Cork (city)
Cork
Corcaigh | ||
---|---|---|
City | ||
Shandon Steeple | ||
Region Southern | | |
County | Cork | |
Founded | 6th century AD | |
City rights | 1185 AD | |
Government | ||
• Local authority | Cork City Council | |
• Lord Mayor | Kieran McCarthy (Ind) | |
• Local electoral areas |
| |
• Dáil constituency |
Vehicle index mark code C | |
Website | Official website | |
Cork (
The city centre is an island between two channels of the
Originally founded in the 6th century as a monastic settlement, Cork was expanded by
History
Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by
The city's charter was granted by
The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe – in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine.
The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491, Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The then-mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed.
The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the knighthood of the incumbent mayor by Queen Victoria on her visit to the city.[18]
Since the nineteenth century, Cork had been a strongly
In the
City boundary
The boundary was expanded in 1840, in 1955 and in 1965.[20][21] [22]
In 2018, cabinet approval was given for a further extension of the Cork City boundary, to include
Climate
The climate of Cork, like the majority of Ireland, is mild oceanic (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification) and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport,[30] a few kilometres south of the city centre. The airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft) and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the rest of the city. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill.[30] Due to its position on the coast, Cork city is subject to occasional flooding.[31]
Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) or above 25 °C (77 °F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (48.34 in) of
Climate data for amsl , 1981−2010 normals
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.3 (82.9) |
24.7 (76.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −8.5 (16.7) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
4.8 (40.6) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 131.4 (5.17) |
97.8 (3.85) |
97.6 (3.84) |
76.5 (3.01) |
82.3 (3.24) |
80.9 (3.19) |
78.8 (3.10) |
96.8 (3.81) |
94.6 (3.72) |
138.2 (5.44) |
120.0 (4.72) |
133.1 (5.24) |
1,227.9 (48.34) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 152 |
Average snowy days | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 11.3 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 UTC)
|
83.7 | 78.9 | 75.5 | 71.3 | 70.9 | 71.5 | 72.9 | 72.8 | 75.4 | 80.4 | 83.4 | 85.4 | 76.8 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 4 (39) |
4 (39) |
4 (39) |
5 (41) |
8 (46) |
10 (50) |
12 (54) |
12 (54) |
11 (52) |
9 (48) |
6 (43) |
5 (41) |
8 (46) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 55.8 | 67.8 | 102.3 | 159.0 | 192.2 | 174.0 | 167.4 | 161.2 | 129.0 | 93.0 | 69.0 | 57.2 | 1,427.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.9 |
Source 1: Met Éireann[33][34][35] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985−2015)[36][37] |
Culture
The
(capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150) both host plays throughout the year.Cork is home to the
, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born.Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), The Everyman, Cork Arts Theatre, Cyprus Avenue, Dali, Triskel Christchurch, The Roundy, and Coughlan's.[42]
The city's literary community centres on the Munster Literature Centre and the Triskel Arts Centre.[43] The short story writers Frank O'Connor and Seán Ó Faoláin hailed from Cork, and contemporary writers include Thomas McCarthy, Gerry Murphy, and novelist and poet William Wall.
Additions to the arts infrastructure include modern additions to the
Cork was the European Capital of Culture for 2005, and in 2009 was included in the Lonely Planet's top 10 "Best in Travel 2010". The guide described Cork as being "at the top of its game: sophisticated, vibrant and diverse".[45]
There is a "friendly rivalry" between Cork and Dublin,[46][47] similar to the rivalry between Manchester and London or Melbourne and Sydney.[48][49] Some Corkonians view themselves as different from the rest of Ireland, and refer to themselves as "The Rebels"; the county is known as the "Rebel County". This view sometimes manifests itself in humorous references to the Real Capital[48] and the propagation of t-shirts and street art celebrating the fictional The People's Republic of Cork[50][51]
Food
The city has many local traditions in food, including
In September 2021, the food hall Marina Market was established in the docklands area of the city. A former warehouse, the Marina Market is an indoor, open-air space in which food vendors operate, and also incorporates an events space.[54]
Accent
The Cork accent, part of the Southwest dialect of Hiberno-English, displays various features which set it apart from other accents in Ireland. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents. English spoken in Cork has several dialect words that are peculiar to the city and environs. Like standard Hiberno-English, some of these words originate from the Irish language, but others through other languages Cork's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad.[55] The Cork accent displays varying degrees of rhoticity, usually indicative of the speaker's local community.
