merged to form the Commonwealth Liberal Party in order to more effectively oppose the new Labor Party.

In 1920, the Country Party (now known as the National Party) was formed as an agrarian conservative party representing the interests of farmers. After the 1922 federal election, which produced a hung parliament, the Country Party and the Nationalist Party (the successor to the Commonwealth Liberal Party) formed a conservative coalition. The Nationalist Party later became the United Australia Party in 1931. After the United Australia Party collapsed in 1945, conservative forces within Australia were in disarray and were seen as irrelevant.[13] This is when the Liberal Party emerged, establishing itself as a big tent party of the right, taking influence from classical conservative thinker Edmund Burke.[14][15]

Political parties

Mainstream political conservatism is primarily represented by the

small government).[20]

Moser and Catley state, "In America, 'liberal' means left-of-center, and it is a pejorative term when used by conservatives in adversarial political debate. In Australia, of course, the conservatives are in the Liberal Party."[21] Jupp points out that, "[the] decline in English influences on Australian reformism and radicalism, and appropriation of the symbols of Empire by conservatives continued under the Liberal Party leadership of Sir Robert Menzies, which lasted until 1966."[22] Beecher comments that, "across the economic and cultural landscape, Howard proved that the centre of politics in Australia is inherently conservative."[23]

There are also other minor parties which may be perceived to be conservative in orientation on account of some of their policies - and even some are regarded as right wing or extreme right, such as the

Liberal Democratic Party, Family First Party, Australian Christians, Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party, and Katter's Australian Party, although some would not champion the classical liberal approach to economics adopted by the Liberal Party.[24] In the 45th Australian Senate, the Liberal Democratic Party's David Leyonhjelm, the Independent Cory Bernardi, Independent Fraser Anning and the United Australia Party's Brian Burston formerly formed a "conservative bloc".[25][26]

Since the 2010s, an increasing number of prominent conservative members of the

Liberal/National coalition have left the party,[citation needed] such as in 2017 with Senator Cory Bernardi[27][28][29] and in 2022 with MP George Christensen.[30]

Think tanks and other entities

Some think tanks in Australia have a conservative focus. The

black letter law jurisprudence, and has reportedly been influential in recent Coalition appointments to administrative tribunals and the Judiciary.[36][37]

Apart from political parties, conservative grass-roots movements have also arisen in Australia in recent years.

Australian Liberty Alliance. Some of these may have connections to existing political leaders, such as Senator Cory Bernardi's Conservative Leadership Foundation[38] (which is dedicated to fostering community based conservative leadership) or explicitly reject party politics in favour of cultural restoration, such as the Sydney Traditionalist Forum[39] and Edmund Burke's Club [40]
(which are described as "an association of 'old school' conservative, traditionalist and paleoconservative individuals").

In Australia however there are some differences in the political landscape in which conservatism exists, compared to what is found in other countries, especially in economics. Australia undertook in the mid-1980s significant economic reforms – faith in markets, deregulation, a reduced role for government, low protection and the creation of a new cooperative enterprise culture - under the centre-left

social liberal Paul Keating."[41]

Media

Two national newspapers in Australia,

trade liberalisation
.

Major conservative regional newspapers include The Daily Telegraph, The West Australian, The Mercury, The Canberra Times, The Advertiser and The Courier-Mail.[44]

The primary conservative magazines in Australia are

The Spectator Australia.[45][46]

On television, a conservative outlook is represented by Sky News Australia.[47]

Newspapers and other publications owned by News Corp have been accused of adopting anti-Labor political positions.[citation needed] The publications owned by News Corp include The Australian, The Daily Telegraph, The Mercury, The Advertiser and The Courier-Mail. Sky News is also owned by News Corp.

Monarchism

See also: Australian Monarchist League
See also: Republicanism in Australia
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    Australian Flag, Red Ensign Variant

Whether Australia should remain a

1998 convention involving appointment of the head of state by Parliament.[49] Conservatives generally support keeping the current flag (with its British insignia) and are proud of the nation's British heritage.[50]


Aboriginal conservatism in Australia

Traditionally, Aboriginal Australians in cities have been known to predominantly vote for parties of the political left, such as the Australian Labor Party or the Australian Greens.[51] Despite this, there are numerous Aboriginal activists, politicians and individuals affiliated with the political right. The most prominent Aboriginal Conservative was Neville Bonner who was the first Aboriginal Australian elected to federal Parliament. In the Northern Territory, the Country Liberal Party has had a fluctuating relationship with the state's Indigenous communities (even providing Australia's first Indigenous head of government, Adam Giles) and holds several of the territory's electorates with large Aboriginal populations.

Jacinta Price is a well-known conservative activist of Warlpiri descent who was elected to the Senate for the Country Liberal Party representing Northern Territory in 2022. Price has argued against claims of systemic racism against Aboriginals in the criminal justice system, instead arguing that "black-on-black violence" is most pressing in Aboriginal communities.[52] Unlike many Aboriginal activists, Price opposes changing the date of Australia Day, describing the proposal as "virtue-signaling".[53]

Kerrynne Liddle is a former journalist and Arrernte woman originally from Alice Springs. At the 2022 she was elected as a Liberal Senator for South Australia.

