List of ancient tribes in Illyria

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)

Illyrian tribes in the 7th–4th centuries BCE.

This is a list of ancient tribes in the ancient territory of

Enchelei
).

After the

decuriae,[4]
formed of the dispersed tribes in Illyria.

Illyrian

Illyrian tribes in the 1st-2nd centuries CE.

Albani

The Albani (Latinized form of

Ancient Greek: Ἀλβανοί, Albanoi) were an Illyrian tribe whose first historical account appears in a work of Ptolemy.[5] They were the citizens of Albanopolis (Ἀλβανόπολις), located in the center of modern Albania, in the Zgërdhesh hill fort, near the city of Krujë. The national ethnonym of the Albanians is derived from this tribe.[6][7][8]

Amantes

The Amantes lived in present-day southwestern Albania.[9] The site of Amantia has been identified with the location of their territory.[10] The toponym has a connection with the modern Albanian term amë/ãmë ("river-bed, fountain, spring")[11]

Ardiaei

The Ardiaei or Ouardaioi (Ancient Greek: Ἀρδιαῖοι, Οὐαρδαῖοι; Latin: Vardiaei, Vardaei)

Neretva River in the north to the borders of Epirus in the south, while its influence extended throughout Epirus and down into Acarnania. The Ardiaean realm became one of Rome's major enemies, and its primary threat in the Adriatic Sea. The dominant power of the Illyrian kingdom in the region ceased after its defeat in the Illyro-Roman Wars
(229–168 BC). In Roman times the Ardiaei had 20 decuriae

Autariatae

The Autariatae or Autariates (

Kingdom of Macedonia, 20,000 settled in the Parorbelian mountain range, in an area between modern southeastern North Macedonia, northern Greece and southwestern Bulgaria
.

Balaites

The Balaites were an Illyrian tribe known from epigraphical findings only who were organizing themselves in a koinon, and it is likely that they lived in the vicinity of Apollonia.[14][15]

Bathiatae

The

Bathiatae[16]
were an Illyrian tribe.

Bylliones

The Bylliones (Βυλλίονες) were an Illyrian tribe.

Nikaia
were their chief centres.

Cavii

The

Lake Shkodër. Their main settlement was Epicaria.[21] They are mentioned rarely by ancient writers.[22]

Daorsi

The Daorsi or Duersi or Daorsii or Daorsei (Ancient Greek: Δαόριζοι, Δαούρσιοι) were an Illyrian tribe.

Illyrian Wars, the Daorsi were given immunity. Their most important city was Daorson
. They had 17 decuriae.

Dardani

The Dardani or Dardanians were a central Balkan people, among the oldest in the region. They were the most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries. Ancient tradition considered the Dardani as an

Macedon
.

Dassaretii

The Dassaretii (Ancient Greek: Δασσαρῆται, Δασσαρήτιοι) were an

Macedon and Epirus
.

Deretini

The Deretini or Derriopes (Ancient Greek: Δερρίοπες) were an Illyrian tribe[27] in Narona conventus with 14 decuriae.

Deuri

The Deuri or Derbanoi (Ancient Greek: Δερβανοί)[28] were an Illyrian tribe.[29] Other possible names are Derrioi.[30] In a conventus held in Salona after the Roman conquest the Deuri had 25 decuriae.[31]

Dyestes

The Dyestes or Dyestae (Ancient Greek: Δυέσται)[32] were an Illyrian tribe[33] located around the silver mines of Damastion. Only Strabo passingly mentions this tribe.

Enchelei

The Enchelei or Sesarethii

Harmonia ruled over them. Several locations are hypothesized for the Encheleans: around Lake Ohrid;[38] above Lake Ohrid, or in the region of Lynkestis south of the Taulantii.[39]

Kinambroi

The Kinambroi (Ancient Greek: Κίναμβροι) were an Illyrian tribe. They surrendered to

Octavian in 33 BC.[30]

Labeatae

The Labeates or Labeatae (Ancient Greek: Λαβεᾶται) were an

First Illyrian War against Rome caused the emergence of the Labeatan dynasty on the political scene. The last known Illyrian king, Gentius, was defeated in the Third Illyro-Roman war
in 168. In Roman times the Labeatae minted coins bearing the inscription of their ethnicon.

Mazaei

The Mazaei or Maezaei (Ancient Greek: Μαζαῖοι, Μαιζαῖοι) were a tribal group, including 269 decuriae.[40][41]

Melcumani

The Melcumani or Merromenoi or Melkomenioi (Ancient Greek: Μελκομένιοι) were an Illyrian tribe.[42] The Melcumani had 24 decuriae.

