Constantin Stere
Constantin Stere | |
---|---|
Residence(s) | Chișinău, Iași, Bucharest |
Occupation | jurist |
Constantin G. Stere or Constantin Sterea (Romanian; Russian: Константин Егорович Стере, Konstantin Yegorovich Stere or Константин Георгиевич Стере, Konstantin Georgiyevich Stere; also known under his pen name Șărcăleanu; June 1, 1865 – June 26, 1936) was a Romanian writer, jurist, politician, ideologue of the Poporanist trend, and, in March 1906, co-founder (together with Garabet Ibrăileanu and Paul Bujor — the latter was afterwards replaced by the physician Ioan Cantacuzino) of the literary magazine Viața Românească.[1] One of the central figures of the Bessarabian intelligentsia at the time, Stere was a key actor during the Union of Bessarabia with Romania in 1918, and is associated with its legacy.
Constantin Stere was professor of
Biography
Early life
He was born in Horodiște, Soroca County,[2] to a family of boyar origins[3] from Ciripcău, Bessarabia — which was part of the Russian Empire at the time. Stere was one of the three sons of a couple of Russian citizens: Gheorghe or Iorgu Stere (known as Yegor Stepanovich Stere, Егор Степанович Стере in Russian), an ethnic Greek landowner[4] whose family was originally from Botoșani County in the Romanian part of Moldavia,[5] and Pulcheria (Пулкерия), a member of the impoverished gentry in Bessarabia.[6] He spent most of his early years, until the age of eight, in Ciripcău, where the family manor was located.[7]
Around 1874, he graduated from a
While still students, Stere and Kogan-Bernstein engaged in revolutionary politics as
He was first arrested in late 1883, after
Siberia
In 1885, he was
He was tried for his activities in Turinsk, based on evidence collected by the Okhrana.
"Quite a while ago have I begun to remove myself from the influence of political exiles and their tradition. Recent times, filled with major hardships for me, I have decided firmly and sincerely to break with these traditions, as well as with all things «illegal» in my past."[29]
Instead, he became familiar with neo-Kantian philosophy, expanding on his interest in Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (which he was reading in Beryozovsky District).[30] It was at this time that Stere began writing.[31]
In March 1889, the court decided to extend his term of exile by three more years, and relocated him to the village of Serginsk, near
Datoria and Evenimentul
In late 1891 or early 1892, having been set free, Stere returned to Bessarabia, and eventually sought political refuge inside Romania, crossing the border clandestinely.
Stere's break with
After debuting as a journalist for the liberal-inspired Evenimentul in 1893 (and engaging in public debates with the socialist press),[42] Stere also sent substantial contribution to Adevărul, a tribune of various left-wing trends that was being published in Bucharest under the direction of Anton Bacalbașa.[43] Later in 1893, he took part in founding Evenimentul Literar, the literary supplement of Evenimentul.[44]
He joined in the socialists Bacalbașa and Ibrăileanu in a cultural polemic with the poet Alexandru Vlahuță and his magazine Vieața.[45] Vlahuță, who had sided with Dobrogeanu-Gherea during the latter's conflict with Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu,[46] nonetheless clashed with the leftists over the issue of "art for art's sake", arguing that the interest his adversaries took in didacticism was harming literature.[47] This exchange of replies soon involved the former socialist Eduard Dioghenide, who attacked Evenimentul Literar with Antisemitic language, contending that Stere was "an employee of the little kikes" and had "lost his soul to the Jews".[48] At the time, Stere's activity with Datoria also came under attack from various student societies — most of them associates of the Conservative Party.[49]
During the late 1890s, he had begun making use of the Șărcăleanu alias in his polemic articles,
Winning the support of several Conservative politicians, Stere successfully applied for Romanian citizenship in February 1895, obtaining naturalization through a special law, as "a Romanian from Bessarabia".[54]
In 1897, Stere obtained a
Birth of Poporanism
By 1898, Stere, who had continued to acquire influence with Iași-based socialists, became involved in disputes over the future of the
Eventually, Stere entered the PNL as a left-wing
