Coronations in Europe

Alexandra Feodorovna

in 1896

Other European monarchies have either replaced coronations with simpler ceremonies to mark an accession (e.g. Norway and Denmark) or have never practised coronations (e.g. The Netherlands and Belgium). Most monarchies today only require a simple oath to be taken in the presence of the country's legislature.

By country

Albania

King

Zog was forced into exile by Italian invaders in 1939, and the monarchy was formally abolished in 1945.

Austria

Emperors of Austria were never crowned (unlike their predecessors in the Holy Roman Empire), as a coronation was not viewed as being necessary to legitimize their rule in that country.

However, they were crowned in some of the kingdoms within the

in 1838.

After the

in 1916.

Bavaria

In 1806, the German duchy of Bavaria was raised to the status of a "kingdom" . The former Duke of Bavaria, who then became King of Bavaria, Maximilian I, commissioned a set of crown jewels to commemorate Bavaria's elevation. However, there was no coronation ceremony, and the king never wore the crown in public. Rather, it was placed on a cushion at his feet when displayed on occasions. The Bavarian monarchy was abolished in 1918.^[4]

Belgium

Following the Belgian Revolution from 1830 to 1831 and the subsequent establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, Leopold I and his successors have never been crowned in a coronation rite. Belgium has no regalia such as crowns (except as a heraldic emblem); the monarch's formal installation requires only a solemn oath to "abide by the Constitution and the laws of the Belgian people, maintain the country’s independence and preserve its territory" before members of the two chambers of parliament.^[5]

During the enthronement of Baudouin, one legislator, Julien Lahaut, cried "Vive la République", only to be shouted down by others, who cried "Vive le Roi", with the entire chamber rising to applaud the King. Lahaut was found dead a week later. During the enthronement of Albert II, one legislator Jean-Pierre Van Rossem cried "Leve de republiek, Vive la république européenne, Vive Lahaut!" Van Rossem was also shouted down by the others, but did not suffer the same fate as Lahaut.

Bohemia

Ferdinand V of Bohemia

in 1836

The abbess of the St. George's Abbey had the privilege to crown the wife of the King of Bohemia.^[10][11][12] In 1791, the right to crown the Queen of Bohemia was transferred to the Abbess of the

Bosnia

The first crowned ruler of

The details of the Bosnian coronation ceremony are unclear. The Catholic Church, the Bosnian Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church competed in Bosnia, and it is not even known which church's officials performed the coronation. The Bosnian Church is considered least likely to have led the ceremony, as its elders frowned upon such rituals. The liturgical aspect of the ceremony was important, but not primary. A specific crown was revered and deemed indispensable for a proper coronation. Dethroned rulers had to undergo another coronation upon restoration to the throne.^[18] The coronation was sometimes delayed, but monarchs could exercise full authority immediately after their election.^[19]

The last coronation in Bosnia was held in the

Bulgaria

The rulers of the

Byzantine Empire

Building on the largely impromptu and informal acclamation of the

playing a significant role in the ceremony. The ceremony became standardized thereafter, with minor changes during the remainder of the Empire's history. Byzantine practice was emulated elsewhere, notably by the Bulgarian, Serbian, and Russian monarchs.

Croatia

The Trpimirović dynasty was a native Croatian dynasty that ruled in the Duchy and later the Kingdom of Croatia from 845 until 1091, with interruptions by the Domagojević dynasty.

The first monarch of Croatia was

Older historiography assumed that Tomislav was crowned in a field at Duvno (near Tomislavgrad), although there are no contemporary records. This conclusion was probably drawn from the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, which describes a coronation of King Svatopluk (Budimir in a later version of the chronicle) and a council held in a field at Dalma. Some historians theorized that Tomislav and Svatopluk were the same person, or the author was mistaken about the king's name.^[24]

Prominent rulers of the Trpimirović Dynasty include

.

In 1091 the last member of the

In 1941,

Denmark

Danish enthronements may be divided into three distinct types of rituals: the medieval coronation, which existed during the period of elective monarchy; the anointing ritual, which replaced coronation with the introduction of absolute monarchy in 1660; and finally the simple proclamation, which has been used since the introduction of the Danish Constitution in 1849.