Narensi

Narensi or Narensii or Narensioi (Ancient Greek: Ναρήνσιοι)

Lower course
. The Narensi had 102 decuriae.

Parthini

Penestae

Penestae (Ancient Greek: Πενέσται) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.[46] Their chief town was Uscana.

Selepitani

The Selepitani (Latin: Selepitani) were an Illyrian tribe located below the

Lake Scutari
.

Siculotae

The Siculotae or Sikoulotai were an Illyrian tribe.[47] The Siculotae were part of the Pirustae.[44] The Siculotae had 24 decuriae.

Dalmatae

The Dalmatae were an ancient Illyrian tribe. It is considered to be connected to the

Celticized.[48][49]
The Delmatae had 342 decuriae.

Iapydes

The

Iapydes or Japodes (Ancient Greek: Ἰάποδες, romanized: Iapodes) were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the Liburnians, off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the Istrian peninsula. The first written mention of an Illyrian tribe known as "Iapydes" is by Hecataeus of Miletus
.

Baridustae

The Baridustae were an Illyrian tribe that was later settled in Dacia[50] along with Pirustae and Sardeates. The Baridustae were a Dalmatian tribe.[51]

Tariotes

The Tariotes were a subtribe of the Dalmatae that lived on the eastern Adriatic coast.[52]

Sardiatae

The Sardeates or Sardiotai were an Illyrian tribe close to Jajce.[29] Sardeates were later settled in Dacia.[50] The Sardeates had 52 decuriae.

Docleatae

The Docleatae (Ancient Greek: Δοκλεᾶται, romanized: Dokleatai) were an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is now

Great Illyrian revolt
. The Docleatae had 33 decuriae.

Pleraei

Pleraei, Plarioi, Pyraei, Pleraioi, Plaraioi or Palarioi (Ancient Greek: Παλάριοι) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.[55]

Endirudini

Endirudini or Interphrourinoi (Ancient Greek: Ἰντερφρουρῖνοι)[56] was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.[30]

Sasaei

Sasaei was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.[30]

Grabaei

The Grabaei or Kambaioi (Ancient Greek: Καμβαῖοι)

Lake Scutari.[57]

Deraemestae

Deraemestae or Deraemistae was the name of an Illyrian tribe.

Armistae
. The Deramestae had 30 decuriae.

Oxyaei

Ozuaei or Ozuaioi or Oxuaioi (Ancient Greek: Ὀξυαῖοι)[56] was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[59]

Hemasini

Hemasini or Hippasinoi (Ancient Greek: Ἱππασῖνοι)[60] was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[59]

Arthitae

Arthitae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[59]

Armistae

Armistae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[59]

Taulantii

Taulantii (Ancient Greek: Ταυλάντιοι) was the name of a cluster

King Glaukias (ruled 335 – c. 302 BC) ruled over them. Glaukias offered asylum to the infant Pyrrhus of Epirus and mantained ties with him after he became king of Epirus. The Abroi, a northern subgroup of the Taulantii, were known to the ancient Greek writers for their technique of preparing mead from honey.[63]

Chelidonioi

Abroi

Pannonian tribes

Dalmatians, Liburni, Venetic groups, Pannonian groups and Celts in Pannonia

The name Pannonians (Ancient Greek: Παννόνιοι, romanized: Pannonii) refers to

Celticized.[65][66]

Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *pen-, "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English fen, "marsh"; Hindi pani, "water").[67]

The Pannonian tribes inhabited the area between the river Drava and the Dalmatian coast. Early archaeology and onomastics show that they were culturally different from southern Illyrians,

Celtic. Ancient sources (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Appian of Alexandria) mention few of the Pannonian[69]
tribes by name, and historians and archaeologists have located some of them.

The Pannonians were not definitely subdued within the province of

Illyrian tribes, revolted, and engaged the Roman Empire in a hard-fought campaign that lasted for three years, when they were finally overcome by the future emperor Tiberius and Germanicus
in 9 AD. At that point, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south.

Amantini

Amantini (Ancient Greek: Ἄμαντες) was the name of a

Pannonian[70] Illyrian tribe.[71] They greatly resisted the Romans but were sold as slaves after their defeat.[72] The Amantini were close to Sirmium.[73]

Breuci

The Breuci (Ancient Greek: Βρεῦκοι, romanized: Breukoi) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.