Media
Broadcasting
Broadcasting companies based in Cork include
The city's
Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). Its ''sister paper'', The Echo (formerly the Evening Echo), was for decades connected to the "Echo boys", who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper.[citation needed] Today, the shouts of the vendors selling The Echo can still be heard in parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent.[59] The city's university publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine.[60][61]
Places of interest
Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods.
Many of the city's buildings are in the
Cork's most famous building is the
Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, Christ Church on South Main Street (now the Triskel Arts Centre and the original site of early Hiberno-Norse church), and St Mary's Dominican Church on Popes Quay. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the River Lee flows, the Women's Gaol at Sunday's Well (now a heritage centre) and the English Market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.[71]
Parks and amenity spaces include Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city (which contains the Cork Public Museum), the angling lake known as The Lough, Bishop Lucey Park (which is centrally located and contains a portion of the old city wall) and the Marina and Atlantic Pond (an avenue and amenity near Blackrock used by joggers, runners and rowing clubs).[72][73][74][75]
Up until April 2009, there were also two large commercial breweries in the city. The Beamish and Crawford on South Main Street closed in April 2009 and transferred production to the Murphy's brewery in Lady's Well. This brewery also produces Heineken for the Irish market. There is also the Franciscan Well brewery, which started as an independent brewery in 1998 but has since been acquired by Coors.
Local government and politics
With a population of over 222,000[5] Cork is the second-most populous city in the State and the 16th-most populous local government area.[76]
Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, it was made a county borough, governed by a county borough corporation. This was altered by the Local Government Act 2001, under each of the five county boroughs became designated as cities, governed by city councils. Cork City Council is a tier-1 entity of local government with the same status in law as a county council.
While the local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and several other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral areas. As of the
National politics
For elections to Dáil Éireann, the city is part of two constituencies: Cork North-Central and Cork South-Central which each returns four TDs. Since the 2020 general election, these constituencies are represented by three Fianna Fáil TDs, two TDs Fine Gael TDs, two Sinn Féin TDs and one People Before Profit–Solidarity TD.
Historically, the city was represented in the Dáil by Cork City from 1977 to 1981, by the two constituencies of Cork City North-West and Cork City South-East from 1969 to 1977, and by Cork Borough from 1921 to 1969. In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, it was represented by Cork City from 1801 to 1922, and the Irish House of Commons, it was represented by Cork City from 1264 to 1800.
Economy
Retail
The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of modern shopping centres and family-owned local shops. Shopping centres can be found in several of Cork's suburbs, including
Other shopping arcades are in the city centre, including the "Cornmarket Centre" on Cornmarket Street, "Merchant's Quay Shopping Centre" on Merchant's Quay, home to
Cork's main shopping street is
Industry
Cork City is a hub of industry in the region.
The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews
Cork's deep harbour allows large ships to enter, bringing trade and easy import/export of products. Cork Airport also allows easy access to continental Europe and Cork Kent railway station in the city centre provides good rail links for domestic trade.
Employment
According to the 2011 Cork City Employment & Land Use Survey, the single largest employers in the city (all with over 1,000 employees) include
Transport
Air
Cork Airport is the second busiest airport in the Republic of Ireland and is situated on the south side of Cork city close to Ballygarvan. Nine airlines fly to more than 45 destinations in Europe.[98] Scheduled airlines using Cork airport include Aer Lingus, Aer Lingus Regional, Air France, KLM, Lufthansa, Ryanair and Swiss International Air Lines.[99]
Bus
Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered 201 through 226 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest.[100] Prior to 2011 city routes were numbered 1 through 19, however the introduction of real-time bus signage required the move to the 2xx namespace.[101] Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs and towns, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.
The first 24-hour bus in Ireland, route 220, was initiated in Cork in January 2019.