The coronation ritual (as of 1537) began with a procession of the ruler and his consort into

reading.

Following the Epistle, the king knelt before the altar, where he was first given a sword. After flourishing and sheathing it, the still-kneeling monarch was crowned by the clergy and nobility, who jointly placed the diadem upon their ruler's head. The scepter and orb were presented, and then returned to attendants. The queen was anointed and crowned in a similar manner, but she received only a scepter and not an orb. A choral hymn was then sung, and then the newly crowned king and queen listened to a second sermon and the reading of the Gospel, which brought the service to an end.^[28]

In 1660 the coronation ritual was replaced with a ceremony of

, with the new sovereign being acclaimed by the Prime Minister at the time, then cheered with a ninefold "hurrah" by the crowds below.

England

Main article:

Coronation of the English monarch

This section describes coronations held in England prior to its unification with Scotland. For coronations after that time, see below under "United Kingdom".

Westminster Abbey has long been England's coronation church since 1066. From William the Conqueror through to Charles III, all except two monarchs have been crowned in the Abbey.

Following the start of the reformation in England, the boy king Edward VI had been crowned in the first Protestant coronation in 1547, during which Archbishop Thomas Cranmer preached a sermon against idolatry and "the tyranny of the bishops of Rome". However, six years later, he was succeeded by his half-sister Mary I, who restored the Roman Catholic rite. In 1559, Elizabeth I underwent the last English coronation under the auspices of the Catholic Church; however, Elizabeth's insistence on changes to reflect her Protestant beliefs resulted in several bishops refusing to officiate at the service and it was conducted by the low-ranking bishop of Carlisle, Owen Oglethorpe.

After the Union of the Crowns in 1603 England and Scotland shared the same monarch.

France

Following perhaps the Byzantine or Visigothic formula, the French coronation ceremony called Sacre primarily included the

and other Parisian museums.

During the

in 1871.

Greece

Although modern Greece retains a set of crown jewels given to its first king Otto of Greece, by his father Ludwig I of Bavaria, no Kings of Greece were ever crowned with them. All monarchs apart from Otto took office by a swearing-in ceremony in front of the Hellenic Parliament until the monarchy was abolished in 1974 by a referendum.

Holy Roman Empire

Since Charlemagne in 800, Holy Roman Emperors were crowned by the pope until 1530, when Charles V became the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope, at Bologna. Thereafter, until the abolition of the empire in 1806, imperial coronations were held in Frankfurt and were performed by the Spiritual Princes-Electors, the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz and Trier.^{[N 1]} Later rulers simply proclaimed themselves Electus Romanorum Imperator or "Elected Emperor of the Romans", without the formality of a coronation by the Pontiff.

Coronations were held in Rome (under the pope), Milan (the Kingdom of Italy), Arles (Burgundy) and Aachen (Germany). Although the Roman ceremony was initially the most important, it was eventually eclipsed by the German ritual. The custom of the emperors going to Rome to be crowned was last observed by Frederick III in 1440; after that, only the German coronation was celebrated.^[29]

Hungary

Rulers of Hungary were not considered legitimate monarchs until they were crowned King of Hungary with the

takeover in 1945 spelled the final end of this "kingdom without a king".

Italy

The modern

The Sovereigns of the Holy Roman Empire were crowned Kings of Italy with the famous Iron Crown; also Napoleon was crowned King of Italy in 1805 with this crown.

Liechtenstein

The sovereign Princes of Liechtenstein have never undergone a coronation or enthronement ceremony, although Prince Hans-Adam II attended a mass by the Archbishop of Vaduz, followed by a choral display. In 1719 the Liechtenstein family finally attained the long-sought rank of Princes of the Holy Roman Empire and had a crown (or ducal hat, as it is named) made of diamonds, pearls, and rubies. However, as the subsequent princes always resided in Vienna, and until modern times did not even visit their principality, the original princely crown may never have been brought there, and is now lost. On the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, the first monarch of Liechtenstein to dwell in his own realm, was given a princely coronet edged in ermine, a replica of the original, as a gift from his people, which is kept on display in the principality. But it has never been used in a coronation nor worn by a reigning prince. Typical of princely coronets, it lacks "royal" arches, and is surmounted by a tassel instead of a royal orb or cross.

