Cornish people

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This article is about the ethnic group and worldwide diaspora. For the inhabitants of Cornwall, see Demographics of Cornwall.
"Cornishman" redirects here. For the passenger train, see
Cornishman (train). For the newspaper, see The Cornishman
.

Cornish people
Kernowyon
Total population
6–11 million worldwide[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
United Kingdom
Cornish Australian

The Cornish people or Cornish (

ancient Britons who inhabited Great Britain from somewhere between the 11th and 7th centuries BC[citation needed] and inhabited Britain at the time of the Roman conquest.[23] Many in Cornwall today continue to assert a distinct identity separate from or in addition to English or British identities. Cornish identity has also been adopted by some migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the Cornish diaspora.[12] Although not included as a tick-box option in the UK census, the numbers of those writing in a Cornish ethnic and national identity are officially recognised and recorded.[24][25]

Throughout

Brythonic language with the Welsh, Cumbrics and Pics, and also the Bretons who had migrated across the sea to escape the Anglo-Saxon invasions, were referred to in the Old English language as the "Westwalas" meaning West Welsh.[26] The Battle of Deorham between the Britons and Anglo-Saxons is thought to have resulted in a loss of land links with the people of Wales.[28]

The Cornish people and their

Celtic revival during the early-20th century enabled a cultural self-consciousness in Cornwall that revitalised the Cornish language and roused the Cornish to express a distinctly Brittonic Celtic heritage. The Cornish language was granted official recognition under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2002,[31] and in 2014 the Cornish people were recognised and afforded protection by the UK Government under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.[22]

In the 2021 census, the population of Cornwall, including the

United Kingdom Census 2011 form.[32]

Classification

See also: British nationality law, Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom, and Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
The Union and Cornish flags fluttering in the wind, against a grey, cloudy sky.
The Union and Cornish flags.

Both geographic and historical factors distinguish the Cornish as an ethnic group

United Kingdom Census 2001, despite no explicit "Cornish" option being available, approximately 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people elsewhere in the UK—a combined total equal to nearly 7 per cent of the population of Cornwall—identified themselves as ethnic Cornish by writing this in under the "other" ethnicity option.[8][37] The census figures show a change in identity from West to East, in Penwith 9.2 per cent identified as ethnically Cornish, in Kerrier it was 7.5 per cent, in Carrick 6.6 per cent, Restormel 6.3 per cent, North Cornwall 6 per cent, and Caradon 5.6 per cent. Weighting of the 2001 Census data gives a figure of 154,791 people with Cornish ethnicity living in Cornwall.[38]

The Cornish have been described as "a special case" in England, with an "ethnic rather than regional identity".[39] Structural changes to the politics of the United Kingdom, particularly the European Union and devolution, have been cited as the main stimulus to "a growing interest in Cornish identity and distinctiveness" in late-20th century Britain.[35] The British are the citizens of the United Kingdom, a people who by convention consist of four national groups: the English, Northern Irish, Scots and Welsh.[35] In the 1990s it was said that the notion that the Cornish are to be classified as a nation comparable to the English, Irish, Scots and Welsh, "has practically vanished from the popular consciousness" outside Cornwall,[35] and that, despite a "real and substantive" identity, the Cornish "struggle for recognition as a national group distinct from the English".[36] However, in 2014, after a 15-year campaign, the UK government officially recognised the Cornish as a national minority under the Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, giving the Cornish the same status as the Welsh, Scots and Irish within the UK.[22]

Inhabitants of Cornwall may have multiple

British and Irish Lions), describe themselves as "Cornish" and "English".[41] Meanwhile, another international rugby union player, Josh Matavesi, describes himself as Cornish-Fijian and Cornish not English.[42]

A survey by Plymouth University in 2000 found that 30% of children in Cornwall felt "Cornish, not English".[43] A 2004 survey on national identity by the finance firm Morgan Stanley found that 44% of respondents in Cornwall saw themselves as Cornish rather than British or English.[44] A 2008 University of Exeter study conducted in 16 towns across Cornwall found that 59% felt themselves to be Cornish and 41% felt "More Cornish than English", while for over a third of respondents the Cornish identity formed their primary national identity. Genealogy and family history were considered to be the chief criteria for 'being' Cornish, particularly among those who possessed such ties, while being born in Cornwall was also held to be important.[45]

