Cord blood

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Cord blood
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Cord blood (umbilical cord blood) is

hematopoietic and genetic disorders such as cancer
.

Constituents

Cord blood is composed of all the elements found in whole

pluripotent, cord blood stem cells are multipotent.[8][9][10]

Medical uses

Cord blood is used the same way that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used to reconstitute bone marrow following radiation treatment for various blood cancers, and for various forms of anemia.[11][12] Its efficacy is similar as well.[11]

Adverse effects in transplantation

Adverse effects are similar to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, namely graft-versus-host disease if the cord blood is from a genetically different person, and the risk of severe infection while the immune system is reconstituted.[11] To assure that the smallest amount of complications occur during transplantation, levels of engraftment must be present; specifically both neutrophils and platelets must be being produced.[13] This process of neutrophil and platelet production after the transplant, however, takes much longer than that of stem cells.[13] In many cases, the engraftment time depends on the cell dose, or the amount of stem cells obtained in the sample of blood.[13] In Dr. Moise's article about umbilical cord blood, it was found that there is approximately 10% less stem cells in cord blood than there is in bone marrow.[13][14] Therefore, a sufficient amount of cord blood must be obtained in order to collect an adequate cell dose, however this amount varies from infant to infant and is irreplaceable. Given that this idea is quite new, there is still a lot of research that needs to be completed. For example, it is still unknown how long cord blood can safely be frozen without losing its beneficial effects.[13] There is a lower incidence with cord blood compared with traditional HSCT, despite less stringent HLA match requirements.[11]

Collection and storage

Umbilical cord blood is the blood left over in the placenta and in the umbilical cord after the birth of the baby. There are several methods for collecting cord blood. The method most commonly used in clinical practice is the "closed technique", which is similar to standard blood collection techniques.[15] With this method, the technician cannulates the vein of the severed umbilical cord using a needle that is connected to a blood bag, and cord blood flows through the needle into the bag. On average, the closed technique enables collection of about 75 ml of cord blood.[16]

Collected cord blood is cryopreserved and then stored in a cord blood bank for future transplantation. Cord blood collection is typically depleted of red blood cells before cryopreservation to ensure high rates of stem cell recovery.[17]

History

The first successful cord blood transplant (CBT) was done in 1988 in a child with Fanconi anemia.[11] Early efforts to use CBT in adults led to mortality rates of about 50%, due somewhat to the procedure being done in very sick people, but perhaps also due to slow development of immune cells from the transplant.[11] By 2013, 30,000 CBT procedures had been performed and banks held about 600,000 units of cord blood.[12]

Society and culture

Regulation

The AABB has generated voluntary accreditation standards for cord blood banking facilities.[18]

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration regulates any facility that stores cord blood; cord blood intended for use in the person from whom it came is not regulated, but cord blood for use in others is regulated as a drug and as a biologic.[19] Several states also have regulations for cord blood banks.[18]

In Europe, Canada, and Australia use of cord blood is regulated as well.[18] In the United Kingdom the NHS Cord Blood Bank was set up in 1996 to collect, process, store and supply cord blood; it is a public cord blood bank and part of the NHS.[20]

Private and public banks

A cord blood bank may be private (i.e. the blood is stored for and the costs paid by donor families) or public (i.e. stored and made available for use by unrelated donors). While public cord blood banking is widely supported, private cord banking is controversial in both the medical and parenting community. Although umbilical cord blood is well-recognized to be useful for treating hematopoietic and genetic disorders, some controversy surrounds the collection and storage of umbilical cord blood by private banks for the baby's use. Only a small percentage of babies (estimated at between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 200,000) ever use the umbilical cord blood that is stored.