Originally a member of Labor, former Indigenous Advisory Council (IAC) member Warren Mundine has since shifted toward the political right.[54] Mundine has criticised what he describes as efforts to introduce "critical race theory" in Australian schools, arguing it promotes a victim mentality among Aboriginals.[55]

Former Aboriginal conservative politicians include:[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kenny, Mark (2022-08-19). "Australian conservatism succumbs to the same radical tendency as like-minded parties abroad". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  2. ^ "Malcolm Turnbull makes conservative case for same-sex marriage at 'yes' launch". amp.smh.com.au. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  3. ^ "This is how everyone voted — and didn't vote — on same-sex marriage". ABC News. 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  4. ^ "Same-sex marriage: this is the Liberal Party I joined". amp.smh.com.au. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  5. ^ "What Do Australia's Political Parties Think About Cannabis?". investingnews.com. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  6. ^ Graeme Davison et al. eds., The Oxford Companion to Australian History (2nd ed. 2001) p 148
  7. ^ Brett 2003, p. 1.
  8. ^ Smith, Alexandra (16 December 2018). "'Government House has a ladies loo too': Morrison sticks with the past". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  9. doi:10.2307/20638361
    .
  10. ^ Yatman, Brian (15 May 2014). "In the Herald: May 16, 1982". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  11. ^ Cunningham, Matthew (2022). Mobilising the Masses: Populist Conservative Movements in Australia and New Zealand During the Great Depression (PDF). ANU Press. pp. 27–30.
  12. ^ Richardson, Charles (Autumn 2009). "Fusion: The Party System We Had To Have?" (PDF). Centre for Independent Studies. 25 (1): 14.
  13. ISSN 0005-0091
    .
  14. ^ "Burke's Legacy in Australian Politics – Quadrant Online". Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  15. ^ "Our Burkean Tradition". Menzies Research Centre. 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  16. ISBN 978-1-4616-7175-6
    .
  17. PMID 22567166
    . The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre.
  18. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0
    .
  19. ISBN 978-1-4616-7175-6
    .
  20. ISBN 978-1-55130-412-0
    .
  21. ^ Mosler & Catley 1998, p. 83.
  22. ^ Jupp 2004, p. 172.
  23. ISBN 978-0-522-86055-9
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-7748-0966-5
    .
  25. ^ "Anti-Asian, anti-Islam party falls apart in Australia". Asia Times. 15 June 2018.
  26. Sydney Morning Herald
    . 18 June 2018.
  27. ^ "Cory Bernardi quits the Liberal Party to establish Australian Conservatives". ABC News. 7 February 2017.
  28. ^ "Cory Bernardi Rogue Senator defects to go it all alone". The Daily Telegraph. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  29. ^ Massola, James (7 February 2017). "Cory Bernardi breaks silence, quits the Liberal Party in Senate speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  30. ^ "Christensen quits LNP over party direction". 7 April 2022.
  31. ^ "Big donors dump IPA on climate scepticism". Sydney Morning Herald. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  32. ^ "Institute of Public Affairs calls for the abolition of the minimum wage". Sydney Morning Herald. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  33. ^ "Conservative think tank the Institute of Public Affairs gives George Brandis race law ultimatum". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  34. ^ Associated Entity Disclosure Return, 2014-15
  35. ^ Reekie 1998, p. 63.
  36. ^ "A High Court Steward for conservatives". Australian Financial Review. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  37. ^ Pender, Kieran (2022-04-09). "Immigration case raises concerns over High Court politicisation". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  38. ^ "Conservative Leadership Foundation"
  39. ^ "SydneyTrads - Weblog of the Sydney Traditionalist Forum
  40. ^ "Edmund Burke's Club
  41. ^ Paul Kelly, The end of certainty: The story of the 1980s (1992) p 660
  42. ISBN 978-0-313-32169-6
    .
  43. ^ De Mestral, Armand (2017). Second Thoughts: Investor State Arbitration between Developed Democracies. McGill-Queen's Press. Most conservative newspapers, namely the Australian Financial Review (owned by the Fairfax group) and especially the Australian
  44. ^ Banks, Arthur (1998). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. p. 57.
  45. ^ Forde, Susan (2011). Challenging the News: The Journalism of Alternative and Community Media. Macmillan. p. 186.
  46. ^ "The Spectator slams ABC attacks". Australian Financial Review. 29 November 2013.
  47. ^ "Andrew Bolt's show sends Sky further right on the night". The Guardian.
  48. ^ "Australian Web Archive". webarchive.nla.gov.au. 23 August 2006. Archived from the original on 10 December 1999. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  49. ISBN 0-14-027983-0
    )
  50. ^ Dutton 2002, p. 83.
  51. ^ "Indigenous Australians can vote how they want". www.abc.net.au. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  52. ^ "There is a disregard for 'black-on-black violence'". Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  53. ^ "Virtue signalling does nothing to make lives of indigenous Australians safer". Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  54. ^ Natasha Robinson (3 November 2012). "Sick at heart: why a disillusioned Warren Mundine quit the Labor Party". The Australian. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  55. ^ "Critical race theory in national curriculum promotes 'victim' narrative among indigenous". Sky News Australia. Retrieved 2021-06-27.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Hirst, John, "Conservatism," in Graeme Davison et al. eds., The Oxford Companion to Australian History (2nd ed. 2001) pp 148–50
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