Coronation of George III and Charlotte

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Coronation of George III and Charlotte
King George III and Queen Charlotte in coronation robes, by Allan Ramsay
Date22 September 1761 (1761-09-22)
LocationWestminster Abbey, London, England
Budget£9,430 (£70,000 according to other sources)
Participants

The coronation of George III and his wife Charlotte as King and Queen of Great Britain and Ireland took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on Tuesday, 22 September 1761, about two weeks after they were married in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace. The day was marked by errors and omissions; a delayed procession from Westminster Hall to the abbey was followed by a six-hour coronation service and then a banquet that finally ended at ten o'clock at night.

Background

Wedding of George III and Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, oil sketch by Sir Joshua Reynolds, c. 1761

On the death of his grandfather,

Duke Adolphus Frederick, on 8 September 1761 to meet the King, George and Charlotte were married at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace the same day.[3]
They were married just in time for the coronation ceremony two weeks later.

Preparations

King George III and Queen Charlotte coronation admission ticket

The coronation was budgeted at £9,430

Roman Catholic, he was debarred, and the role was deputised to his distant relative, Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham.[6] The liturgy of the coronation service was the responsibility of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker, who made only minimal changes from the previous service, mainly to accommodate the consort's coronation and to reflect the fact that Britain was in the course of fighting the Seven Years' War with France.[7]

The abbey building was transformed with numerous wooden galleries erected in the quire for Members of Parliament, ambassadors and musicians, while in the nave, three tiers of galleries for the public were built into the arcade.[8] Tickets for a front seat cost 10 guineas (£10.50) each, while a higher box of twelve seats cost 50 guineas (£52.50).[9] The builders boasted that they had damaged "a whole legion of angels" during the construction work.[10]

A plan of the short processional route between Westminster Hall and Westminster Abbey.

Westminster Hall was also transformed, as it was generally divided by wooden partitions into various courtrooms. A wooden floor was installed, along with three tiers of galleries for spectators. The highest of these was attached to the hammerbeams of the roof,[11] while the lowest was fitted with a sluice "for the reception of urinary discharges".[12] Over the north door, a triumphal arch designed by William Oram was erected,[12] surmounted by a balcony for musicians and a pipe organ. Illumination was provided by twenty-five huge chandeliers. Outside, temporary stands giving a view of the procession between the hall and the abbey were erected by enterprising builders, some seating up to 1,500 people, while renting a house which overlooked the scene for the day, could cost up to £1,000.[13]

A

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings, and designed by Sir William Chambers. It was built in the London workshops of Samuel Butler. It was not ready in time;[16] it was completed in 1762, and used for the coronation of every British monarch since William IV
in 1831.

Procession

A depiction of the first part of the 1761 coronation procession.
The second part of the coronation procession, showing the king and queen waliking under a canopy.

The coronation proved to be an anticipated affair, for the morning of the ceremony was marked with crowded streets as well as overflown inns, rooms, and homes waiting for the appearance of the new king and queen. Reportedly a great many carriages hastily arrived at Westminster Abbey on the day of the coronation, many of them colliding in ensuing chaos. At around 9:00 am, George and Charlotte departed from St James's Palace and were carried separately to Westminster Hall in

sedan chairs, where invited nobility, government officials and members of the royal household had gathered.[17]

Following ancient tradition, the assembled participants in the hall awaited the arrival of a procession of senior clergy from the abbey bearing the crowns and regalia; these were then distributed to those who had the right to carry them in the main procession from the hall to the abbey.[18] On this occasion, there was a lengthy delay because the deputy earl marshal had forgotten some important items; no chairs had been provided for the king and queen, there was no sword of state, so one had to be borrowed from the Lord Mayor of London, and also there was no canopy under which the king and queen were supposed to process and one had to be improvised.[19][20]

The short procession on foot between Westminster Hall and Westminster Abbey was the only part of the ceremonial to be visible to the general public and a huge crowd filled not only the pavements but also the windows and roofs of the surrounding houses, as well as specially built wooden grandstands. The route ran from New Palace Yard, along Parliament Street, Bridge Street and King Street to the west door of the abbey, along which a temporary wooden walkway had been constructed, 3 feet (0.91 m) high and 15 feet (4.6 m) wide so that the participants could be seen more easily. However, the 2,800 soldiers standing on either side obstructed the view and they had to beat back the eager crowds with the flat side of their swords and the butts of their muskets.[21] The King and Queen entered the Abbey shortly after 1:30 p.m., with the dignity of the royal couple and the “reverent attention which both paid to the service” being favourably commented on.[17] The procession and ceremony were so long the King was not crowned until 3:30 that afternoon.[22]

Service

One of the gold coronation medals that were scattered around the abbey during the service.

The coronation ceremony was conducted by Archbishop Secker. The first part of the ceremony, the

Holy Communion.[25] After changing out of their ceremonial robes, the king, queen nobles and bishops processed back to Westminster Hall in the same order in which they had come; the service had lasted six hours and it was dark by the time that they left the abbey.[26]

Mishaps

On the way to the abbey, the

American Independence.[29][30] During the sermon, the congregation in the nave who were unable to hear it, began to eat, mainly cold meat and pies, and drink wine brought with them and given out by servants; the ensuing clatter of cutlery resulted in an outburst of laughter. When the queen wanted to visit the "retiring-chamber" which had been constructed for her use in St Edward's Chapel behind the high altar, she found it already occupied by the Duke of Newcastle, prime minister, who was making use of the queen's close stool.[31] When the king complained to Effingham about these problems, he admitted that there had been "some neglect", but that he would make sure that the next coronation would be organised properly (when, of course, the king would be dead). George was highly amused by the answer and made Effingham repeat it several times.[32][20]

Music

William Boyce (1711–1779), the Master of the King's Music and the composer of most of the 1761 coronation music.