Brčko is derived from the name of this tribe.[74] A number of Breuci settled in Dacia.[75]

Colapiani

Colapiani was the name of an Illyrian tribe.

Breuci[78] along with the Osseriates and the Celtic Varciani.[citation needed] They lived in the central and southern White Carniola, along the Kupa river, and were mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy.[79] The archeologists Jaro Šašel and Dragan Božič have attributed the Vinica material culture to Colapiani,[80] but opinions are divided.[81]

Daesitiates

The Daesitiates were an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is today central Bosnia and Herzegovina[82] during the time of the Roman Republic. Along with the Maezaei, the Daesitiates were part of the western group of Pannonians in Roman Dalmatia.[83] They were prominent from the end of the 4th century BC up until the beginning of the 3rd century AD. Evidence of their daily activities can be found in literary sources, as well as in the rich material finds that belong to the Central Bosnian cultural group. After nearly three centuries of political independence, the Daesitiates (and their polity) were conquered by Roman Emperor Augustus. Afterwards, the Daesitiates were incorporated into the province of Illyricum with a low total of 103 decuriae.[84]

Pirustae

The Pirustae or Pyrissaei

Pannonians and Illyrians like the Sardeates were later settled in Dacia (modern-day Romania).[50][89]

Scirtari

The Scirtari or Scirtones were an Illyrian tribe.[47] The Scirtari were part of the Pirustae.[44] The Scirtari had 72 decuriae.

Glintidiones

The Glintidiones (Ancient Greek: Γλιντιδίωνες) were an Illyrian[90] tribe. The Glintidiones may have been part of the Pirustae.[44] The Glintidiones had 44 decuriae.

Ceraunii

Ceraunii (Ancient Greek: Κεραύνιοι, romanized: Keraunioi) was the name of an Illyrian tribe that lived close to the Pirustae[91] in modern Montenegro. The Ceraunii were part of the Pirustae.[44] They had 24 decuriae.[92] Their name seems to derive from the Greek word for 'thunderbolt'.[93]

Segestani

The Segestani (Ancient Greek: Σεγεστανοί, romanized: Segestanoi) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe who inhabited the area around

Segestica, later known as Siscia (modern-day Sisak in Croatia).[94]

In the 2nd century BC, the Segestani were attacked without lasting success by

Cornelius
.

In 35 BC, the Segestani were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia.

Maezaei

Maezaei or Maizaioi or Mazaioi (Ancient Greek: Μαζαῖοι) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.

Maezaei
had 269 decuriae.

Andizetes

The Andizetes, also referred to as Andisetes (Ancient Greek: Ἀνδιζήτιοι), were a small Pannonian

Great Illyrian Revolt. The personal name of 'Andes', a variant of the name 'Andis' popular among the Illyrians of southern Pannonia and much of northern Dalmatia (corresponding roughly with modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), may be derived from the name of this tribe. Alternatively, it is related to the Albanian word dizet/dyzet meaning 'forty' with 'an' as prefix as article; thus, their name would mean "the forties".[98] They started receiving Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule.[74]

Azali

The Azali (Ancient Greek: Ἄζαλοι) were a tribe that inhabited Brigetio (now Szőny) in Noricum, transported there during the Roman conquest from southern Pannonia.[99] They had been deported after the 6–9 AD rebellion.[100] They, along with the Eravisci, inhabited the Fejér County during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180).[101] The civitas azaliorum included the Brigetio legionary fortress and surrounding settlements.[102]

Ditiones

The Ditiones (Ancient Greek: Διτίωνες) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.[69] The Ditiones had 239 decuriae.

Jasi

Jasi was the name of a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.[71][103]

Osseriates

The Osseriates

Breuci
.

Illyrii proprie dicti

Illyrii proprie dicti

Sasaei, Grabaei, Labeatae.[citation needed] Illyrians proper were also some of the native communities of Roman Dalmatia.[106]

Atintani

Atintani were a tribe in Illyria, north of

Thracian dynasty of the Peresadyes.[109]

Greek

  • See
    Greek colonies in Illyria

Liburnians

In the early historical sources from the 8th century BC, the Liburnians were recorded by name or as separate ethnic groups; and as early as the 6th century BC, Hecateus noted that the Liburnians were also composed of Caulici, Mentores, Syopii and Hythmitae, probably narrow tribal communities. Later, in the 3rd century BC, Callimachus mentioned Mentores, Hymanes, Enchealae and Peucetias as those who once had been a part of them, Ismeni were also recorded as one of their communities.[110]

Iapygians/Messapians

Iapygians and Messapians did not dwell in Illyria, but in the heel of southern Italy. They could have had Illyrian origins[112] or some sort of link with Illyria.