In essence, Poporanism ceased to view socialism as a goal in countries such as Romania. Stere noted that the group to be defined as industrial proletariat accounted for ca. 1% of the total number of taxpayers (around 1907),[64] and argued instead for a "peasant state", which was to encourage and preserve small agricultural plots as the basis for economic development. Citing the example of Denmark (see Danish cooperative movement), he also proposed that cooperative industries were to be created in the rural sphere, and that initiative agriculture could also rely in cooperative farms:[65]
"The essential role of peasant cooperatives resides in that they, while keeping the small-scale peasant holdings intact, award them the possibility to make use of all the advantages of large-scale production."[66]
Despite its name, Stere understood the "peasant state" not as an actual hegemony of the peasantry, but as an immediate move from the census suffrage in the Kingdom of Romania to a universal one, intended to accurately reflect the country's social realities (see 1866 Constitution of Romania).[67] In an 1898 speech, he also stressed a loyalty for the King of Romania (Carol I at the time).[68]
Stere notably rejected
This was also the start of a polemic between him and the Marxist Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea. Although the two shared skepticism over the possibility of early socialist success in Romania (agreeing with Titu Maiorescu's verdict that it was one of the "forms without substance", and thus an ill-suited effect of Westernization),[74] Dobrogeanu-Gherea argued that Stere's program of basing Romania's economy on cooperatives and small-scale agricultural holdings could only lead to endemic underdevelopment.[75]
Early National Liberal politics
As a city councilor in 1899, Stere soon found himself in an unusual position after
He lost his position in March 1899, following Sturdza's fall from power over a scandal involving relations between Romanian and
Following a conflict between Cantacuzino and Carp, which caused the latter's cabinet to be invalidated with assistance from Conservative parliamentarians (February 1901) Sturdza returned to power triumphantly.
Stere sided with Brătianu and Vasile Lascăr in 1904, at a time when the two confronted Sturdza and resigned from their government offices, provoking the cabinet's fall (and Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino's reinstatement as Premier).[89]
1905 Russian Revolution
In his later years, Stere argued that he had foreseen Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War and the string of social problems Russia experienced, and that he had sent the General Staff of the Romanian Army a memorandum on the matter.[90]
Soon after the
He issued a magazine (Basarabia) of which he was editor (together with Ion Inculeț, Teodor Inculeț, Ion Pelivan, Alexei Mateevici, and Pan Halippa), attempting to profit from the political gains in Russia by calling for both in-depth social reforms and decentralization; their influence waned after reactionary politicians made electoral gains and, as the new administration, confiscated most of the magazine's issues (leading to its bankruptcy in 1907).[95] Stere himself first returned to Romania in early 1906, and immediately left on a trip to Austro-Hungarian-ruled Transylvania, where he met with the poet and activist Octavian Goga in Sibiu, as well as with other prominent ethnic Romanians, becoming in time an unofficial envoy of the PNL in the region.[96] His involvement in the zemstvo trial became the topic of a scandal, after the institution accused Stere of having failed to fulfill his obligations as a lawyer, and called on him to return the fees he had received.[97]
Viața Românească
In its first editorial (1906), Viața Românească (a magazine which Stere had planned during his return to Bessarabia)[98] summarized the cultural guidelines of the Poporanist trend, ones which Stere had first theorized in 1899 articles for Evenimentul Literar:[99]
"A 'national' culture with specific characteristics will only be born when the large, truly
literature, ways of living — and this will only be possible when, through culture, enlarged political participation and economical uplifting, the peasantry will be awarded a social value in proportion with its numerical, economical, moral and national values, when we shall be one people, when all the social classes shall be of the same people [...]."[100]
Stere distanced himself from the competing and equally peasant-focused trend of Sămănătorul, which aimed to preserve the peasant way of life in front of modernization rather than enforce the peasant economy advocated by Poporanism.[101] He was notably involved in polemics with Sămănătorul's Octavian Goga and Nicolae Iorga.