Lithuania

The Kingdom of Lithuania was a Lithuanian state, which existed roughly from 1251 to 1263. King Mindaugas was the first and only Lithuanian monarch crowned King of Lithuania with the assent of the Pope. The formation of the Kingdom of Lithuania was a partially successful attempt at unifying all surrounding Baltic tribes, including the Old Prussians, into a single state. Mindaugas and his wife Morta were crowned during the summer of 1253. Bishop Henry Heidenreich of Kulm presided over the ecclesiastical ceremonies and Andreas Stirland conferred the crown. 6 July is now celebrated as Statehood Day (Lithuanian: Valstybės diena); it is an official holiday in modern Lithuania. The exact date of the coronation is not known; the scholarship of historian Edvardas Gudavičius, who promulgated this precise date, is sometimes challenged. The location of the coronation also remains unknown.

Luxembourg

Luxembourg's sovereign

The sovereign then attends a solemn mass at the

Grand Duchy

.

Monaco

The Principality of

Netherlands

The Netherlands has never physically

and the standard of the kingdom bearing the coat of arms of the Netherlands–are carried by two senior military officers.

During the ceremony, the monarch, wearing a ceremonial robe, is seated on a chair of state with his or her consort on a raised dais opposite members of the States General. The ceremony consists of two parts. In the first part, the monarch is sworn in: he takes his formal oath to uphold the kingdom's fundamental law and protect the country with everything within his power. After the king has taken his oath, he is invested by the States General and the States of the other countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands: members of the States General pay homage to the monarch. The president of the Joint Session of the States General will first make a solemn declaration while all members of the States General and members of the States of Aruba, Curaçao, and St Maarten will then, in turn, swear or affirm this declaration.^[34]

Norway

King Haakon VII and Queen Maud

of Norway wearing their coronation crowns and robes in 1906.

The first coronation in Norway, and Scandinavia, took place in

In 1397, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark united in what is referred to as the Kalmar Union, sharing the same monarch. During this period the kings were crowned consecutively in each of the three countries until the union was dissolved in 1523. Following this dissolution, Norway entered into a union in 1524 with Denmark which would eventually evolve to an integrated state that was to last until 1814. No coronations were held in Norway during this time. Meanwhile, the monarch underwent a coronation and later, with the introduction of absolutism in 1660, an anointing ceremony in Denmark.

Following the dissolution of

was subsequently crowned in Stockholm and Trondheim after acceding to the thrones of Sweden and Norway in 1818. Succeeding monarchs would also be crowned separately in Sweden and Norway.

In 1905,

in Trondheim.

Poland

Main article:

Royal coronations in Poland

Poland crowned its rulers beginning in 1025; the final such ceremony occurred in 1764, when the last Polish King,

Portugal

In 1646, immediately after his Coronation,

The Portuguese monarchy was abolished in 1910.

João IV's Coronation followed a pattern similar to the Coronation of the kings of France and pre-reformation England, as laid out in the Roman Pontifical. The Habsburg monarchs that preceded João IV as kings of Portugal were also not crowned; during the Iberian Union, the practice of not having a coronation ceremony was extended to Portugal.

Before the assumption of the Portuguese Throne by the Habsburgs, kings of Portugal used to be anointed and crowned in the

in Lisbon, in a manner similar to the Coronation of João IV. Thereafter, Portuguese monarchs have only been acclaimed.

Prussia

King Wilhelm I of Prussia

Both coronations took place at the church at

.

The King of Prussia was also

were made, no final diadem was ever produced, and none of the three German emperors were ever formally crowned.

Romania

The

Nicodim Munteanu.^[40]

Russia

Main article: Coronation of the Russian monarch

Following the tradition of the

Patriarch of Constantinople

for the Byzantine Emperor, confirmed the imperial supremacy.