1761 is the only known coronation where almost all the music was written by the same composer,

Vivat! acclamation.[35]

The combined choirs of Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal probably numbered 42 singers and there was an orchestra of about 105 musicians. The choir was arranged in the front rows of the galleries that had been erected in the eastern end of the abbey, with the orchestra in a gallery over the rood screen. Boyce asked for the top of the tall reredos of the high altar to be dismantled so that all the choristers could see the conductor, but even so, an assistant conductor was required.[36] The music seems to be the only element of the coronation to have gone without a hitch, perhaps because Boyce held three full rehearsals in the abbey, to which the public were admitted by ticket, the last being on the day before the service.[37]

Banquet

The ceremony ended with a coronation banquet, the Lord Steward, the Lord High Constable and the deputy Earl Marshal presided on horseback. The distinguished diners had to sit in the dark until, on the entry of the king and queen, all 3,000 candles were lit almost at once by means of a network of linen tapers[38] which, while spectacular, showered the guest with flakes of ash.[39]

Here again, poor organisation came into play, much of the blame for which attached to the Lord Steward,

Barons of the Cinque Ports and the aldermen of the City of London, who ought to have had prominent places set for them. The aldermen were given the table of the Knights of the Bath, who in turn displaced the Great Officers of State.[12] The unfortunate Cinque Port barons were only silenced by Talbot challenging them to a duel. Talbot had carefully trained his horse to walk backwards away from the thrones, however the horse could not be prevented from repeatedly entering the hall backwards with its hindquarters towards the king, causing much mirth among the onlookers.[40]

Between the first and second courses, the hereditary King's Champion, John Dymoke, entered the hall in full armour, allegedly mounted on the same grey horse that King George II had ridden at the Battle of Dettingen eighteen years earlier.[41] Spectators reportedly let down baskets and handkerchiefs to the eaters at the banquet tables below, who would send up chicken and wine.[42] The banquet finally ended at 10 pm when the king and queen left in their sedan chairs; as tradition demanded, the doors of the hall were then thrown open to the public, who carried off anything that had been left behind,[43] including plates, cutlery and table cloths.[44]

Other celebrations

In London, large crowds celebrated in the streets. Although the

Theatre Royal, Covent Garden featured the actual choir of Westminster Abbey.[46]

References

  1. ^ "George III (r. 1760–1820)". The Royal Family. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  2. ^ "George III | Biography, Madness, & Facts". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald (1899). The Good Queen Charlotte. New York Public Library. Downey. pp. 32–33.
  4. ^ Strong 2005, p. 372
  5. ^ "RCIN 1005090 – Ceremonial of the Coronation of His Most Sacred Majesty King George the Fourth". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  6. ^ Strong 2005, p. 376
  7. ^ Strong 2005, p. 378
  8. ^ Strong 2005, pp. 386–387
  9. ^ Hoock 2010, p. 24
  10. ^ Strong 2005, p. 387
  11. ^ Thomson 1820, p. 25
  12. ^ a b c Hoock 2010, p. 31
  13. ^ Thomson 1820, pp. 26–27
  14. ^ "Gold coach a 'bumpy ride'". BBC News. 4 June 2002. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  15. ^ "Value of 1760 British pounds today | UK Inflation Calculator".
  16. ^ Bates, Stephen (6 May 2023). "Nothing but drizzle was permitted to rain on this parade. So why did Charles look so glum?". The Guardian.
  17. ^ a b c "The Coronation of George III". Mackinac State Historic Parks. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  18. ^ Strong 2005, p. 390
  19. ^ a b Strong 2005, p. 394
  20. ^ a b Jones 1883, p. 322
  21. ^ Strong 2005, pp. 394–398
  22. ^ "George III". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  23. ^ Hoock pp. 27–28
  24. ^ Thomson p. 52
  25. ^ Hoock pp. 28–30
  26. ^ Thomson p. 62
  27. ^ Strong 2005, p. 407
  28. ^ Jones p. 323
  29. ^ Jesse p. 110
  30. ^ Jones p. 322
  31. ^ Hoock p. 28
  32. ^ Jesse 1867, p. 108
  33. ^ Range 2012, pp. 162–163
  34. ^ Starkey 2013, p. 277
  35. ^ Range 2012, p. 165
  36. ^ Holman 2020, pp. 108–109
  37. ^ Range 212, pp. 174–175
  38. ^ Strong 2005, p. 388
  39. ^ Jesse 1867, p. 103
  40. ^ Jesse 1867, pp. 108–109
  41. ^ Hoock 2010, p. 32
  42. ^ Strong 2005, pp. 387–388
  43. ^ Thomson 1820, p. 68
  44. ^ Strong 2005, p. 414
  45. ^ Hoock 2010, pp. 32–33
  46. ^ Strong 2005, p. 415

Sources