As he later admitted, he attempted to divert attention from the Șărcăleanu alias by making use of another one, P. Nicanor & Co. (used before and after him by various Viața Românească contributors to the magazine's closing column), and by writing an article in which he claimed Stere and Șărcăleanu were not one and the same, thus maintaining the relative ambiguity until the early 1930s.[102]
1907 Revolt and aftermath
Alongside other followers of Brătianu (including
In early June, Premier Sturdza appointed Stere, alongside Take Ionescu,
Calling for an amnesty in respect to peasant rebels, Stere was initially silent on the new legislation (which, without questioning traditional landed property, allowed room for communal ownership), and was mostly absent from Chamber sessions.[112] He nevertheless authored several studies in which he condemned the state of affairs in Romanian agriculture, concluding one of them with a Latin verdict, paraphrasing Pliny the Elder, Latifundia perdidere Romaniam ("The great estates have ruined Romania").[113] He expressed full support for the newly established agricultural bank, Casa Rurală, at a time when the project for its creation was voted in Parliament (February 1908).[114]
First clashes with the PNL
After again siding with Brătianu during the inner-party conflict with Sturdza — culminating in Brătianu's arrival to power after the premier fell victim to a nervous disease —, Stere replaced
At the time, Stere and Ibrăileanu began mentioning the Poporanist or "democratic peasantist" trend as a small but representative faction of the PNL.
In his 1910 Neo-Serfdom (A Social and Economic Study of Our Land Issue), Dobrogeanu-Gherea viewed the relation between left-leaning cultural circles in Romania and Stere's Narodnik focus as conjectural, and made mention of competing trends inside Poporanism:
"[There is] the Poporanism established in this country around 15 years after [the Narodnik original] and from the very same source. Lacking the rigorous method of Marxism, [...] Poporanism appears to have being against Social Democracy as its sole attribute [...].
[There is also] our national, Romanian, Poporanism, as it has originated from the different and real circumstances of our country. [It] is more practical than theoretical, and does not in fact have its own theory. Mr. Stere's effort to award it one was not at all successful. But this Poporanism has its own views and attitudes and — what's more important — its own praxis. And to this real praxis, influencing the real course of things in this country, all kinds of Poporanists have associated themselves in one way or another, including those who are under the influence of Russian [Narodnik ideas]. But even this national Poporanism is far, very far from being uniform. This can even be seen in those multiple groupings composing it, [...] which many times quarrel with one another."[122]
The apparent heterogeneous character of Poporanism was also criticized by others, who noted that its discourse also featured nationalist rhetoric.[74] Nevertheless, PSDMR members other than Dobrogeanu-Gherea tended to refer to Viața Românească as "engaged in Sterist politics".[123] Constantin Stere had a moderate reaction to the publishing of Neo-Serfdom, briefly criticizing the arguments it brought against Poporanist politics (with Dobrogeanu-Gherea's renewed message that socialism was possible in backward countries); additional replies to the thesis came from Stere's disciple, the engineer Nicolae Profiri (among others who engaged in the debate was Dobrogeanu-Gherea's son, the future Leninist Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea).[124]
Around 1912, while visiting Florence, Italy, Stere began a long extra-marital relationship with Ana Radovici, the widow of Ion Radovici (the latter had committed suicide in 1909).[125] No longer elected to the Chamber in the 1912 suffrage, he returned to his chair at the Iași University.[126] During the electoral campaign, reelected leader of the Liberal club, he was again attacked by Evenimentul, and, having taken part in denouncing A. C. Cuza for plagiarism, clashed with his supporters (who briefly occupied the PNL headquarters in Iași in May).[127]
World War I
In 1916, Stere strongly supported Romania's alliance with the
Following the
In late March 1918, he represented the Alexandru Marghiloman government in Chișinău, during the time after the February and October Revolutions when Bessarabia had proclaimed itself a Moldavian Democratic Republic — he was charged with assisting Ion Inculeț in proposing a union of Bessarabia and Romania in Sfatul Țării, the republic's legislative assembly.[131] After prolonged debates, the vote was carried in favor of union on March 27 (see Greater Romania).