A 2008 study by the University of Edinburgh of 15- and 16-year-old schoolchildren in Cornwall found that 58% of respondents felt themselves to be either 'Fairly' or 'Very much' Cornish. The other 42% may be the result of in-migration to the area during the second half of the twentieth century.[46]

A 2010 study by the University of Exeter into the meaning of contemporary Cornish identity across Cornwall found that there was a "west-east distance decay in the strength of the Cornish identity." The study was conducted amongst the farming community as they were deemed to be the socio-professional group most objectively representative of Cornishness. All participants categorised themselves as Cornish and identified Cornish as their primary ethnic group orientation. Those in the west primarily thought of themselves as Cornish and British/Celtic, while those in the east tended to think of themselves as Cornish and English. All participants in West Cornwall who identified as Cornish and not English described people in East Cornwall, without hesitation, as equally Cornish as themselves. Those who identified as Cornish and English stressed the primacy of their Cornishness and a capacity to distance themselves from their Englishness. Ancestry was seen as the most important criterion for being categorised as Cornish, above place of birth or growing up in Cornwall. This study supports a 1988 study by Mary McArthur that had found that the meanings of Cornishness varied substantially, from local to national identity. Both studies also observed that the Cornish were less materialistic than the English. The Cornish generally saw the English, or city people, as being "less friendly and more aggressively self-promoting and insensitive". The Cornish saw themselves as friendly, welcoming and caring.[47]

In November 2010 British Prime Minister, David Cameron, said "I think Cornish national identity is very powerful" and that his government would "devolve a lot of power to Cornwall – that will go to the Cornish unitary authority."[48]

2011 and 2021 UK Census

2011 census

A campaign for the inclusion of a Cornish tick-box in the nationality section of the

2011 census failed to win the support of Parliament in 2009.[37][49] As a consequence, posters were created by the census organisation and Cornwall Council which advised residents how they could identify themselves as Cornish by writing it in the national identity and ethnicity sections and record Cornish in the main language section.[25] Additionally, people could record Cornwall as their country of birth.[50]

Like other identities, Cornish has an allocated census code, (06), the same as for 2001,[51] which applied and was counted throughout Britain.[52] People were first able to record their ethnicity as Cornish in the 2001 UK Census, and some 37,000 people did so by writing it in.[53]

A total of 83,499 people in England and Wales were described as having a Cornish national identity. 59,456 of these were described as Cornish only, 6,261 as Cornish and British, and 17,782 as Cornish and at least one other identity, with or without British. Within Cornwall the total was 73,220 (14% of the population) with 52,793 (9.9%) as Cornish only, 5,185 (1%) as Cornish and British, and 15,242 (2.9%) as Cornish and at least one other identity, with or without British.[54]

In Scotland 467 people described themselves as having Cornish national identity. 254 with Cornish identity only, 39 as Scottish and Cornish, and 174 having Cornish identity and at least one other UK identity (excluding Scottish).[10]

In the 2021 census, 89,084 people in England and Wales described their national identity as Cornish only and 10,670 as Cornish and British.[4] Within Cornwall, 79,938 people (14.0% of the population) specified a Cornish only identity and 9,146 (1.6%) Cornish in combination with British.[55][56]

Schools census (PLASC)

Since 2006 school children in Cornwall have been able to record themselves as ethnically Cornish on the annual Schools Census (PLASC). Since then the number identifying as Cornish has risen from 24% to 51% in 2017. The Department for Education recommends that parents and guardians determine the ethnicity of children at primary schools whilst pupils at secondary schools can decide their own ethnicity.[57]

  • 2006: 23.7 percent – 17,218 pupils out of 72,571
  • 2007: 27.3 percent – 19,988 pupils out of 72,842[58]
  • 2008: 30.3 percent – 21,610 pupils out of 71,302
  • 2009: 33.9 percent – 23,808 pupils out of 70,275
  • 2010: 37.2 percent – 26,140 pupils out of 69,950[59]
  • 2011: 40.9 percent – 28,584 pupils out of 69,811[57]
  • 2012: 43.0 percent – 30,181 pupils out of 69,909
  • 2013: 46.0 percent – 32,254 pupils out of 70,097[6]
  • 2014: 48.0 percent[60]
  • 2017: 51.1 percent
  • 2020: 45.9 percent - due to an error in the management system of a number of schools, pupils identifying as White Cornish were inadvertently changed to Any Other White resulting in a reduced figure for the year 2020.[7]