Institute of Medicine says that only 14 such procedures have ever been performed.[23]

Private storage of one's own cord blood is unlawful in Italy and France, and it is also discouraged in some other European countries. The

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also encourage public cord banking and discourage private cord blood banking. Nearly all cord blood transplantations come from public banks, rather than private banks, partly because most treatable conditions can't use a person's own cord blood.[25][21][22][26] The World Marrow Donor Association and European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies states "The possibility of using one's own cord blood stem cells for regenerative medicine is currently purely hypothetical....It is therefore highly hypothetical that cord blood cells kept for autologous use will be of any value in the future" and "the legitimacy of commercial cord blood banks for autologous use should be questioned as they sell a service which has presently no real use regarding therapeutic options."[27]

The American Academy of Pediatrics supports efforts to provide information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation so that parents can make an informed decision. In addition, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that if a patient requests information on umbilical cord blood banking, balanced information should be given. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that private umbilical cord blood banking may be considered when there is knowledge of a family member with a medical condition (malignant or genetic) who could potentially benefit from cord blood transplantation.[28]. The American Academy of Pediatrics, or AAP, supports efforts to provide information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation so that parents can make an informed decision.[29] Cord blood education is also supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences published an Institute of Medicine (IoM) report titled "Establishing a National Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank Program".[30]

In March 2004, the European Union Group on Ethics (EGE) has issued Opinion No.19 titled Ethical Aspects of Umbilical Cord Blood Banking.[31] The EGE concluded that "[t]he legitimacy of commercial cord blood banks for autologous use should be questioned as they sell a service, which has presently, no real use regarding therapeutic options. Thus they promise more than they can deliver. The activities of such banks raise serious ethical criticisms."[31]

Research

Though uses of cord blood beyond blood and immunological disorders is speculative, some research has been done in other areas.

embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any type of tissue). Cord blood has been studied as a treatment for diabetes.[33] However, apart from blood disorders, the use of cord blood for other diseases is not in routine clinical use and remains a major challenge for the stem cell community.[32][33]

Along with cord blood,

mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and as of 2015 had been studied in vitro, in animal models, and in early stage clinical trials for cardiovascular diseases, as well as neurological deficits, liver diseases, immune system diseases, diabetes, lung injury, kidney injury, and leukemia.[34][35][36]

Cord blood is being used to get stem cells with which to test in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.[37] The stem cells from umbilical cord blood are also being used in the treatment of a number of blood diseases including blood cancers.[38]

Cord blood is also being studied as a substitute for normal blood transfusions in the developing world.[38][39] More research is necessary prior to the generalized utilization of cord blood transfusion.[38]

Cord blood stem cells are also being studied for treatment for COVID-19 cytokine storms since these and other perinatal (cord tissue and placental tissue derived) stem cells can secrete anti-inflammatory molecules. Dozens of clinical trials are under way to see if they can help patients with COVID-19.[40]

Recent clinical studies show that 1 year after the transplant of UM171 (a haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal agonist), transplant-related mortality was 5% and relapse incidence was at 21%. Furthermore, only 3 of 22 patients (~14%) who received the UM171-expanded cord blood transplantation died.[41]>[42]

A woman was reported to have been cured of HIV, the third person ever to be cured of the disease, using a transplantation of cord blood. Some of the details of the case were presented February 15, 2022 at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Denver, CO.[43]

References

  1. ^ "Allocord- human cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cell injection, solution". DailyMed. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  2. ^ "Clevecord (hpc- hematopoietic progenitor cell, cord blood injection, suspension". DailyMed. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  3. ^ "Cordcyte- human cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cell injection, suspension". DailyMed. 20 December 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  4. ^ "Ducord- human cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cell solution". DailyMed. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Hemacord- human cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cell injection". DailyMed. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
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  23. ^ "Umbilical cord blood banking: Pros & cons, costs, banking basics". www.webmd.com. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
  24. ^ "Opinion 2.165 – Umbilical Cord Blood Banking". www.ama-assn.org. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
  25. ^ Besser R, Schwartz S, Romo C (2010-05-07). "Cord Blood: Marketing Before Medicine?". ABC News. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
  26. ^ Searcey D, Stewart CS (April 25, 2014). "Inside the Private Umbilical Cord Blood Banking Business". Wall Street Journal.
  27. ^ "WMDA Policy Statement on the Utility of Autologous or Family Cord Blood Unit Storage" (PDF). World Marrow Donation Association. April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
  28. ^ "ACOG Committee Opinion Umbilical Cord Blood Banking". The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. March 2019.
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