With the change in fortunes brought by the
Creation of the Peasants' Party
In the late 1910s, he became discreetly involved in the movement that led to the creation of the Bessarabian Peasants' Party (founded and led by Pan Halippa and Ion Inculeț). In late 1918, most of it merged into Ion Mihalache's Peasants' Party (PȚ), of which he and Halippa became high-ranking members[133] (Inculeț disagreed with the political union, and led a smaller party that eventually merged into the PNL).[134]
Stere caused a scandal after running and winning elections for the
"[...] Stere aims to scrape together a socialist party, allied with the Peasants' Party, against all other social classes, and thus follows a policy out of which, in the end, we could only get Bolshevism."[123]
In 1919, Stere had shown his awareness of that he and his party were being criticised by various political groups claiming Marxist orthodoxy,
"[...] for a country such as Romania, it is obvious that the urban
workers' movements in Germany.
Does this mean that there is a real conflict of interests between those elements of the German proletariat that are being led by the orthodox Social Democracy, and the elements that follow the banner of the Independent Party?"[137]
Scandal and dissidence
Stere's position in his party's leadership prevented it from entering a close union with the Transylvania-based Romanian National Party (PNR) in 1924, as the PNR's leaders resented his anti-Entente past.[138]
Two years later, however, he was admitted as one of the leaders of the newly created National Peasants' Party, a fusion of the two groups that was partly aided by the attack of National Liberal agents on Pan Halippa and the government's refusal to punish the guilty.[139] Stere was the author of a legislation which aimed at providing for a degree of administrative decentralization and local initiative in government, passed in 1929 by the Iuliu Maniu executive.[140]
He soon clashed with the more conservative politicians who had been members of the PNR. In March 1930, the mention of his name during a public celebration provoked a number of Romanian Army generals to leave in protest; immediately after, the National Liberal group around Vintilă Brătianu began attacking Stere's party for harbouring him, and for causing a split between Army and political establishment.[141] General Henry Cihoschi, the Minister of Defense, was publicly criticized in parliament for not siding with his subordinates, and had to resign on April 4; Maniu appeared to support Stere's ousting.[142]
In reply, Stere again expressed his view that Romania's government had been wrong in 1916,[143] and left to create the minor Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere (not to be confused with the one created later by Nicolae L. Lupu), which he led into a union with Grigore Iunian's Radical Peasants' Party.
Legacy
Despite his dissidence, Stere's ideas remained highly influential inside the National Peasants' Party, and constituted a major influence on the doctrines of Virgil Madgearu.[144] Poporanism, alongside Marxism itself, was a contributing factor in Dimitrie Gusti's original theories on sociology.[145]
Stere's original ideas on economic development and Marxist topics were subject to
În preajma revoluției first appeared in eight volumes between 1932 and 1936, when it met with popular and critical success, although this was largely due to the fact that its author was cloaked in legend. The Communist regime banned the work for its duration, considering it unpublishable, even after Ceaușescu steered a course away from Soviet tutelage. The book was published between 1990 and 1991 at Chișinău, while Stere's biographer Zigu Ornea put out another edition in 1991-1993. Both editions of the somewhat problematic 2331-page text were flawed, and in 2010, the Iași-based literary historian Victor Durnea began publishing a critical, annotated edition of Stere's works, starting with the novel. The manuscripts no longer exist, Stere's archive in his country house at Bucov having mysteriously disappeared after World War II, so that Durnea's interventions were limited to introducing uniformity into the available text, eliminating arbitrary decisions both by Stere and his editors, and replacing obsolete terms and punctuation that resulted from the author's culturally Russian outlook.[149]
Notes
- ^ Stere, "Cum am devenit...", p.13
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.28
- ^ Nădejde, in Gorovei; Ornea, Vol.I, p.212
- ISBN 978-1-317-47593-4.