  • Messapii
  • Dauni
  • Peucetii
    linked to the Liburnian Peucetias
  • Iapyges
    linked to the Iapodes, who were sometimes also called Iapyges

Adriatic Veneti

See also

  • Illyrian Tribes
  • List of ancient Cities in Illyria
  • List of ancient Cities in Thrace
  • List of ancient tribes in Thrace
  • List of rulers of Illyria
  • List of rulers of Thrace
  • List of Celtic tribes

References

  1. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 92
  2. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 217
  3. , 1996, p. 579.
  4. ^ 'Decuriae' was a Roman term used by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History completed in 70 AD based on official registers. Each civitas had a number of decuriae assigned to it as an indication of its size. A Roman division of native peoples. Wilkes 1992, p. 215)
  5. ^ William Smith, LLD, Ed., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854
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  12. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 216: "The Ardiaei, or Vardaei as they were known to the Romans, 'once the ravagers of Italy' and now reduced to a mere"
  13. ^ Appian and Illyricum by Marjeta Šašel Kos, " The Ardiaei were certainly also settled in the hinterland, along the Naro River at least as far as the Konjic region ..."
  14. ^ Pierre Cabanes: Les illyriens de Bardulis à Genthios (IVe–IIe siècles avant J.-C.). Paris: SEDES. 1988. p. 301.
  15. ^ Neritan Ceka: The Illyrians to the Albanians. Tirana: Migjeni. 2013. pp. 229, 422.
  16. ^ Appian: Roman History, Vol. IV, The Civil Wars, Books 3.27-5 (Loeb Classical Library No. 5) by Appian and Horace White, 1979, Index: 69, 71; IL 4, 22. Bastitani, Spanish tribe, Sp. Mi. Bathiatae, Illyrian tribe
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  18. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Early History of Albania" (PDF). www.albanianhistory.net. Robert Elsie.
  19. , 1994, page 423, "Through contact with their Greek neighbors some Illyrian tribe became bilingual (Strabo Vii.7.8.Diglottoi) in particular the Bylliones and the Taulantian tribes close to Epidamnus ..."
  20. , page 247, "... which appears in the name of the Illyrian tribe of the Cavii ..."
  21. ^ The classical gazetteer: a dictionary of ancient geography, sacred and profane by William Hazlitt, 1851, "Epicaria a town of the Cavii in Illyria ..."
  22. , 1976, page 580
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  24. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 216: "... to the Romans, 'once the ravagers of Italy' and now reduced to a mere 20 decuriae, and the Daorsi or Daversi ..."
  25. ^ I greci in Adriatico, Volume 2 by Lorenzo Braccesi, Mario Luni, page 152, "The Daorsi suffered directly from the attacks of the Delmatae and were understandably one of the first peoples to have left Gentius' half brother Caravantius and sought protection from the Roman state, placing their armed forces at the disposal of the Romans. After the war, they were rewarded by having been given immunity ..."
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  28. ^ Appianus, Illyrica, "... και Δερβανοί προσιόντα τον Καίσαρα συγγνώμην ..."
  29. ^ a b Wilkes 1992, p. 216: "... of southwest Bosnia, the Maezaei (269) of the Sana and Vrbas valleys, and the Sardeates (52) around Jajce and the Deuri (25) around Bugojno, both in the Vrbas valley."
  30. ^ a b c d e The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 577
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  32. ^ VII.7.5, "... περί α Δυέσται συνεστήσαντο την δυναστείαν και Εγχέλειοι ους και Σεσαρέθιους καλούσι ..."
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  34. ^ Strabo, Geography (ed. H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A.), book 7, chapter 7: "... had established their sway, and Enchelii, who are also called Sesarethii. Then come the Lyncestæ, the territory Deuriopus, Pelagonia-Tripolitis ..."
  35. ^ Strabo Geography, Book 7.7
  36. , p. 96: "The Enchelei are an Illyrian people, who inhabit the land after Rhizon. From Bouthoe to Epidamnus, a Greek city ...".
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  38. , p. 98.
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  46. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 172
  47. ^ a b Wilkes 1992, p. 217: "... whose name deriving from the Greek for 'thunderbolt' links them with high mountains, Siculotae (24), Glintidiones (44) and Scirtari, who dwelt along the border with Macedonia. In northeast Bosnia the Dindari are located by the record of one of ..."
  48. ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, page 426
  49. , 1995, page 202, "... contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae ..."
