Constantine VII

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Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
)

Constantine VII
Theodora
Names
Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos
("the Purple-born")
Regnal name
Constantinus Augustus[a]
DynastyMacedonian dynasty
FatherLeo VI
MotherZoe Karbonopsina

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (

Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, and the nephew of his predecessor Alexander
.

Most of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne with

De Thematibus (Περὶ θεμάτων Άνατολῆς καὶ Δύσεως), and Vita Basilii (Βίος Βασιλείου), though his authorship of the Vita Basilii is not certain.[2][3]

The epithet porphyrogenitus alludes to the Purple chamber of the imperial palace, decorated with

.

Life

Regency

Constantine was born in

In early 913, as his uncle

magistroi John Eladas and Stephen, the rhaiktor John Lazanes, the otherwise obscure Euthymius and Alexander's henchmen Basilitzes and Gabrielopoulos.[9] Following Alexander's death (6 June),[10] the new and shaky regime survived the attempted usurpation of Constantine Doukas,[11] and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos quickly assumed a dominant position among the regents.[12]

Patriarch Nicholas was presently forced to make peace with Tsar Simeon of Bulgaria, whom he reluctantly recognized as Bulgarian emperor.[13] Because of this unpopular concession, Patriarch Nicholas was driven out of the regency by Constantine's mother Zoe. She was no more successful with the Bulgarians, who defeated her main supporter, the general Leo Phokas, in 917.[14]

In March 919, she was replaced as regent by the

Romanos Lekapenos, who married his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine.[15] Romanos used his position to advance to the ranks of basileopatōr in April 919, to kaisar (Caesar) on 24 September 920, and finally to co-emperor on 17 December 920.[10] Thus, just short of reaching nominal majority, Constantine was eclipsed by a senior emperor.[16]

Constantine's youth had been a sad one due to his unpleasant appearance, his taciturn nature, and his relegation to the third level of succession, behind Christopher Lekapenos, the eldest son of Romanos I Lekapenos.[17][3] Nevertheless, he was a very intelligent young man with a large range of interests, and he dedicated those years to studying the court's ceremony.

Senior emperor

Depiction of Constantine VII in a 15th-century codex.

Romanos kept and maintained power until 16/20 December 944, when he was deposed by his sons, the co-emperors

Prote as a monk and died on 15 June 948.[18] With the help of his wife, Constantine VII succeeded in removing his brothers-in-law, and on 27 January 945, Constantine VII became sole emperor at the age of 39, after a life spent in the shadow.[18][21] Several months later, on 6 April (Easter), Constantine VII crowned his own son Romanos II co-emperor.[21] Having never exercised executive authority, Constantine remained primarily devoted to his scholarly pursuits and delegated his authority to bureaucrats and generals, as well as to his energetic wife Helena Lekapene.[22]

In 947, Constantine VII ordered the immediate restitution of all peasant lands, without compensation; by the end of his reign, the condition of the landed peasantry, which formed the foundation of the whole economic and military strength of the Empire, was better off than it had been for a century.[23]

In 949, Constantine launched a new fleet of 100 ships (20

Arab corsairs hiding in Crete
, but like his father's attempt to retake the island in 911, this attempt also failed.

On the Eastern frontier things went better, even if with alternate success. In the same year, the Byzantines conquered

Samosata, in northern Mesopotamia. An Arab fleet was also destroyed by Greek fire
in 957.

Constantine had active diplomatic relationships with foreign courts, including those of the

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. In the autumn of 957 Constantine was visited by Olga of Kiev, regent of the Kievan Rus'. The reasons for this voyage have never been clarified; but she was baptised a Christian with the name Helena, and sought Christian missionaries to encourage her people to adopt Christianity. According to legends, Constantine VII fell in love with Olga, but she found a way to refuse him by tricking him into becoming her godfather. When she was baptized, she said it was inappropriate for a godfather to marry his goddaughter.[24]

Constantine VII died at Constantinople on 9 November 959 and was succeeded by his son Romanos II.[25][26] It was rumored that he had been poisoned by his son or his daughter-in-law Theophano.[27]

Madrid Skylitzes' depictions of Constantine

Literary activity

Geoponika
, MS.Laur.Plut.59.32 f.171v

Constantine VII was recognized as a writer and scholar, surrounding himself with educated people of the Imperial Court.