Following the initial rollout of the BusConnects project in Dublin, as of October 2022 the National Transport Authority (NTA) were in a consultation process for similar changes in Cork.[107] The NTA proposed the development of twelve bus corridors linking Cork city centre with several suburbs, with proposed 'bus gates' in several areas and a trebling of active bus lanes in the Cork area.[citation needed] While the NTA said that they were applying lessons learned from the Dublin scheme, some Cork homeowners voiced concerns over proposed bus corridors and the possibility of losing parts of their gardens and on-street parking, the risk of devaluation of their homes, worries about the impact of construction on the structural integrity of their homes, the loss of hundreds of trees along roads, and the impact on trade which may arise from reduced on-street parking.[107] In an Irish Examiner article from October 2022, it was noted that at least one of the draft proposals, to build a road bridge over Ballybrack Woods in Douglas, had already been dropped.[107] In November 2023, the scheme entered a third and final round of public consultation, with several infrastructural projects added to the scheme, including a bus interchange at Cork University Hospital.[citation needed]
Long-distance buses depart from the bus terminal in Parnell Place to destinations throughout Ireland. Hourly services run to Killarney/Tralee, Waterford, Athlone and Shannon Airport/Ennis/Limerick/Galway and there are six services daily to Dublin.
Private operators include Irish Citylink, Aircoach and Dublin Coach. Irish Citylink serves Limerick and Galway. Aircoach operates an Express non-stop service which serves Dublin City Centre and Dublin Airport 18 times daily in each direction. Dublin Coach serves Dublin via Waterford , Kilkenny and Red Cow.
Harbour and waterways
The Cross River Ferry, from Rushbrooke to Passage West, links the R624 to R610. This service is used by some commuters to avoid traffic in the Jack Lynch Tunnel and Dunkettle area.[108] The Port of Cork is situated at Ringaskiddy, 16 kilometres (10 miles) SE via the N28. Brittany Ferries operates direct car ferry services from Cork to Roscoff in France.[109]
Road
The city's road infrastructure improved in the late 20th and early 21st century, including the early 1980s construction of the Cork South Link
From 2012, cycle paths and bike stands were added in a number of areas.
Rail
Railway and tramway heritage
Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from
Other rail routes terminating or traversing Cork city were the Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway, a line to Macroom, the Cork and Muskerry Light Railway to Blarney, Coachford and Donoughmore, as well as the Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway connecting Bantry, Skibbereen, Clonakilty and many other West Cork towns. West Cork trains terminated at Albert Quay, across the river from Kent Station (though an on-street rail system connected the two for rolling stock and cargo movement). There have been two tram networks in operation Within the city. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line.[115]
In December 1898, the Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company began operating on the Blackpool–Douglas, Summerhill–Sunday's Well and Tivoli–Blackrock routes. Increased usage of cars and buses in the 1920s led to a reduction in the use of trams, which discontinued operations permanently on 30 September 1931.
The wider city area, including the city's suburbs, is served by three railway stations. These are Cork Kent railway station, Little Island railway station and Glounthaune railway station.
Current routes
Cork's
The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork. Stations include Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened, with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton (and additional stations proposed for Blarney and elsewhere).[117] Little Island railway station serves Cork's Eastern Suburbs.
Education
Cork is an important educational centre in Ireland – There are over 35,000 third-level students in the city, meaning the city has a higher ratio of students in the population than the national average.[118] Over 10% of the population of the Metropolitan area are students in University College Cork (UCC) and Munster Technological University, (MTU), including nearly 3,000 international students from over 100 countries.[119] UCC is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland and offers courses in arts, commerce, engineering, law, medicine and science. It has been named "Irish University of the Year" four times since 2003, most recently in 2016.[120] Munster Technological University (MTU) - formerly Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) - was named Irish "Institute of Technology of the Year" in 2007, 2010 and 2016 and offers third-level courses in Computing and IT, Business, Humanities and Engineering (Mechanical, Electronic, Electrical, and Chemical).
The
Research institutes linked to the third-level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering).[119] UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. At UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship.[122] In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.[123]
Sport
Rugby, Gaelic football, hurling and association football are popular sporting pastimes for Corkonians.
Gaelic games
Association football
Cork City F.C. are the largest and most successful association football team in Cork, winning three League of Ireland titles, four FAI Cup titles, and one "All Ireland" Setanta Sports Cup title. They play their home games on the south side of the city in Turners Cross. Several, now defunct, Cork clubs played in the League of Ireland before 1984. In total, teams from the city have won the league 12 times. Association football is also played by amateur and school clubs across the city, as well as in "five-a-side" style leagues.