  50. ^ a b c ALBURNUS MAIOR (Roşia Montană) Alba, Romania., "An important settlement, center of gold mining in Roman Dacia Superior, in the Apuseni mountains. In the hills of Cetatea Mare and Cetatea Mică, traces are preserved of ancient Roman mines. Under Trajan, Dalinatian colonists (Pirustae, Baridustae, Sardeates) settled here, each tribe dwelling in a separate village or quarter."
  51. ^ Roman Dacia: the making of a provincial society by W. S. Hanson, Ian Haynes, 2004, page 22, "Outside the main urban centres, the best attested group of civilian immigrants is members of the Dalmatian tribes such as the Baridustae ..."
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  55. ^ a b c d Appianus, Illyrica, "Οξυαίους μεν δη και Περθεηνάτας, και Βαθιάτας και Ταυλαντίους, και Καμβαίους, και Κινάμβρους, και Μερρομένους, και Πυρισσαίους, είλε δι' όλης πείρας, έργω δε μείζονι ελήφθησαν, και φόρους όσους εξέλιπον ηναγκάσθησαν αποδουναι, Δοκλεᾶται τε και Κάρνοι και Ιντερεφρουρίνοι και Ναρήσιοι και Γλιντιδίωνες και Ταυρίσκοι."
  56. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 121.
  57. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 257: "In Popovopolje the Deraemestae may have been incorporated within the new municipium at Diluntum (Ljubinje). Several cities were created in the more remote regions"
  58. ^ a b c d e Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69, 1996, p. 577: "... figure in the warfare of the second century B.C. The Deraemestae (30) were a new formation from several smaller peoples in the hinterland of Epidaurum including the Ozuaei, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae."
  59. ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, p. 482.
  60. ^ The Cambridge ancient history, Tome 6 by John Boardman, , 1994, page 423
  61. ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, III, 1.2
  62. , 2005, page 91, "Aristotle described the process of making it by the Taulantii of Illyria, and Pliny commented on hydromeli made in Phrygia."
  63. , 2009, p. 51: "In a short time the Dacians imposed their conditions on the Anerati, Boii, Eravisci, Pannoni, Scordisci ..."
  64. ^ Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2003, p. 1106.
  65. ^ A. Mocsy, S. Frere, "Pannonia and Upper Moesia", A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, p. 152: "As already seen on Chapter 3 the Celtic and Celticized natives of Pannonia."
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  67. .
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  69. ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, page 534
  70. ^ a b Wilkes 1992, p. 218: "Except for the Latobici and Varciani, whose names are Celtic, the civitates of Colapiani, Jasi, Breuci, Amantini and Scordisci were Illyrian."
  71. ^ a b Wilkes 1992, p. 207: "The war was a savage affair and the main resistance to the Romans came from the Breuci and Amantini in the Sava valley. The young males were rounded up and sold as slaves in Italy, a quite exceptional action"
  72. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 81: "the Breuci with Scilus Bato, Blaedarus, Dasmenus, Dasius, Surco, Sassaius, Liccaius and Lensus, and the Amantini and Scordisci around Sirmium with Terco and Precio, Dases and Dasmenus"
  73. ^ a b Wilkes 1992, p. 256: "... reign of Trajan (AD 98-117), does the Roman citizenship begin to appear among the Illyrian communities of southeast Pannonia, the Andizetes, Scordisci and Breuci."
  74. , 2009, page 51, "Many Scordisci and Breuci settled in Dacia nevertheless and were eventually absorbed into the local population."
  75. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 176, "Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato."
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  87. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 217: "... with high mountains, Siculotae (24), Glintidiones (44) and Scirtari, who dwelt along the border with Macedonia. In northeast Bosnia the Dindari are located by the record of one of their chiefs (principes) in the Drina valley ..."
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  91. , 2003, page 200, "... Appian's account depicts a situation in which the inhabitants of Siscia (Σεγεστική, Segestike, therefore 'the Segestani') appealed in vain for aid from fellow Pannonians in their vicinity, but these people were reluctant to get involved, preferring ..."
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Sources

Further reading

  • Falileyev, Alexander and Radman-Livaja, Ivan. "More Celtic names from Roman Pannonia". In: Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 63, no. 1 (2016): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/zcph-2016-0004