Penis
(Redirected from
Corkscrew penis
)
| Penis | |
|---|---|
 Penis of an Asian elephant | |
| Details | |
| Precursor | Genital tubercle (amniotes) |
| System | Reproductive system, sometimes with the genitourinary system |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | penis |
| Anatomical terminology | |
In many
inseminate females (or hermaphrodites) during copulation.[1][2] Such organs occur in both vertebrates and invertebrates
, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species.
The term penis applies to many
Vertebrata, there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes
.
Etymology
The word "penis" is taken from the
tail". Some derive that from Indo-European *pesnis, and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European *pesos. Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English, the penis was referred to as a "yard". The Oxford English Dictionary cites an example of the word yard used in this sense from 1379,[3] and notes that in his Physical Dictionary of 1684, Steven Blankaart defined the word penis as "the Yard, made up of two nervous Bodies, the Channel, Nut, Skin, and Fore-skin, etc."[4] According to Wiktionary
, this term meant (among other senses) "rod" or "bar".
As with nearly any aspect of the body involved in sexual or
excretory functions, the penis is the subject of many slang words and euphemisms for it, a particularly common and enduring one being "cock". See WikiSaurus:penis
for a list of alternative words for penis.
The Latin word "phallus" (from Greek φαλλος) is sometimes used to describe the penis, although "phallus" originally was used to describe representations, pictorial or carved, of the penis.[5]
Evolution and function
The external genital organs appeared in the Devonian, about 410 million years ago, when tetrapods began to abandon the aquatic environment.[6] In fact, it was necessary to overcome the absence of a liquid phase in which to release the gametes was achieved through the transition to internal fertilization.
Among amniotes, the development of an erectile penis occurred independently for
birds
).
Over time, birds have lost this organ, with the exception of
Paleognathae and Anseriformes.[7]
The penis is an
fertilization and, in the case of placentals, also for the excretion of urine.[8] The penises of different animal groups are not homologous
with each other, but were created several times independently of each other in the course of evolution.
An
spermatozoa
, from the penis.
The last common ancestor of all living amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) likely possessed a penis.[9]
Vertebrates
Birds
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Most male birds (e.g.,
ratites)[11] and Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans).[12] A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall (in ducks) and being erected by lymph, not blood.[13]
It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in a flaccid state, curls up inside the cloaca.
Mammals
-
Penis of a hamadryas baboon -
Penis of a horse -
Penis of a cat -
Penis of a dog (Great Dane)
As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between
distal part of the urethra in placental mammals. [8] The perineum of testicond mammals separates the anus
and the penis.
A bone called the baculum is present in most placental mammals but absent in humans, cattle and horses.
In mammals, the penis is divided into three parts:[16]
- Roots (caudal border of the pelvic ischial arch.
- Body: the part of the penis extending from the roots.
- Glans: the free end of the penis.
The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous,
blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue
(trabeculae).
_(20241179329).jpg)
Domestic cats have barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimeter long backwards-pointing spines.[20] Monotremes and marsupial moles are the only mammals in which the penis is located inside the cloaca.[21][22]
Fish and reptiles
Male
evolutionary convergence, turtle and mammal penises have a similar structure.[24]
In some fish, the
andropodium, and claspers
are intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins.
Invertebrates
In male insects, the structure analogous to a penis is known as aedeagus. The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the cirrus.[25]
In 2010, entomologist Charles Linehard described Neotrogla, a new genus of barkflies. Species of this genus have sex-reversed genitalia. Females have penis-like organs called gynosomes that are inserted into vagina-like openings of males during mating.[26]
Heraldry
Pizzles are represented in heraldry, where the adjective pizzled (or vilené[27]) indicates that part of an animate charge's anatomy, especially if coloured differently.
See also
References
Citations
- ISBN 978-0-19-971703-3. Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- PMID 17610714.
- ISBN 9789350252208.
- ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8.[dead link]
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
- ISBN 978-0-95677-954-0.
- ISBN 978-0-19971-703-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- PMID 26510679.
- PMID 20031991.
- ISBN 978-0-7923-8336-9. Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-60501-557-6. Archived from the originalon 26 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7. Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-674-00666-9. Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ISBN 9780813814513. Archivedfrom the original on 2018-03-20.
- ISBN 978-0-7506-8877-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- (PDF) from the original on 2013-02-22.
- S2CID 13070242. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-06-20.
- ^ Gadow, H. On the systematic position of Notoryctes typhlops. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1892, 361–370 (1892).
- ^ Riedelsheimer, B., Unterberger, P., Künzle, H. and U. Welsch. 2007. Histological study of the cloacal region and associated structures in the hedgehog tenrec Echinops telfairi. Mammalian Biology 72(6): 330-341.
- ISBN 0-931625-43-2
- PMID 15503998.
- ^ "Penis | Description, Anatomy, & Physiology | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. January 2024.
- from the original on 2014-11-03.
- ^ Rietstap, J. B. (1884). "Armorial général; précédé d'un Dictionnaire des termes du blason". G. B. van Goor zonen: XXXI.
Vilené: se dit un animal qui a la marque du sexe d'un autre émail que le corps
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
General and cited references
Horses
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- "The Stallion: Breeding Soundness Examination & Reproductive Anatomy". University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
- Munroe, Graham; Weese, Scott (15 March 2011). Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction. Manson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84076-608-0. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- Budras, Klaus Dieter; Sack (1 March 2012). Anatomy of the Horse. Manson Publishing. ISBN 978-3-8426-8368-6. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- England, Gary (15 April 2008). Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-75041-4. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- Equine Research (2004). Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness, and Performance. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-487-0. Archived from the originalon 7 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- Evans, James Warren (15 February 1990). The Horse. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1811-6. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- Hayes, M. Horace; Rossdale, Peter D. (March 1988). Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners: An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine and Surgery. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-76561-3. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- McBane, Susan (2001). Modern Horse Breeding: A Guide for Owners. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-58574-389-6. Archived from the originalon 7 July 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Marsupials
- Parker, Rick (13 January 2012). Equine Science (4 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-13877-6. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- Flannery, Tim (2008). Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. pp. 60–. ISBN 9780802143716. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- Hunsaker, Don II (2 December 2012). The Biology of Marsupials. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-323-14620-3. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- Jones, Menna E.; Dickman, Chris R.; Archer, Mike; Archer, Michael (2003). Predators With Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643066342. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- King, Anna (2001). "Discoveries about Marsupial Reproduction". Iowa State University Biology Dept. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
- Stonehouse, Bernard; Gilmore, Desmond (1977). The Biology of marsupials. University Park Press. ISBN 978-0-8391-0852-8. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- Tyndale-Biscoe, C. Hugh (2005). Life of Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06257-3. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Other animals
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{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Elbroch, Lawrence Mark; Kresky, Michael Raymond; Evans, Jonah Wy (7 April 2012). Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95164-8. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
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External links
Look up penis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penis.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Male genitalia in heraldry.