Rugby
Water sports
There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including
Cricket
The most notable
Other sports
The city contains clubs active in national competitions in basketball (
The area is the home of
Twin cities
Cork is
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1659 | 4,826 | — |
1813 | 64,394 | +1234.3% |
1821 | 100,658 | +56.3% |
1831 | 107,016 | +6.3% |
1841 | 80,720 | −24.6% |
1851 | 82,625 | +2.4% |
1861 | 79,594 | −3.7% |
1871 | 78,642 | −1.2% |
1881 | 80,124 | +1.9% |
1891 | 75,345 | −6.0% |
1901 | 76,122 | +1.0% |
1911 | 76,673 | +0.7% |
1926 | 78,490 | +2.4% |
1936 | 93,322 | +18.9% |
1946 | 89,877 | −3.7% |
1951 | 112,009 | +24.6% |
1956 | 114,428 | +2.2% |
1961 | 115,689 | +1.1% |
1966 | 125,283 | +8.3% |
1971 | 134,430 | +7.3% |
1979 | 138,267 | +2.9% |
1981 | 136,344 | −1.4% |
1986 | 133,271 | −2.3% |
1991 | 127,253 | −4.5% |
1996 | 127,187 | −0.1% |
2002 | 123,062 | −3.2% |
2006 | 119,418 | −3.0% |
2011 | 119,230 | −0.2% |
2016 | 125,657 | +5.4% |
2019 | 210,000 | +67.1% |
2022 | 224,004 | +6.7% |
[138][139][140][141][142][143][144][5] |
The population of Cork City and its suburbs was recorded as 208,669 by the 2016 census,[145] with in excess of 300,000 in the Metropolitan Cork area.[146] Following the 2019 boundary extension, final results for the City from the 2022 census of Ireland showed a population of 224,004 people.[5]
Nationality | Population |
---|---|
Poland | 6,822 |
United Kingdom | 3,075 |
Lithuania | 1,126 |
France | 960 |
Germany | 866 |
India | 824 |
Nigeria | 640 |
Hungary | 543 |
Slovakia | 523 |
Spain | 520 |
There were 119,230 people present in the Cork City Council-administered area at the time of the 2011 census, of these 117,221 indicated that they were usually present in Cork. In common with other Irish urban centres, the female population (50.67%) was higher than the male population (49.33%), although the gap is somewhat smaller than in other cities.
In the 2011 census, of those usually resident, 100,901 (86.08%) were Irish citizens; 10,295 (8.78%) were citizens of other EU countries; 4,316 (3.68%) were citizens of countries elsewhere in the world; 1,709 (1.46%) did not state their citizenship.[148] By the 2016 census, the population of the city and suburbs were 81% white Irish, 10% other white, 1.4% black/black Irish, 2.5% Asian/Asian Irish, 1.7% other, with 2.6% not stating an ethnicity. [149]
By the 2022 census, the population of the city and suburbs were 74.4% white Irish, 9.9% other white, 1.47% black/black Irish, 4.1% Asian/Asian Irish, 2.3% other, with 7.1% not stating an ethnicity[150]
In terms of religion, the 2016 population was 76.4%
Notable residents
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Further reading
- Merchants, Mystics and Philanthropists – 350 Years of Cork Quakers Richard S. Harrison Published by Cork Monthly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends (ISBN 978-0-9539542-1-6
- Atlas of Cork City, edited by John Crowley, Robert Devoy, Denis Linehan and Patrick O'Flanagan. Illustrated by Michael Murphy. Cork University Press, 2005, ISBN 1-85918-380-8.
- Henry, Jefferies. A New History of Cork. History Press Ireland, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84588-984-5.
- McAvoy, Mark. Cork Rock: From Rory Gallagher To The Sultans Of Ping. Mercier Press (2009) ISBN 978-1-85635-655-8.
- Where Bridges Stand: the River Lee bridges of Cork City, Antóin O'Callaghan. History Press Ireland, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84588-746-9.
- Cork City Through Time, Kieran McCarthy & Daniel Breen. Stroud : Amberley, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4456-1142-6.
External links
- Cork City Council site
- Architecture of Cork
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 158–160. .