History

Main article: History of Cornwall

Ancestral roots

Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles and Historical immigration to Great Britain
See also:
Tre Pol and Pen and Cornish surnames
lith
site in Cornwall

Traditionally, the Cornish are thought to have been descended from the Iron Age

Beaker People,[64] while scholars have argued that the introduction of the Celtic languages and material culture into Britain and Ireland was by means of cultural diffusion, rather than any substantial migration.[65] Genetic evidence has also suggested that while ancestry inherited from the Anglo-Saxons makes up a significant part of the modern English gene pool (one study suggested an average 38% contribution in eastern England), they did not displace all of the previous inhabitants.[66][67] A 2015 study found that modern Cornish populations had less Anglo-Saxon ancestry than people from central and southern England, and that they were genetically distinct from their neighbors in Devon. The study also suggested that populations traditionally labelled as "Celtic" showed significant diversity, rather than a unified genetic identity.[68]

The British Isles appear on a pale and yellowed map. The isles are divided into political territories.
An 18th century map of Great Britain based on accounts from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, showing "Cornweallas"

Throughout

Dumnonian monarchy, either by the title of duke or king.[75] This petty kingdom shared strong linguistic, political and cultural links with Brittany, a peninsula on continental Europe south of Cornwall inhabited by Britons; the Cornish and Breton languages were nearly indistinguishable in this period, and both Cornwall and Brittany remain dotted with dedications to the same Celtic saints.[76]

The

Athelstan of England determined that the River Tamar be the formal boundary between the West Saxons and the Cornish in the year 936,[78] making Cornwall one of the last retreats of the Britons encouraging the development of a distinct Cornish identity;[75] Brittonic culture in Britain became confined to Cornwall, parts of Devon, North West England, South West Scotland and Wales.[61][63][74] Although a treaty was agreed,[when?] Anglo-Saxon political influence stretched westwards until some time in the late 10th century when "Cornwall was definitively incorporated into the Kingdom of England".[23]

Anglicisation and rebellion

Further information: Cornish rebellion of 1497 and Prayer Book Rebellion
AD
998

The

incomplete short citation] However, there was a persistent and "continuing differentiation" between the English and Cornish peoples during the Middle Ages, as evidenced by documents such as the 1173 charter of Truro which made explicit mention of both peoples as distinct.[89]

The Earldom of Cornwall passed to various English

popular uprising out of Cornwall ensued—the Cornish rebellion of 1497. The rebellion was initially a political march from St Keverne to London led by Thomas Flamank and Michael An Gof, motivated by a "mixture of reasons"; to raise money for charity; to celebrate their community; to present their grievances to the Parliament of England,[93][94] but gathered pace across the West Country as a revolt against the king.[95]

A colour-coded map of Cornwall, surrounded by a blue sea. Cornwall is shaded dark red in the east and pale pink in the west, with a range of intermediate shades of red between, intended to represent periods of time in which the Cornish language was used.
The Cornish language experienced a shift between 1300 and 1750, with the Cornish people gradually adopting English as their common language.

Cornish was the most widely spoken language west of the River Tamar until around the mid-1300s, when

Bretons of Brittany.[100]

The English Civil War, a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, polarised the populations of England and Wales. However, Cornwall in the English Civil War was a staunchly Royalist enclave, an "important focus of support for the Royalist cause".[101] Cornish soldiers were used as scouts and spies during the war, for their language was not understood by English Parliamentarians.[101] The peace that followed the close of the war led to a further shift to the English language by the Cornish people, which encouraged an influx of English people to Cornwall. By the mid-17th century the use of the Cornish language had retreated far enough west to prompt concern and investigation by antiquarians, such as William Scawen.[100][101] As the Cornish language diminished the people of Cornwall underwent a process of English enculturation and assimilation,[102] becoming "absorbed into the mainstream of English life".[35]

Industry, revival and the modern period

See also: Celtic Revival and Home Nations
A square consisting of crossed lines of vivid colours. Yellow and black form thick, crossed lines producing large squares of colour, intersected by thinner lines of white, blue and red. The design is symmetrical and repeating.
The National Tartan of Cornwall. Cornish kilts and tartans are emblematic of a resurgent, pan-Celtic Cornish identity developed during Cornwall's Celtic Revival.[103]

