Copper Hoard culture
Copper Hoard culture describes find-complexes which mainly occur in the western Ganges–Yamuna
Artefacts
Historical finds
The Copper Hoard finds occur mainly in Yamuna–Ganges
Several hoard artifacts have turned up without an archaeological context, which raises doubts about their authenticity.[8] Although on their discovery frequently questioned, today few voice doubts about the four Daimabad copper finds.[9]
The different assemblages are known mostly by only their metallic artifacts, and thus the term 'culture' is misleading.[citation needed] Many finds are deposited in the Kanya Gurukul museum in Narela/Haryana.[7]
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Selected hoard artifacts from 1-2 South Haryana, 3-4 Uttar Pradesh, 5 Madhya Pradesh, 6-8 South Bihar-North Orissa-Bengalen.[10]
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Indian Copper hoard artifact from Rewari, Haryana is probably not a use-object but more likely had a religious function.
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Recorded Indian Copper hoards objects, statistic.
Regional find-groups
Four regional find-groups are identifiable with their characteristic find-types:
- Characteristic hoard-finds from South Haryana/North Rajasthan (recorded: 383) include flat axes, harpoons, double axes, swords with so-called antenna grips and others.
- In the Ganges-Yamuna Doab(235) related types occur.
- Those from Chota Nagpur differ (235) entirely from these. They include finely worked pieces, and mostly look at first like axe-heads but are probably ingots.
- Fewer are those known from Madhya Pradesh (120), although originally there were some 424 from the Ghangharia hoard alone.
Of the four find groups, the largest number derives from southern Haryana, especially from Hansi, 120 km west of Delhi [11] These are purchases and are not excavated. R.A.E. Coningham believes that one of the largest hoards is that from Daimabad with 60 kg.[12] It is an isolated contemporary phenomenon with little to do with the four main find-groups. Several writers do not distinguish between any early copper-based artefacts and the more narrowly defined Copper Hoards.
Artifacts from Al-Aqir, Oman, Lothal, Gujarat and Kallur, Karnataka also comprise other finding spots of the copper hoard culture.
Characteristics of the artefacts
The
Hoard objects contain from 78-99% copper. Six contain up to 32.9% iron.[13] Artefacts from Haryana show the greatest chemical variation. Those from Ghangharia are chemically the most homogeneous. Variations in the amount of different constituent metals are considered to be unintentional. Harappan metallurgists seem better able to produce usable alloys.
Certain copper artifacts from the late 3rd millennium contexts in Oman resemble the anthropomorphs of the Indian Copper Hoards.[14][note 1]
Interpretations of the artefacts
The copper hoards are associated with the
Considering the find circumstances and constituent hoard patterns, Yule found no evidence for a functional use, but interprets them as ritualistic objects.
The anthropomorphs have been explained by Das Gupta as a vajra, a divine weapon with Indo-European origins, fashioned for the Vedic and later Hindu deity Indra.[17] P. Kuznetsov also associates this artefact with the vajra of Indra, noting similarities with a symbolic cudgel-scepter found in a burial of the Yamnaya culture of the Eurasian steppes.[18] Harry Falk associated the bar celts with the vajra.[19][2][20]
Zin acknowledges the possibility that CHC-objects may be related to Indo-European culture, stating "Falk’s identification of the vajra as a bar-celt seems to be the right one; the Avestan word vazra means a ‘hammer’."[20] She disputes the association with Indra's vajra, noting that when in the 1st century BCE the iconography of Indra took form, the memory of Vedic weapons had since vanished. Thus the vajra of Hindu art corresponds to the keraunos (thunderbolt) of the Greek deity Zeus, and "[t]he iconography may have been transported via coins and small objects of art."[21]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Also published as Yule (2004) and Yule (2014).
References
- ^ a b Yule 2003, p. 541.
- ^ a b c d e f Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 126.
- ^ a b Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 125.
- ^ a b Parpola 2020.
- ^ a b Yule 2002, p. 118.
- ^ Lal 1951, p. 20–39.
- ^ a b Yule 1985.
- ^ cf. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/02/a-ligatured-metal-artifact-found-in.html : implausible combination of motifs of different periods raise doubt about a well-known anthropomorph
- ^ Yule 1985, p. 10-12, Pl 2-4.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 310.
- ^ Yule 2002.
- ^ in: F.R. Allchin (ed.), The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia (Cambridge 1995) 72.
- ^ P. Yule/A. Hauptmann/M. Hughes, The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation,Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 36, 1989 [1992] 262-263 Tab. 4 & 5 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/509/.
- ^ Yule 2003.
- ^ Yule 2014.
- ISBN 9514107292
- ISSN 0076-2741
- ^ Kuznetsov, Pavel (2005). "An Indo-Iranian Symbol of Power in the Earliest Steppe Kurgans". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 33 (3): 12.
- ^ Falk 1993.
- ^ a b Zin 2005, p. 81.
- ^ Zin 2005, p. 82.
Sources
- Falk, H. (1993), "Copper Hoard Weapons and the Vedic vajra", South Asian Archaeology 1993, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Helsinki
- Lal, B.B. (1951), "Further Copper Hoards from the Gangetic Basin and a Review of the Problem", Ancient India, 7, 1951, 20-39
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781884964985. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
- Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. .
- ISBN 3-406-30440-0
- doi:10.11588/propylaeumdok.00000109)
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Yule, Paul Alan (2004), "Beyond the Pale of Near Eastern Archaeology: Anthropomorphic Figures from al-Aqir near Baḥlāʾ, Sultanate of Oman, Man and Mining", Pragdhara, 14, 2004, 231–239
- ISBN 978-1-4073-1326-9)
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Zin, Monika (2005), "Vajrapāṇi in the Narrative Reliefs", in Fröhlich, C. (ed.), Migration, Trade and Peoples, Part 2: Gandharan Art, The British Association for South Asian Studies, (Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists in London 2005) 73-83, ISBN 978-0-9553924-5-0
Further reading
- B.B. Lal (1972). The Copper Hoard Culture of the Ganga Valley. Heffer.
External links
- Yule (1997), The Copper Hiards of Northern India, Penn Museum