Coronary artery ectasia
Coronary artery ectasia | |
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Coronary arteries are affected by this condition | |
Specialty | Cardiology |
Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0.3-4.9% of people in North America. Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by the enlargement of a
Signs and symptoms
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Pathology
Coronary artery ectasia is commonly found in patients with diseases of the connective tissue and an increased inflammatory response such as
Diagnosis
To discover the extent and severity of coronary artery ectasia there are a variety of diagnostic tools used. The most common method for discovering the disease is through angiography. Angiography is the procedure where a contrast dye is entered into the vessels and an x-ray is taken, which will allow the vessels to be seen on the x-ray.[10] Using angiography clinicians are able to display the size, location and number of vessels affected by the disease.[10] Is can also be analyzed through other methods such as intravascular ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging.[10] Using these diagnostic methods, it has been discovered that the disease normally occurs most often in the right coronary artery, followed by the left anterior descending artery, and finally the left anterior circumflex artery.[11] Using these methods Coronary artery ectasia can be divided into four different types: Type 1¬→diffuse ectasia in 2-3 different vessels, Type 2¬→ diffuse disease in 1 vessel and local disease in another, Type 3¬→ diffuse disease in one vessel and Type 4¬→ localized or segmental ectasia.[11]
Treatment
There are currently no cardiovascular society guidelines or recommendations for the treatment of coronary artery ectasia. Experts in the field urge clinicians to consider anti-platelet therapy, such as Aspirin, to reduce thrombus formation in pocket vortices associated with turbulent blood flow. Dual anti-platelet therapy and full anticoagulation are currently under investigation. The primary etiology of coronary ectasia in adults is atherosclerosis, thus treatment with statin therapy should be considered. Statin therapy may also reduce inflammation and matrix metalloproteinase activation which may reduce the progression of vessel ectasia. Some studies have also suggested the use of
References
- ^ a b c Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W., Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, Tzu Chi Med, 20(14), 270-274
- ^ a b c Hsu, P.C., Su, H.M., Lee, H.C., Juo, S.H., Lin, T.H., Voon, W.C., Lai, W.T., and Sheu, S.H.(2014)Coronary artery collateral circulation in patients of coronary ectasia with significant coronary artery disease.PLOS ONE,9(1), doi: 10.13.71
- ^ a b c Antoniadia, A.P., Chatzizisis, Y.S., and Giamoglou, G.P. (2008) Pathogenic mechanisms of coronary ectasia. Int J Cardio, 130, 335-343
- ^ Hartnell, G.G., Parnell, B.M. and Pridie, R.B. (1985) Coronary artery ectasia: its prevalence and clinical significance in 4993 patients. Br Heart J, 54, 392-405
- ^ a b Li, J., Nie, S., Qian, X., Zeng, H., and Zhang, C. (2009) Chronic inflammatory status in patients with coronary artery ectasia. Cytokine, 46, 61-64
- ^ Sayn, T., Doven, O., Berkalp, B., Akyurek, O., Gulec, S. and Oral, D. (2001) Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery ectasia without obstructive coronary artery disease. ‘’Inter J Cardio’’, 78,143-149
- ^ Theodoros, A., Korovesis, S., Giazitzoglou, E., Kokladi, M., Venetsanakos, I., Paxinos, G., Fragakis, N.and Katritsis, D. (2013) Clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients with coronary artery ectasia. Int J Cardio, 167, 1536-1541
- ^ Varol, E., Uysal, B, A., Dogan, A., Ozaydin, M. and Erodogan, D. (2012) Mean platelet volume as a prognostic value in patients with coronary artery ectasia. Clin Appl Thromb-Hema,18(4), 387-392
- ^ Sezen, Y., Bas, M., Polat, M., Yildiz, A., Buyukhatipoglu, H., Kucukdurmaz, Z., Kaya, Z. and Demirbag, R. (2010) The relationship between oxidative stress and coronary artery ectasia. Cardio J, 17(5), 488-494
- ^ a b c d Aydn, M., Texn, I.O., Dogan, S.M., Yildirum, N., Arasli, M., Sayn, M. and Aktop, Z.(2009)The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia.Mediat Inflamm.Doi:10.1155/2009/106/145
- ^ a b Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W., Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, Tzu Chi Med 20(14), 270-274