A few days prior to the crowning service itself, the Tsar made a processional entry into Moscow, where coronations were always held (even when the capital was in

St. Petersburg). Following this, the imperial regalia were brought from the Kremlin armory into the Tsar's Kremlin palace, where they would accompany the new emperor on his procession to the Dormition Cathedral on the morning of his coronation. This procession commenced at the Red Porch and ended at the church doors, where the presiding prelate and other bishops blessed the Tsar and his consort with holy water and offered them the Holy Cross to kiss.^[41]

After the Tsar entered the cathedral, he and his spouse venerated the

litany, the emperor assumed the purple chlamys

, and the crown was then presented to him. He took it and placed it on his head himself, while the Metropolitan recited:

"In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, Amen."

The Metropolitan would then make the following short address:

"Most God-fearing, absolute, and mighty Lord, Tsar of

Christ, with a most ample blessing, seeing that He bestows upon thee entire authority over His people."^[42]

Following this, the new Tsar crowned his consort, first briefly with his own crown (by touching it momentarily to her head before putting it back on his own), then with a smaller crown of her own. Further prayers and litanies were read, then the Emperor was anointed just prior to the reception of

Royal Doors (normally reserved solely to the clergy) and partake of Communion as a priest would, in both kinds. Further prayers and blessings concluded the service, which was followed by a special feast held in the Kremlin's Palace of Facets.^[41]

Russia's last coronation was in 1896, for Tsar

Alexandra. The last occasion on which the Great Imperial Crown was officially used was the State Opening of the Duma in 1906.^[43]

Scotland

Main article:

Coronation of the Scottish monarch

This section describes coronations held in Scotland prior to its unification with England. For coronations after that time, see below under "United Kingdom".

Scone

. He is being greeted by the ollamh rígh, the royal poet.

Kings of

Stirling. The Honours of Scotland, the oldest Crown jewels in Britain, were used in all coronation ceremonies up to that of Charles II

, the final king to be crowned in Scotland.

One feature of Scottish coronations was the ollamh rígh, or royal poet, who addressed the new monarch with Beannachd Dé Rígh Alban, or "God Bless the King of Scotland". The poet went on to recite the monarch's

crowned at thirteen months. Mary's father, James V, was barely seventeen months of age at the time of his coronation. The last Scottish coronation was at Scone in 1651 for King Charles II

.

After the unification with England in 1707, the Scottish coronation rite, with that of the English rite, was subsumed into the British.

Serbia

Main article: Coronation of the Serbian monarch

The first crowned King of Serbia,

Patriarch of Constantinople. The Patriarch elevated Stefan's brother Sava to the rank of archbishop and authorized Stephan's second coronation, performed by Sava himself in 1222.^{[dubious – discuss][46]} His successors were also crowned kings at the monastery of Žiča.^[25] Stefan Dušan had himself crowned emperor by patriarchs of Bulgaria and Serbia, as he was aware that the Patriarch of Constantinople would not bestow the imperial title upon the ruler of a Balkan country. Nevertheless, the coronation ceremony was an elaborate replica of the Byzantine coronation.^[25]

First World War, but Peter did not hold a second coronation and neither of his two successors, Alexander and Peter II

, were crowned.

Sicily and Naples

As reported by the jurisconsult Tancredus, initially only four monarchs were crowned and anointed, they were the kings of Jerusalem, France, England and Sicily.^[49] The coronation was traditionally held in Palermo Cathedral; then with the split of the kingdom there were two coronations one in Palermo and the other in Naples.^[50] The Pope was the only person entitled to crown the monarch of Naples.^[51]

The exact coronation customs of the

Kings and Queens of Sicily

are disputed. According to a Cassino manuscript of c. 1200, the coronation of the kings of Sicily was based on a German model, though variations were made to adapt it to Sicilian tradition.

