Coptic Cairo
Coptic Cairo is a part of
History
There is evidence of settlement in the area as early as the 6th century BC, when Persians built a fort on the Nile, north of
It is traditionally held that the
Under the Romans, St. Mark and his successors were able to convert a substantial portion of the population from pagan beliefs to Christianity. As the Christian communities in Egypt grew, they were subjected to persecution by the Romans, under Emperor
When the Muslim Arabs conquered Egypt in the 7th century, they established a new city, Fustat, outside the walls of the Babylon Fortress. Fustat became the administrative capital of Egypt and replaced Alexandria as its most important city.[8][9] In the early years of Arab rule, the Copts were allowed to build several churches within the old fortress area.[10] Some of the oldest churches in Cairo, the Church of Saint Barbara and the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus are dated to around this time, from the late 7th or early 8th century.[11]
There may have also been a Jewish presence in the area in the early period of Muslim rule. A traditional account claims that the Ben Ezra Synagogue was converted from a church sold to the Jews by the Coptic community in 882 in order to pay a tribute demanded by the governor of Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun.[12] This story, however, is generally not accepted at face value by modern scholars.[12][13] Documents in the Cairo Geniza provide evidence of a possible Jewish presence as early as the 6th century,[12] though the current building is the result of a reconstruction in the 1890s.[14]
In the
With the fall of the Fatimids and the rise of the Ayyubid dynasty in the 12th century, Muslim authorities became less tolerant and open-minded towards Christians and the construction of any new churches was strictly forbidden.[18] Despite this, Coptic art and literature still flourished. A number of western European travelers also visited Old Cairo during this period and wrote descriptions of the ancient fortress and its churches. The interiors of churches were embellished with new furnishings and works of art, including the elaborate wooden altar screens seen in some of the churches here today.[19]
During the 17th century, as the religious climate under the Ottomans became more open again, restoration and reconstruction of churches resumed on a more significant scale. In addition to the building activity, patronage of the arts grew and a large number of church icons preserved today were commissioned in the 18th and 19th centuries.[20]
By the late 19th century, however, many churches were suffering from neglect. The situation was improved in part thanks to the Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe, an agency established in 1881 to restore and conserve Cairo's historic monuments. Starting in 1897, the Comité was given a budget to safeguard Coptic monuments in particular, aided by funding from the Coptic patriarchate.[21] Another aspect of this conservation effort was the opening of the Coptic Museum in 1910 in order to house and protect historic works of Coptic art, relevant artefacts from archeological excavations, and decorative architectural elements drawn from churches and houses around the country. It now houses the world's most important collection of Coptic art.[22][23][24]
Churches
Coptic Cairo is, to this day, a predominantly Christian area,[25] hosting many historically important churches:
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- Saint Mary Church (Haret Elroum)
- Saint Mercurius Church
- Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church (Abu Serga)
- The Hanging Church
- Church of the Holy Virgin (Babylon El-Darag)
- Saint Barbara Church
- The Church of Saint Menas[1]
- Nunnery and Church of St. George
- Monastery and Greek Orthodox)
See also
- Copts in Egypt
- Coptic architecture
- Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, Cairo
- Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)
- Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila)
- Holy family in Egypt
Notes
- ^ a b Coptic Cairo egyptologyonline Archived 2007-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Beattie 2005, p. 63
- ^ Beattie 2005, pp. 64–65
- ^ Beattie 2005, p. 65
- ^ a b Beattie 2005, p. 66
- ISBN 1-85964-154-7
- ^ Kamil 1987, p. 81
- ^ Raymond, André. 1993. Le Caire. Fayard.
- ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- ^ Beattie 2005, pp. 67–69
- ^ Gabra et al. 2013, p. 75.
- ^ a b c Gabra et al. 2013, p. 37.
- ISBN 9780805242904.
- ISBN 9781317320326.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-1926473123.
- ^ Gabra et al. 2013, pp. 80, 178, 182–183.
- ^ Gabra et al. 2013, p. 76.
- ^ Gabra et al. 2013, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Gabra et al. 2013, p. 77.
- ^ Gabra et al. 2013, pp. 78–79.
- ISBN 978-977-416-007-3.
- ^ Beattie 2005, pp. 75–76
- ^ Brief History, Coptic Museum, archived from the original on 2004-06-03, retrieved 2009-01-29
- ^ "Cairo travel". Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
References
- Beattie, Andrew (2005), Cairo: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press
- Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
- Kamil, Jill (1987), Coptic Egypt, American University in Cairo Press
- Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.