The

mining in Cornwall, always an important source of employment and stability of the Cornish, experienced a process of industrialisation resulting in 30 per cent of Cornwall's adult population being employed by its mines.[104] During this period, efforts were made by Cornish engineers to design steam engines with which to power water pumps for Cornish mines thus aiding the extraction of mineral ore.[citation needed] Industrial scale tin and copper mining operations in Cornwall melded Cornish identity with engines and heavy industry,[104] and Cornwall's leading mining engineer, Richard Trevithick, became "as much a part of Cornwall's heritage as any legendary giant from its Celtic past".[105] Trevithick's most significant success was a high-pressure steam engine used to pump water and refuse from mines, but he was also the builder of the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive.[106] On 21 February 1804, the world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales.[106]

The construction of the Great Western Railway during the Victorian era allowed for an influx of tourists to Cornwall from across Great Britain. Well into the Edwardian era and interwar period, Cornwall was branded as a rural retreat, a "primitive land of magic and romance", and as an "earlier incarnation of Englishness, a place more English than an England ravaged by modernity".[107] Cornwall, the United Kingdom's only region with a subtropical-like climate,[108] became a centre for English tourism, its coastline dominated by resort towns increasingly composed of bungalows and villas.[107] John Nichols Thom, or Mad Tom, (1799 – 31 May 1838) was a Cornishman self-declared messiah who, in the 19th century led the last battle to be fought on English soil, known as the Battle of Bossenden Wood. While not akin to the Cornish rebellions of the past, he did attract some Cornish support as well as mostly Kentish labourers, although his support was primarily of religious followers.

In the latter half of the 19th century Cornwall experienced rapid deindustrialisation,

Middle Cornish that had been used in the 16th century, before the language became influenced by English.[111]

The

Cornish self-government movement.[108] Since devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, enthusiasts for Cornish culture have pressed for the Cornish language to be taught formally in Cornish schools, while Cornish nationalists have demanded greater political autonomy for Cornwall, for example that it be constituted as the United Kingdom's fifth constituent country with its own Cornish Assembly.[108]

Geographic distribution

Main article: Cornish diaspora
mining in Cornwall prompted an exodus of Cornish miners and families resulting in a displaced Cornish diaspora
.

The Cornish people are concentrated in Cornwall, but after the

transatlantic migrations. Initially, the number of migrants was comparatively small, with those who left Cornwall typically settling in North America or else amongst the ports and plantations of the Caribbean.[12]

In the first half of the 19th century, the Cornish people were leaders in

hard rock mining, was highly valued by the communities they met.[12][23] Within Great Britain, Cornish families were attracted from Cornwall to North East England—particularly on Teesside—to partake in coal mining as a means to earn wealth by using their mining skill. This has resulted in a concentration of Cornish names on and around Teesside that persists into the 21st century.[117]

Large numbers of the 19th century Cornish emigrants eventually returned to Cornwall, whilst the rate of emigration from Cornwall declined after World War I.

English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United States, are "very strong".[11][12][19][119] Their outreach has contributed to the international spread of Methodism, a movement within Protestant Christianity that was popular with the Cornish people at the time of their mass migration.[120] "Cousin Jacks" is a nickname for the overseas Cornish, thought to derive from the practice of Cornishmen asking if job vacancies could be filled by their cousin named Jack in Cornwall.[33][121]

Australia

See also:
Cornish Australian
William "Harold" Oliver was the son of Australian Cornish immigrants who lived in the mining town of Waukaringa. Harold Oliver was a three time national champion with the Port Adelaide Football Club in 1910, 1913 and 1914.

From the

Cornish mining in the 19th century. A "vigorous recruiting campaign" was launched to encourage the Cornish to aid with mining in Australia because of their experience and expertise.[123] Free passage to South Australia in particular was granted to hundreds of Cornish miners and their families,[123] so much so, that a large Cornish community gathered in Australia's Copper Coast, and South Australia's Yorke Peninsula became known as "Little Cornwall".[11] It has been estimated between 1837 and 1840, 15 per cent of all assisted migrants to South Australia were Cornish.[123]

Cornish settlement impacted upon social, cultural and religious life throughout the

Kapunda and Burra, where Cornish miners constituted a sizeable community.[124] Methodism, was the main form of religious practice for the Cornish. Methodist sensibilities were held with strong conviction by the migrant Cornish in a direct rivalry with Catholic Irish people in Australia.[124] The Kernewek Lowender is the largest Cornish festival in the world, held in the Kadina, Moonta and Wallaroo towns on the Yorke Peninsula, which attracts tens of thousands of visitors bi-annually.[119][121]