Several different parts were included in the coronation ceremony. First, the new monarch was asked whether he wished to be the defender of the Church and a just ruler of his kingdom. After that, the people were asked whether they wished to submit themselves to the person who was to be crowned. The king or queen was then anointed on their hands, head, chest, and shoulders. The monarch was then girded with a sword and vested with armillas, pallium, and a ring. The scepter was put in their right hand and the orb in their left hand. Finally, the presiding archbishop placed the crown on the monarch's head.^[52]

Spain

No monarch of Spain has been crowned as such since

Archbishop of Tarragona.^[55]

Five days after his visit to the Cortes, King

Sofia, he was escorted beneath a canopy to a set of thrones set up near the high altar. Following the service, the king and queen returned to the palace

, where they greeted the people from the balcony, reviewed troops, and attended a formal banquet.

Sweden

Main article:

Coronation of the Sweden monarch

Gustav III of Sweden

Swedish monarchs were crowned in various cities during the 13th and 14th centuries, but from the middle of the 15th century on in either the

Gustav IV Adolf, which took place in Norrköping in 1800. Earlier coronations were also held at Uppsala, the ecclesiastical center of Sweden. Prior to Sweden's change into a hereditary monarchy, the focus of the coronation rite was on legitimising an elected king.^[56]

Nineteenth-century coronations of Swedish monarchs followed a rite last used during the coronation of

Oscar II

in 1873:

The king and queen proceeded to the Cathedral in separate processions. The king was met at the front portal by the Archbishop of Uppsala, highest prelate in the Church of Sweden, together with other bishops in their copes. The Archbishop greeted the king: "Blessed be he who cometh in the Name of the Lord", while the Bishop of Skara said a prayer that the king might be endowed with the grace to govern his people well. The Archbishop and bishops then escorted the king to his seat on the right-hand side of the choir, with the Royal Standard on his right side and the banner of the Order of the Seraphim on his left.

The Bishop of Strängnäs and the rest of the bishops then awaited the approach of the queen; when she arrived the Bishop of Strängnäs greeted her with: "Blessed is she who cometh in the Name of the Lord", while the Bishop of Härnösand said a prayer virtually identical to the one previously said for the king. The Bishop of Strängnäs and the other bishops then escorted the queen to her seat on the left-hand side of the choir where the king and queen both knelt for a few moments of private prayer while the regalia were deposited upon the altar.

The Archbishop began the service by singing: "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabaoth", the normal beginning of Swedish High Mass.

Minister of Justice

recited the oath to the king, which he took while laying three fingers on the Bible.

Following this, the Archbishop anointed the king on his forehead, breast, temples and wrists, saying:

The Almighty everlasting God pour out His Holy Spirit into your soul and mind, plans and undertakings, by whose gift may you so rule land and kingdom as to redound to the honour and glory of God, maintain justice and equity and be for the good of the land and people.

The king then rose and resumed his seat on his throne, where the Archbishop and the Minister of Justice crowned him conjointly, the Archbishop praying a prepared prayer that the king's reign might be good and prosperous. The king was then invested with the Sceptre by Archbishop and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, while the Orb was given him by Count Hamilton, the Archbishop reading set prayers for both of these events. A Key was then delivered to the king by the Major-General of Nordin, as the Archbishop said the following prayer:

God the Almighty who of His divine providence hath raised you to this royal dignity, grant you to unlock treasures of wisdom and truth for your people, to lock out error, vices and sloth from your kingdom and to provide for the industrious prosperity and increase, relief and comfort for the suffering and afflicted.

The unsheathed coronation sword was then placed in the king's hand as the Archbishop said a prayer that the king might use his power well and justly. The Archbishop returned to the altar. With the king seated on his throne, crowned and bearing the Sceptre in his right hand and the Orb in his left, the State Herald standing behind the throne now cried out:

Now has (name) been crowned king over the lands of Swedes, the Goths, and the Wends. He and no other.

A hymn was then sung, following which the Archbishop said a prayer and gave the king his blessing.