Punic texts that are otherwise lost; De Ceremoniis ("On Ceremonies", in Greek, Περὶ τῆς βασιλείου τάξεως), describing the kinds of court ceremonies (also described later in a more negative light by Liutprand of Cremona); De Administrando Imperio ("On the Administration of the Empire", bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ὑιὸν Ρωμανόν),[1] giving advice on running the Empire internally and on fighting external enemies; a history of the Empire covering events following the death of the chronographer Theophanes the Confessor in 817; and Excerpta Historica
("Excerpts from the Histories"), a collection of excerpts from ancient historians (many of whose works are now lost) in four volumes (1. De legationibus. 2. De virtutibus et vitiis. 3. De insidiis. 4. De sententiis). In The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius, John Michael Moore (CUP, 1965) provides a useful summary of the commission by Porphyrogenitus of the Constantine Excerpts:

He felt that the historical studies were being seriously neglected, mainly because of the bulk of the histories. He therefore decided that a selection under fifty-three titles should be made from all the important historians extant in Constantinople; thus he hoped to assemble in a more manageable compass the most valuable parts of each author. ... Of the fifty-three titles into which the excerpts were divided, only six have survived: de Virtutibus et Vitiis; de Sententiis; de Insidiis; de Strategematis; de Legationibus Gentium ad Romanos; de Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes. The titles of only about half the remaining forty-seven sections are known.[28]

Also amongst his historical works is a history eulogizing the reign and achievements of his grandfather, Basil I (Vita Basilii, Βίος Βασιλείου). These books are insightful and of interest to the historian, sociologist, and anthropologist as a source of information about nations neighbouring the Empire. They also offer a fine insight into the Emperor himself.

In his book, A Short History of Byzantium, John Julius Norwich refers to Constantine VII as "The Scholar Emperor".[29] Norwich describes Constantine:

He was, we are told, a passionate collector—not only of books and manuscripts but works of art of every kind; more remarkable still for a man of his class, he seems to have been an excellent painter. He was the most generous of patrons—to writers and scholars, artists and craftsmen. Finally, he was an excellent Emperor: a competent, conscientious and hard-working administrator and an inspired picker of men, whose appointments to military, naval, ecclesiastical, civil and academic posts were both imaginative and successful. He did much to develop higher education and took a special interest in the administration of justice.[30]

Family

By his wife

Romanos I, Constantine VII had several children:[31]

Legacy

Constantine VII is still remembered in the Eastern Orthodox liturgy when the transfer of the Holy Mandylion is celebrated on 16 August in the Julian calendar which corresponds to 31 August in the Gregorian calendar. This feast is part of the Nut Feast of the Saviour for Slavs.

Solidi

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Recorded under the Armenian form and word order as Ogostos Kostandianos in Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi LIV.26.
  2. ^ Constantine Lekapenos is not given a regnal number because he never became senior emperor (even though he briefly usurped his father), as per Byzantine historiography.[20]
  3. ^ The scene is clearly imaginary, as Constantine was only 8 years old at the time.
  4. ^ Or Constantine Lekapenos, or possibly both.

References

  1. ^ a b Moravcsik 1967.
  2. ^ a b Logos 2019a, pp. 10, 10B.
  3. ^ a b Logos 2019b, pp. 10–12.
  4. ^ Grumel, V. (1937). Une date historico-liturgique. Revue des études byzantines 36 (185): 52–64.
  5. ^ a b Ostrogorsky 1969, p. 260.
  6. ^ John Skylitzes VII.32
  7. ^ Grierson, P., & Jenkins, R. (1962). "The date of Constantine VII's coronation". Byzantion 32 (1): 133–138.
  8. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 473.
  9. ^ Runciman 1988, pp. 47–48.
  10. ^
    CSHB
    45)
  11. ^ Runciman 1988, pp. 49–50.
  12. ^ Runciman 1988, pp. 49ff..
  13. ^ Runciman 1930, p. 275.
  14. ^ Garland 1999, p. 121.
  15. ^ Garland 1999, p. 123.
  16. ^ Ostrogorsky 1969, p. 264.
  17. ^ Logos 2019a, pp. 10, 10B and note 9.
  18. ^ a b c Theophanes Continuatus 436–441
  19. ^ John Skylitzes XI.1–2.
  20. .
  21. ^ a b John Skylitzes XI.1–3.
  22. ^ Ostrogorsky 1969, pp. 278–279.
  23. ^ Norwich, 182–183.
  24. .
  25. CSHB
    8)
  26. .
  27. ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 283.
  28. ^ Moore, 127.
  29. ^ Norwich, 181.
  30. ^ PmbZ, Konstantinos VII. (#23734).
  31. ^ PmbZ, Leon (#24418).
  32. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1806.
  33. ^ PmbZ, Zoe (#28507).
  34. ^ PmbZ, Theodora (#27604).
  35. ^ PmbZ, Agathe (#20169).
  36. ^ PmbZ, Theophano (#28126).
  37. ^ PmbZ, Anna (#28126).

Sources

External links

Constantine VII
Born: 18 May 905 Died: 9 November 959
Regnal titles
Preceded by Byzantine emperor
6 June 913 – 9 November 959
with Romanos I Lekapenos (920–944)
Christopher Lekapenos (921–931)
Stephen Lekapenos (924–945)
Constantine Lekapenos (924–945)
Succeeded by