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.23-25
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.26-28
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.27-29, 33
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.36-37
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.37-41
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.44-45
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.46-48
- ^ Hitchins, p.82; Ornea, p.48-49
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.50
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.56-59
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.60-61
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.61-67
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.74-75
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.75-76
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.77
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.80-86
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.87-88
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.90-93
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.93-94
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.93-96
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.96-97
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.98
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.103
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.104-106
- ^ Stere, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.98-99
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.106-108
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.108
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.111-112
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.113
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.126-143
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.156-160
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.147-149, 150-153, 156, 194, 238-241
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.52-55
- ^ Hitchins, p.83; Ornea, Vol.I, p.172, 180-185, 198
- ^ Hitchins, p.83; Ornea, Vol.I, p.161-165
- ^ Boatcă, p.18; Ionescu
- ^ Boatcă, p.15; Ornea, Vol.I, p.122-123
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.165-175
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.173
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.183-188
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.190-197, 199
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.193
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.193-197
- ^ Dioghenide, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.199, 200
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.198
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.187-188
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.199-202
- ^ Naționalul, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.202
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.210
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.211-214
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.218; 225-236
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.220-223
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.237-238
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.241
- ^ Petrescu, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.244
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.245-248
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.248-250
- ^ Boia, p.109-110; Boatcă, p.15; Hitchins, p.83, 85; Ionescu; Ornea, Vol.I, p.172, 175-180, 190-191, 297-298; Stahl
- ^ Hitchins, p.83; Ornea, Vol.I, p.175, 433-438
- ^ Boatcă, p.15; Ornea, Vol.I, p.436-437, 446-447
- ^ Hitchins, p.84-85; Ornea, Vol.I, p.437-438; Stahl
- ^ Stere, in Stahl
- ^ Boatcă, p.15; Ionescu
- ^ Ornea, Vol I, p.251
- ^ Ionescu; Love; Stahl
- ^ Ionescu
- ^ Boatcă, p.17
- ^ Boatcă, p.18-19
- ^ Boatcă, p.19-20
- ^ a b Boatcă, p.15
- ^ Dobrogeanu-Gherea; Hitchins, p.87
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.257
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.257-265
- ^ Maiorescu, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.266
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.267
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.268-270
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.245, 282-283, 301, 308
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.283-284
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.285-286
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.289-290
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.290-296
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.312-317
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.317-319
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.54
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.306-312
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.339-340
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.342
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.338, 342
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.345-346
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.345
- ^ Hitchins, p.251-252; Ornea, Vol.I, p.348-355
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.384-385
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.432-433, 451-452
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.347, 355-357