Canada

See also:
Cornish Canadian

European fishing ventures in and around

British colonisation of the Americas encouraged additional migration of the Cornish to the Canadas, particularly by those who served in Great Britain's Royal Navy.[23] The creation of the colony of British North America spurred more people from Cornwall to settle in North America; they were registered as English migrants.[23] Many Cornish (and other West Country) immigrants who had been agricultural labourers settled in an area of what is now South Central Ontario in what were the counties of Northumberland, Durham and Ontario, ranging from the towns of Port Hope and Cobourg in the east, to Whitby in the west and to the north ends of those counties.[125]

Mexico

See also:
White Mexican
A dark angular structure viewed from its base upwards fills the scene. The sky appears light-grey and cloudy. The structure is made of a dark metal frame surmounted by platform.
A silver mining museum in Mineral del Monte, a remnant of the Cornish migration to Mexico during the early-19th century.

In 1825 a band of 60 Cornishmen left

Veracruz but were forced away by the Spanish to a beach at Mocambo from where they hauled their machinery through jungle and swamp to Santa Fe.[16] During this haul through the jungle, the Cornishmen and their Mexican helpers fell victim to yellow fever, resulting in 30 Cornish and 100 Mexican fatalities.[16] The fever forced the survivors to abandon their equipment and head inland up into the mountains to Xalapa to try to escape the mosquitos for three months, until the end of the rainy season. Once the rainy season closed the Cornish and Mexican miners continued their 250-mile (402 km) "Great Trek" to Mineral del Monte, transporting their machinery to an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above sea level and arriving at their destination on 1 May 1826.[16] Following their arrival, the Cornish community flourished and stayed in central Mexico until the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Although the Cornish community in Mexico broadly returned to Cornwall, they left a cultural legacy; Cornish pasties, Cornish mining museums and a Cornish Mexican Cultural Society are all part of the local heritage and tradition in and around Mineral del Monte.[16]

South Africa

See also:
White South African

The Witwatersrand Gold Rush of 1886 encouraged large numbers of Cornish miners to migrate to the South African Republic.[126] Although an international gold rush, the Cornish overwhelmingly formed the skilled labour force in the Witwatersrand, until the outbreak of the Second Boer War prompted a retreat.[126]

United States

Main article:
Cornish American

The discovery of

California Gold Rush of the mid-19th century;[23] in the 1890s it was estimated that in California's Grass Valley, over 60 per cent of the population was Cornish.[11] It has a tradition of carols stemming from the Cornish who settled the area as gold miners in the 19th century. The carols have become "the identity of the town", some of the members of the Grass Valley Cornish Carol Choir are descendants of the original Cornish settlers.[119]

Most migratory Cornish to the United States were classified as English or British, meaning that the precise number of

Cornish Americans is difficult to estimate. The aggregate number of immigrants from Cornwall to the United States before World War I is suggested to be around 100,000.[33]

Culture

Further information: Culture of Cornwall
St. Piran's Day is an annual patronal Cornish festival
celebrating Cornish culture and history every 5 March.

The survival of a distinct Cornish culture has been attributed to Cornwall's geographic isolation.[19][129] Contemporaneously, the underlying notion of Cornish culture is that it is distinct from the culture of England, despite its anglicisation, and that it is instead part of a Celtic tradition.[23] According to American academic Paul Robert Magocsi, modern-day Cornish activists have claimed several Victorian era inventions including the Cornish engine, Christmas carols, rugby football and brass bands as part of this Cornish tradition.[23] Cornish cultural tradition is most strongly associated with the people's most historical occupation, mining,[130] an aspect of Cornish history and culture that has influenced its cuisine, symbols and identity. The Cornish writer C. C. Vyvyan wrote in her 1948 book Our Cornwall: "A man might live and die among us and never gain throughout his allotted span of life one glimpse of the essential Cornwall or the essential Cornishman."[131]