As a second anthem was sung, the queen now left her seat in the choir and proceeded to her throne on the dais before the altar. She knelt, was invested in her Royal Mantle, anointed by the Archbishop on her forehead and wrists, and crowned by the Archbishop. Taking her seat on her throne, she was next invested with her Sceptre and Orb, the Archbishop using the forms used for the king, but appropriately adapted for the queen. Then the State Herald, standing behind her throne, proclaimed her queen, and the choir sang "Prosperity to the Queen", followed by the singing of a hymn. The Archbishop next said a prayer similar to the one he said for the king and gave the queen his blessing.

Homage was now done, following which the procession left the cathedral during the singing of the hymn, "Now thank we all our God".^[58]

This rite was last used to crown

Stockholm on 19 September 1973. The crown jewels were displayed on cushions to the right and left of the royal throne, but were never given to the king. Carl Gustaf made an accession speech, which comprised the main purpose of the undertaking.^[28]

United Kingdom

Main article: Coronation of the British monarch

The United Kingdom is the only country in Europe that still practices coronations.^[1] All other countries have either become republics, never practiced coronations, or replaced the coronation with an inauguration or enthronement ceremony.

The

Royal Peculiar (a church directly under the monarch).^{[59] [dubious – discuss]} The King or Queen and their consort enter the abbey in procession and is seated on a "Chair of Estate" as the Archbishop of Canterbury goes to the east, south, west, and north of the building asking if those present are willing to pay homage to their new sovereign. Once the attendees respond affirmatively, the Archbishop administers the Coronation Oath, and a Bible is presented by both the Archbishop (representing the Church of England) and, since 1953, the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

. Once this is done, the actual crowning can take place.

The monarch is seated upon the ancient

Crown of St. Edward upon the monarch's head. If a queen consort is present, she is crowned shortly afterward in a similar but shorter and simpler ceremony.^{[N 2] [N 3]}

Afterward, the sovereign is seated upon the throne and receives homage from various members of the British clergy and nobility.

Holy Communion is given to the sovereign, who then enters St. Edward's Chapel as the Te Deum is sung, where he or she exchanges St. Edward's Crown for the lighter Imperial State Crown and exits the abbey wearing the crown and carrying the Sceptre with the Cross and Orb as "God Save the King (or Queen)" is sung.^[61]

The ceremony as conducted in 1953 also functioned as the coronation rite for the realms within the Commonwealth which recognise Elizabeth II as their monarch, by the text of the administered oath including the seven separate Commonwealth kingdoms in existence as the time, as well as a general statement regarding other territories.^{[N 4]}

The

Caernarvon Castle, Wales), and includes the placement of a coronet

upon the prince's head.

The Vatican

Main article: Papal coronation

From 1305 to 1963

high altar of the basilica as a symbol of humility, the next four popes declined to wear it, and instituted a ceremony of papal inauguration rather than a formal coronation. While the popes John Paul I, John Paul II (who also completely abandoned the use of the sedia gestatoria, a portable throne), Benedict XVI and Francis

opted for an inauguration instead of a coronation, any future pope can, in theory, opt for the coronation ritual.

See also

• Coronation of the Virgin

Notes

This section contains expansions on the main text of the article, as well as links provided for context that may not meet Wikipedia standards for

self-published

.

1. ^ See also Guy Stair Sainty, The Holy Roman Empire: Introduction Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. From the Almanach de la Cour Archived 2010-06-12 at the Wayback Machine website. Retrieved on 14 September 2008.
2. ^ This applies to female consorts only. If the new monarch is a female, her husband (if any) is not crowned.
3. her unborn child's right to be crowned as monarch with St. Edward's Crown one day. Compare with the coronation of an Heir Apparent, discussed above
   , though in this case the child was not explicitly crowned.
4. ^ The text of the oath is as follows: "Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon, and of your Possessions and other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining, according to their respective laws and customs?"^[61]

Photos

• Enthronements in Royal Europe: 1964-2000 Contains details and photos of several recent European enthronements.

Video

• Consecration ceremony for King Olav V of Norway. Contains video from Consecration of Olav V of Norway.
• A Queen Is Crowned. Coronation of Elizabeth II of Great Britain in 1953, in seven parts.

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