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.190-193
- ^ Viața Românească, in Niculae et al., p.64 (italics as used in the original)
- ^ Hitchins, p.84-85; Ornea, Vol.I, p.387-388
- ^ Stere, "Cum am devenit...", p.14-15
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.400
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.401-404
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.404-412, 414-417
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.412
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.413-414
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.418-423, 465
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.429, 441-443
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.430-431
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.451-453
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.442-446, 450-451
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.446-447
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.448-450
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.460-471, 492
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.471-475
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.494-510
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.489-490
- ^ Sanilevici, in Ornea, Vol.I, p.513 (Sanielevici's italics)
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.511-520
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.529-533, 554-557
- ^ Dobrogeanu-Gherea
- ^ a b c Nădejde, in Gorovei
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.533-543
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.548-551
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.551-553
- ^ Ornea, Vol.I, p.553-558
- ^ a b Zbuchea
- ^ Boia, p.256; Zbuchea
- ^ a b Stere, in Coman, p.19
- ^ Hitchins, p.278; Zbuchea
- ^ Slabey Roucek, p.85
- ^ Slabey Roucek, p.85-86
- ^ Niculae et al., p.12
- ^ Scurtu
- ^ Slabey Roucek, p.86
- ^ Stere, in Niculae et al., p.93
- ^ Niculae et al., p.13; Scurtu
- ^ Slabey Rocek, p.91
- ^ Hitchins, p.409
- ^ Coman, p.20-21
- ^ Coman, p.20, 22
- ^ Coman, p.19; Zbuchea
- ^ Coman, p.23; Ornea, Vol.I, p.438; Hitchins, p.320-321, 388
- ^ Vulcănescu
- ^ a b Boatcă, p.23
- ^ Coman, p.20
- ^ (in Romanian) Membrii post-mortem al Academiei Române, at the Romanian Academy site; retrieved April 8, 2012
- ^ Voncu
References
- Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, 2001
- Manuela Boatcă, "Peripheral Solutions to Peripheral Development: The Case of Early 20th Century Romania" (PDF file), in Journal of World Systems Research, XI, 1, July 2005, p. 3-26
- Ion Coman, "Un pretext, un şantaj, o mostră a politicianismului burghez: cazul Stere" ("A Pretext, a Blackmail, a Sample of Bourgeoisie Petty Politics: the Stere Case"), in Magazin Istoric, June 1972
- (in Romanian) Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Neoiobăgia: Curente de idei și opinii în legătură cu neoiobăgia ("Neo-Serfdom: Schools of Thought and Opinions Dealing with Neo-Serfdom")
- (in Romanian) Arthur Gorovei, "Între socialiști, la Iași" ("Among the Socialists, in Iași"), in Magazin Istoric
- Keith Hitchins, România, 1866-1947, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition Rumania, 1866-1947, Oxford University Press, USA, 1994)
- (in Romanian) Alexandra Ionescu, Chipuri ale binelui comun. Două tentative românești de conciliere între morală și politică ("Faces of the Common Good. Two Romanian Attempts to Reconcile Morals and Politics")
- Joseph L. Love, Theorizing underdevelopment: Latin America and Romania, 1860-1950
- Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, Doctrina țărănistă în România. Antologie de texte ("Peasant Doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1994
- Zigu Ornea, Viața lui C. Stere, Vol. I, Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1989; Vol. II, Cartea Românească, 1991
- (in Romanian) Ioan Scurtu, "Prăbușirea unui mit" ("A Myth's Crumbling"), in Magazin Istoric
- Joseph Slabey Roucek, Contemporary Roumania and Her Problems, Ayer Publishing, Manchester, New Hampshire, 1971
- (in Romanian) Henri H. Stahl, Gânditori și curente de istorie socială românească ("Thinkers and Trends in Romanian Social History"), Cap.IX, "Curentele antigheriste" ("Anti-Dobrogeanu-Gherea Trends")
- (in Romanian) Răzvan Voncu, "Lungul drum al recuperării lui C. Stere" Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, in România Literară, Nr. 32/2010
- Constantin Stere, "Cum am devenit director al Vieții Romînești [sic]" ("How I Became an Editor of Viața Românească"), in Viața Românească, 1&2/XXV, January–February 1933
- (in Romanian) Mircea Vulcănescu, Școala sociologică a lui Dimitrie Gusti. IX: Semnificația generală a învățământului gustian ("The Sociology School of Dimitrie Gusti. IX: The General Significance of Gusti's Teaching") Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
- (in Romanian) Gheorghe Zbuchea, Despre problema basarabeană în politica externă a României în anii 1912-1916 ("On the Bessarabian Issue in Romania's External Policy in the Years 1912-1916"
External links
- (in Romanian) Liliana Corobca, Personajul în romanul românesc interbelic ("Characters in the Interwar Romanian Novel"): 2.0. Lecturile personajului (approx. "What Characters Read") (includes an analysis of Vania Răutu and Smaragda Theodorovna, protagonists of În preajma revoluției)