Cornwall has its own tradition of Christian saints, derived from Celtic extraction, that have given rise to localised dedications.[76] Saint Piran is the 5th century Christian abbot, supposedly of Irish origin, who is patron saint of both tin miners and Cornwall.[132] According to popular mythology, Piran, an Irish scholar who studied Christianity in Ancient Rome was to be drowned in the Irish Sea by the High Kings of Ireland, but instead floated across to Perranporth in Cornwall by the will of God to preach the Gospel.[132] Saint Piran's Flag, a centred white cross on a black field,[133] was described as the "Standard of Cornwall" in 1838 and was re-introduced by Celtic Revivalists thereafter as a county flag of Cornwall.[133] It has been seized upon by the Cornish people as a symbol of their identity, displayed on cars and flying from buildings including those of Cornwall Council.[32][109] St Piran's Day is an annual patronal fête, and the pre-eminent Cornish festival celebrating Cornish culture and history on 5 March.[132]

Language

Further information: Cornish language
See also:
West Country dialects, and List of Cornish dialect words
A welcome sign to Penzance, in the English and Cornish languages
A Cornish speaker, recorded in the United Kingdom

The

Act of Uniformity 1549 which outlawed all church services within the Kingdom of England that were not in English.[98] The exact date of the death of using the Cornish language is unclear and disputed, but popularly it is claimed that the last monolingual Cornish speaker was Dolly Pentreath, a Mousehole resident who died in 1777.[136][137]

The revival of Cornish began in 1904 when

Unified Cornish Revised, Modern Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn—were in use by the end of the 20th century. A standard written form was agreed in 2008.[138]

Cornish is a restored and living modern language, but most of its speakers are enthusiasts, persons who have learned the language through private study.[139] Cornish speakers are geographically dispersed, meaning there is no part of Cornwall where it is spoken as a community language.[139] As of 2009, it is taught in fifty primary schools,[32] although regular broadcast in Cornish is limited to a weekly bilingual programme on BBC Radio Cornwall.[139] Daily life in Cornwall therefore is conducted in the English language, albeit with some regional peculiarities.[33]

Legends of the Fall, a novella by American author

Academy Award winning film of the same name starring Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow and Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow.[140]

Literature and folklore

Main article: Cornish literature
See also: Matter of Britain and Historia Regum Britanniae

Early medieval Cornwall was associated with the Matter of Britain, a national myth recounting a legendary Celtic history of Brittonic warriors, including King Arthur.[19][29] The Matter of Britain was supported by texts such as the Historia Regum Britanniae, a pseudohistorical account of the history of the ancient Britons, written in the mid-12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth.[141] The Historia Regum Britanniae chronicled the lives of legendary kings of the Britons in a narrative spanning a time of two thousand years, beginning with the Trojans founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th century forced the Celtic Britons to the west coast, namely Wales and Cornwall.[141][142] Although broadly thought of as a work of fiction, Geoffrey of Monmouth's work had a lasting effect upon the identity of the Cornish.[143] His "historical construct" characterised the ancient Britons as heroes, which later helped Celtic revivalists to redefine Cornishness as an identity closely related to ancient heroic Celtic folklore.[143]

Another strand of Cornish folklore is derived from tales of seafaring

underground economy in Cornwall.[29]

Legendary creatures that appear in Cornish folklore include buccas, knockers and piskies.[144] Tales of these creatures are thought to have developed as supernatural explanations for the frequent and deadly cave-ins that occurred during 18th-century Cornish tin mining, or else a creation of the oxygen-starved minds of exhausted miners who returned from the underground.[144]

Performing and visual arts

Further information: Cornish dance and Music of Cornwall
The 'Obby 'Oss festival is a Cornish May Day festival celebrated in Padstow.

naive painters such as Alfred Wallis, and involving the work of Ben Nicholson, his wife Barbara Hepworth, Naum Gabo and Patrick Heron
.

Religion

See also: List of Cornish saints and Christianity in Cornwall

Anciently, the religion of the Cornish Britons was

Methodism, an evangelical revival movement within the Church of England,[149][150] became the form of Christianity practised by the majority of the population all over Cornwall during the 19th century.[19][120][151] During this time other kinds of Methodist churches appeared such as the Bible Christians and there were also Evangelical and Anglo-Catholic
revivals within the Church of England.

Cuisine

Further information: Cornish cuisine
A light brown pastry case is on a white plate
A Cornish pasty

Cornish cuisine is a regional variety of

pilchards, piercing a pastry crust.[153][154] The saffron bun, also known as the tea treat bun, is a sweet bread with its origins in Cornwall.[124]

Sport

Main article: Sport in Cornwall
Two men in combat appear on a green lawn in front of a shrubbery. Both men are wearing dark coloured shorts and cream coloured tops. One man has a tactical advantage, and is throwing his opponent head-first towards the ground.
Cornish wrestling is a contact sport, a style of folk martial arts, that has its origins in Cornwall

With its comparatively small, rural population, major contribution by the Cornish to national

minor counties of English cricket.[155] Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affiliation", rugby union has become a sport strongly tied with notions of Cornishness,[156] and since the 20th century, rugby union in Cornwall has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall, with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable force",[155] "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion".[157] In 1985, sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began.[157]

Cornish wrestling (also known as Wrasslin')[156] is a regional, folk style of grappling or martial arts. The Cornwall County Wrestling Association was formed in 1923, to standardise the rules of the sport and to promote Cornish wrestling throughout Cornwall and the world.[158] Together with Cornish hurling (a localised form of medieval football), Wrasslin' has been promoted as a distinctly Celtic game, tied closely with Cornish identity.[156]

Surfing was popularised in Cornwall during the late 20th century, and has since become readily associated with Cornishness.[156][159] The waves around the Cornish coastline are created by low pressure systems from the Atlantic Ocean which unleash powerful swells eastwards creating multiple, excellent surfing conditions in some parts of the coast of Cornwall.[159] Newquay, one of Britain's "premier surfing towns", regularly hosts world championship surfing events.[156][159]

Institutions and politics

Main article: Politics of Cornwall
The surviving part of the former Duchy Palace in Lostwithiel, the former administrative seat of the Duke of Cornwall from c. 1265 to 1874.
The Old County Hall in Truro, the former seat of Cornwall Council.

The politics of Cornwall take place within a wider national political framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the United Kingdom's monarch is head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. Cornish politics are marked by a long tradition of Liberalism.[23][160]

Important historical institutions were the

John, Edward I and Edward III of England.[75] As the tin mines of Cornwall lost their economic importance during the 18th and 19th centuries, so the Stannary institutions lost political power. The last Stannary parliament was held at Truro in 1752, and continued, by adjournments, until 11 September 1753.[75]

As in the rest of Great Britain, the

council tax
, and allocating budgets.

Following the Cornwall Council election in May 2013, the council remained as "no overall control", with the Independent politicians becoming the largest grouping on the council through a modest gain of councillors from the previous election. The Liberal Democrats remained the second largest party after losing 2 councillors and the Conservatives slipped to third after losing over a third of their councillors. The Labour Party (+8), UKIP (+6), and the Green Party (+1) all gained seats, with UKIP and the Greens entering Cornwall Council for the first time. Mebyon Kernow had 6 councilors prior to the election, having added 2 since the 2009 election, their total following the election was reduced to 4.[170]

In the 2015 general election all Cornish seats were won by the Conservatives. This was repeated in the 2017 general election.

A study was carried out Willett, JMA; Tidy, R; Tregidga, G; et al. through Exeter University [171] using data from January to April 2017 to understand why Cornwall voted leave in the Brexit referendum when it benefitted greatly from EU funding, such as the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Growth Programme [172] which was worth £600 million and supported over a hundred projects such infrastructure, agriculture, employment and low carbon initiatives. In this study people from lots of different backgrounds and jobs where interviewed and asked about their reasoning for voting leave, farmers described the EU policies as being overly complicated and taking the "fun" out of farming, many had issues with infrastructure and many others stated that with Brexit they were reclaiming sovereignty from the EU and there were underlying issues with the EUs lack of border control. It was found that the what linked the reasoning for leaving the EU was the uncertainty that they were experiencing, their inability to get any real change even with the EUs funding and a lack of knowledge about where the funding was spent as a whole.

In the UK's 2021 census plans, a "tickbox" for claiming "Cornish" as a national minority status has not been implemented and is under debate. Since Cornwall was officially given "official national minority status" in 2014, the Cornwall Council's Party Leaders have submitted a letter to the cabinet office of Chloe Smith for the Minister of State. In the coming weeks, Parliament is set to debate The Census Order. If enough Members of Parliament side with the Cornish people and stand in solidarity with their cause, a box to select a "Cornish" identity could be added—reaffirming the official identity they established 6 years prior.[173]

See also

References

Citations

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Sources

Further reading

  • Miles, Sibella Original Cornish Ballads: chiefly founded on stories humorously told by Mr. Tregellas in his popular lectures on "Peculiarities" : to which are appended some drafts of kindred character from the portfolio of the editress: the whole prefixed by an introductory essay on the peculiar characteristics of the Cornish peasantry. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1846.

External links

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